Competence 11 (Deck)

Annealing is the process of heating a metal and then cooling it down slowly in order to make it softer and more ductile. This process helps to relieve internal stresses, improve the metal's structure, and enhance its mechanical properties. It is commonly used in metalworking to reduce brittleness and increase workability.

When the dew point of the outside air is lower than or equal to the dew point of the air in the cargo hold, it means that the outside air is cooler or has the same temperature as the air inside the cargo hold. Ventilating the cargo holds in this situation helps to prevent condensation from forming inside the hold. By introducing the cooler or equal temperature outside air, the cargo hold's temperature can be regulated and kept at a level where condensation does not occur. This helps to protect the cargo from moisture damage and maintain its quality during transportation.

The advantage of having crude oil washing (COW) is a reduction in the time required for tank cleaning. This process involves using the crude oil itself as a cleaning agent, which helps to remove residues and sediments from the tank walls. By implementing COW, the need for manual cleaning or other time-consuming methods is minimized, resulting in a faster turnaround time for tank cleaning.

Containers of different height must be stowed on the top tier with the buttress securing system. This is because the buttress system is designed to provide support and stability to the containers, and placing them on the top tier ensures that they are properly secured and less likely to shift or topple during transportation. Stowing them on the top tier also allows for easier access and handling of the containers when needed.

Closed gauging is used in airtight enclosed cargo tanks. Closed gauging involves the use of a closed system, such as a pressure sensor or a level meter, to measure the level of liquid inside the tank. This method ensures that the tank remains airtight and prevents any leakage or contamination. It is a reliable and accurate way to gauge the contents of the tank without compromising its integrity.

More than 75% of cargo in international trade moves by container ship. This indicates that the majority of goods are transported using container ships, highlighting the significance of this mode of transportation in global trade.

The correct answer is "Inert gas condition" because when the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank is reduced to 8%, it creates an environment where the concentration of oxygen is too low to support combustion. Inert gases, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, are often used to displace the oxygen in order to prevent fires or explosions in tanks or confined spaces. This condition is known as an inert gas condition.

Containers of different height must be stowed on the top tier with the buttress securing system. This is because the buttress securing system is designed to provide additional support and stability to the containers. Placing the containers on the top tier ensures that they are securely held in place and prevents any potential damage or accidents during transportation.

Covering open or partially opened hatches with tarpaulins is not recommended because it can create a safety hazard. Tarpaulins can obstruct visibility and make it difficult for people to see the hatch, increasing the risk of accidents. Additionally, tarpaulins may not provide sufficient protection against weather conditions, such as rain or strong winds, which can further compromise safety. It is important to keep hatches properly secured and visible, and to provide appropriate warning signs or barriers to ensure the safety of individuals in the area.

A longer sling will have a greater angle between the two legs, which reduces the tension in each leg. This means that the tension in the sling leg will be less compared to a shorter sling.

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A fusion weld is a modern method of welding where the material being joined is actually melted. The weld metal is composed largely of added materials that have the same characteristics as the metal being joined. This type of weld creates a strong bond between the materials being joined, as they are melted and fused together.

A spectacle flange is a type of fitting that can either blank off the pipe or allow a full flow passage of a liquid through the pipe. It consists of two metal discs connected by a small section of metal, creating a shape similar to that of eyeglasses or spectacles. By rotating the spectacle flange, the flow can be either blocked or allowed. This fitting is commonly used in applications where the pipeline needs to be temporarily closed or opened for maintenance or repair purposes.

Acetylene is a colorless gas with high carbon content, lighter than air, and has a chemical formula of C2H2. Acetone is not a gas and does not have a high carbon content. Astatine is a chemical element and not a gas. Argon is a noble gas and does not have a high carbon content. Therefore, the correct answer is Acetylene.

The value of the cargo is not important when calculating the best use of the cubic capacity of a ship's hold. The best use of the ship's hold is determined by factors such as the choice of cargo to fit the hold, the skill of the longshoremen in properly loading and arranging the cargo, and the proper use of filler cargo to maximize the use of space. The value of the cargo does not affect the physical capacity of the hold or the efficient use of space within it.

To remove any odor on your cargo holds after discharging refrigerated cargoes, you should thoroughly ventilate the hold and then spray it with a solution of 1/2 lb. of chloride of time to 3 gallons of fresh water. This combination of ventilation and spraying with a specific solution helps to effectively eliminate any lingering odors in the cargo holds.

