Constitution And Federalism Test Period 4

Judicial review refers to the power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and the executive branch are constitutional. This power allows the judiciary to review and potentially invalidate laws or actions that are found to be in violation of the Constitution. It is an essential aspect of the system of checks and balances in a democratic society, ensuring that the actions of the legislative and executive branches are in line with the principles and limitations established by the Constitution. Stare decisis, precedent, laissez-faire, and liberalism are not accurate descriptions of this power.

The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved the impasse between those who favored the New Jersey Plan and those who preferred the Virginia Plan. This compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, proposed a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate (favoring the small states) and proportional representation in the House of Representatives (favoring the large states). This compromise satisfied both sides and established the structure of the legislative branch in the United States government.

Marbury v. Madison is the correct answer because this landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 established the principle of judicial review in the United States. In this case, the Court declared that it had the power to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and could strike them down if they were found to be unconstitutional. This decision solidified the Court's role as the ultimate arbiter of the Constitution and greatly expanded its power and influence in the American legal system.

The correct answer is "elastic clause." The elastic clause refers to the provision in the Constitution that grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers. This clause allows Congress to interpret and expand its powers as needed, giving it flexibility in adapting to changing circumstances and addressing new challenges. The elastic clause has been a subject of debate and controversy, as it can be seen as either a necessary tool for effective governance or as a potential source of abuse of power.

The Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution each contributed to the expansion of the electorate. These amendments granted or protected the voting rights of various groups of people. The Fifteenth Amendment granted African American men the right to vote, the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote, the Twenty-third Amendment granted residents of Washington D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections, the Twenty-fourth Amendment prohibited poll taxes, which disproportionately affected African Americans, and the Twenty-fifth Amendment addressed the presidential succession and disability.

The Constitution did not give Congress the power to force states to abolish slavery. This power was not granted to Congress in order to appease the Southern states who relied heavily on slavery for their economy.

The Articles of Confederation did not give the president too much power. In fact, they did not provide for a strong executive branch at all. The Articles vested all meaningful power in the states, represented a "league of friendship" among the states, provided for no judiciary, and established a unicameral national legislature. However, they did not grant significant powers to the president, as the executive branch was weak under the Articles of Confederation.

When Congress passes a law creating financial obligations for the states but provides no funds for states to meet those obligations, it is called an unfunded mandate. This means that the states are required to comply with the law and fulfill the obligations without receiving any financial support from the federal government. This can put a significant burden on the states' budgets and resources, as they are left to find ways to fund and implement the mandated requirements on their own.

The purpose of the Twenty-sixth Amendment was to lower the voting age to 18. This amendment was ratified in 1971 in response to the Vietnam War and the argument that if 18-year-olds were old enough to fight and die for their country, they should also have the right to vote. Prior to this amendment, the voting age in the United States was 21.

The correct answer is that slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for counting the nation's population and determining seats in the House. This provision, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise, was included in the Constitution to address the issue of representation for states with large slave populations. It determined that for the purposes of determining the number of seats each state would have in the House of Representatives, enslaved individuals would be counted as three-fifths of a person. This compromise was a result of the disagreement between states with and without slavery, and it aimed to balance the interests of both sides.

Cooperative federalism refers to a system in which the national government and the state governments share powers and policy assignments. This means that both levels of government work together and collaborate in decision-making and policy implementation. It is a model of federalism where power is not concentrated solely in the national government or the state governments, but rather shared between them. This allows for a more balanced and cooperative approach to governance, where both levels of government can contribute to the development and implementation of policies that affect the entire country.

Devolution refers to transferring responsibility for policies from the national government to state governments. This means that the national government delegates certain powers and responsibilities to the state governments, allowing them to make decisions and implement policies that are more tailored to their specific needs and circumstances. This decentralization of power helps to promote local governance, enhance democracy, and provide greater autonomy to the states in managing their own affairs.

The question is asking for the term that completes the sentence "Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a ________ federalism." The term that best fits this sentence is "cooperative" federalism. This is because cooperative federalism refers to a system where the national and state governments work together and share powers and responsibilities. This is in contrast to dual federalism, where the national and state governments operate independently and have distinct spheres of authority.

Intergovernmental relations refers to the interactions and relationships between national, state, and local governments. It involves the sharing of responsibilities, coordination of policies, and cooperation among these different levels of government. This term accurately describes the set of interactions among national, state, and local governments, making it the correct answer. Pluralism refers to a political theory, bicameralism refers to a legislative structure, hyperpluralism refers to an extreme form of pluralism, and international relations refers to interactions between different countries.

The correct answer is "stated in the Constitution". Enumerated powers are powers that are specifically listed or stated in the Constitution. These powers are granted to the federal government and are limited to those explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. This is in contrast to implied powers, which are not explicitly stated but are derived from the necessary and proper clause. Enumerated powers ensure a system of checks and balances and help define the scope and limitations of the federal government's authority.

The Framers of the Constitution gave chief economic policymaking power to the U.S. Congress. This is because the Constitution grants Congress the authority to regulate commerce, levy taxes, and spend money. The Framers believed that the legislative branch should have the primary responsibility for making economic decisions and setting economic policies for the country. By giving this power to Congress, they ensured that economic decisions would be made by elected representatives who are accountable to the people.

Federalism may have a negative effect on democracy by increasing inequities between and among states. This is because federalism allows for the distribution of power between the central government and state governments, which can lead to disparities in resources, policies, and opportunities among different states. These inequities can undermine the principle of equal representation and participation in a democratic system.

The correct answer is Civil. The Seventh Amendment protects citizens' rights in civil cases. Civil cases involve disputes between individuals or organizations, such as personal injury claims, contract disputes, or property disputes. This amendment ensures that individuals have the right to a jury trial in civil cases, providing them with the opportunity to present their case before a jury of their peers. It also prevents the government from overturning a jury's decision in civil cases.

The correct answer is that both national and state levels of government have some authority over the same land and people. This is the essence of federalism, where power is divided between a central government and regional governments. It allows for a balance of power and the ability for each level of government to have some degree of autonomy in governing their respective jurisdictions.

The supremacy clause establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. This means that any state or local laws that conflict with the Constitution or federal laws are invalid. It ensures that the federal government has the ultimate authority and that its laws and treaties take precedence over any conflicting state laws. This clause helps maintain the balance of power between the federal government and the states, ensuring a unified legal system throughout the country.

The correct answer is "needed the approval of nine states." This is because ratification of the Constitution required the approval of at least nine out of the thirteen states. This process ensured that a majority of the states agreed to adopt the new Constitution, providing a level of consensus among the states before it could go into effect.

The president has no formal role in amending the Constitution. The process of amending the Constitution is outlined in Article V, which grants the power to propose amendments to Congress, specifically the House of Representatives and the Senate. Once proposed, amendments must be ratified by the states. The president's role is limited to signing or vetoing legislation passed by Congress, but they do not have a direct role in the amendment process.

The correct answer is state governments. The Constitution grants the power to directly regulate drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior to state governments. This means that each state has the authority to set its own laws and regulations regarding these matters, rather than the national government or the president having the sole power to do so. The Bill of Rights ensures that state governments have the ability to exercise these powers without interference from the national government.

The correct answer is "the states." This is because the national government's policies are often influenced by the needs and demands of individual states. The states play a crucial role in shaping policy decisions through their representatives in Congress and through their ability to pass laws and regulations at the state level. The national government takes into account the diverse needs and perspectives of the states when formulating policies to ensure a balanced and inclusive approach.

The separation of powers and checks and balances in a government system are designed to prevent any one group or branch from gaining too much power. However, this can lead to gridlock and inadequate policy-making as different groups and branches may struggle to reach consensus or make timely decisions. This can result in a lack of progress and hinder the government's ability to effectively address grievances and implement effective policies.

The correct answer is grants-in-aid. Grants-in-aid are funds provided by the national government to state governments for specific purposes or projects. This is a powerful tool used by the national government to influence state governments because it allows them to provide financial assistance and incentives to states in exchange for their compliance with national policies or objectives. By providing grants-in-aid, the national government can shape state policies and actions in areas such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and more.

The Defense of Marriage Act allows states to ignore same-sex marriages or civil unions that were performed in other states. This means that even if a same-sex couple is legally married or in a civil union in one state, another state can choose not to recognize or provide any legal benefits or protections to that couple.

During the time of the United States government under the Articles of Confederation, most authority actually rested with the state governments rather than the United States Congress. The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government, giving more power to the individual states. The Congress had limited authority and lacked the power to enforce laws or collect taxes. This decentralized system eventually proved to be ineffective, leading to the adoption of the Constitution and the establishment of a stronger federal government.

Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are known as formula grants. This means that the allocation of funds is based on a predetermined formula that takes into account certain demographic factors. These grants are typically used to address specific needs or issues within a community and are distributed to eligible recipients based on the formula criteria. Categorical grants, revenue-sharing grants, project grants, and block grants may also be used for funding specific programs, but they are not specifically tied to community demographic factors like formula grants are.

The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution states that the enumeration of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people. This means that just because certain rights are explicitly listed in the Constitution does not mean that those are the only rights that people have. The amendment recognizes that there are other rights that are not specifically mentioned but are still protected.

The Framers of the Constitution decided to leave it up to the individual states to determine voter qualifications in their own states. This means that each state had the authority to set its own requirements for who could vote in national elections. This decision allowed for flexibility and variation in voting rights across the country, as different states could have different criteria for determining voter eligibility.

The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments are collectively known as the Civil War amendments because they were enacted during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. These amendments were aimed at addressing the issues of slavery, citizenship, equal protection under the law, and voting rights for African Americans. The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery, the fourteenth amendment granted equal protection and citizenship rights to all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, and the fifteenth amendment prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race or color.