When topping off, it is important to take certain precautions to ensure safety. Notifying the engine room of the procedure is not one of these precautions. Topping off refers to the process of filling a tank or container to its maximum capacity. The precautions usually include giving the operation undivided attention, reducing the loading rate to prevent overfilling, and maintaining communications with the dock man to coordinate the filling process. However, notifying the engine room of the procedure is not directly related to the topping off process and therefore not a precaution that needs to be taken.

"Optional Cargo" refers to cargo that may be all or partly discharged at one or more ports. This means that the cargo can be unloaded either fully or partially at one or multiple ports during the journey. The shipper has the option to decide how much of the cargo needs to be discharged at each port based on the requirements or preferences.

Homogeneous cargo refers to a cargo that has the same density throughout. This means that every part of the cargo has the same density, making it uniform and consistent. In contrast, heterogeneous cargo would have different densities in different parts, making it uneven and varied. Therefore, the term "homogeneous cargo" accurately describes a cargo of the same density throughout.

In preparing a hold for reception of a bulk grain cargo, it is usually not required to steam clean areas obstructed by structural members. This is because these areas are typically inaccessible and cannot be effectively cleaned using steam. However, it is important to remove residue of previous cargo, spray or fumigate any insect colonies, and remove loose rust and scale to ensure the hold is clean and suitable for the new cargo.

The refer space needs to be pre-cooled before receiving chilled refer cargo. The temperature range for loading to begin is between 28○F and 40○F.

Slowing the pumping rate will not increase friction of a liquid flowing in a pipe and cause a loss of suction head. Friction in a pipe is primarily caused by factors such as roughness of the pipe surface, bends in the piping, and pipeline valves. Backing rings for pipe welds may also increase friction to some extent. However, reducing the pumping rate does not directly affect the frictional forces acting on the liquid, and therefore, it does not contribute to a loss of suction head.

When viewed from above, the best position for the guy in relation to the boom is at a right angle. This means that the guy is positioned perpendicular to the boom, forming a 90-degree angle. This position allows for optimal balance and stability, ensuring that the guy is able to effectively perform tasks or maintain control while interacting with the boom.

The proper method of lashing cars is to first support the weight of the body. This ensures that the car is stable and secure during transportation. Next, the brakes on the engine gear should be engaged to prevent any movement. Finally, the wheels should be lashed to further secure the car and prevent it from rolling. This combination of actions ensures that the car is properly lashed and ready for transportation.

A bridge fitting serves the purpose of restraining the container against horizontal motion when lashing containers. This means that it prevents the container from moving or sliding sideways during transportation or while being stacked. By securely fastening the container to the deck or to the container below it, the bridge fitting ensures stability and prevents any potential accidents or damage that could occur due to the container shifting or tipping over.

The term "flow state" in relation to dry bulk cargoes refers to the saturation of a dry bulk product with water to the point where it acts as a liquid. This means that the product has absorbed enough water to become fluid and can flow easily. This is important in the context of loading and unloading bulk cargoes, as it indicates the product's ability to be transported and handled efficiently.

A ship designed to carry either oil or solid cargoes in bulk is known as a combination carrier. This type of vessel is specifically designed to transport different types of cargo, such as oil and solid materials, in large quantities. It is equipped with specialized compartments and tanks to safely carry both liquid and solid cargoes. The term "combination" refers to the versatility of this ship, as it can switch between carrying different types of cargo depending on the requirements.

The added weight method should be used to calculate the effect of flooding on stability when the flooded compartment does not have free flow with the sea. This method involves determining the weight of the water that has entered the compartment and adding it to the total weight of the ship. By considering the added weight, the stability of the ship can be assessed and necessary corrective measures can be taken to ensure its safety.

The major advantage of the load-on-stop system is that it allows for the recovery of oil that was previously lost. This means that any oil that may have been lost during the loading process can be recovered, reducing waste and increasing efficiency. This can be particularly beneficial in terms of cost savings and environmental impact.

Under normal weather and sea conditions, lashings are always required when securing a stack of containers with non-locking fittings, regardless of the height of the tier. This means that even if the tier consists of just one container or two containers, lashings are still necessary to ensure the stability and safety of the stack. The use of lashings helps to prevent the containers from shifting or toppling over during transportation, reducing the risk of accidents and damage to the cargo.

The grain loading stability booklet and associated plans contain all the necessary information to check that a proposed loading plan complies with the stability requirements of the regulations at all stages of the voyage. This booklet provides detailed instructions and guidelines for loading grain cargo in a manner that ensures the stability of the vessel. It includes information such as grain loading procedures, stability calculations, and specific requirements for different types of grain. By referring to this booklet and associated plans, one can verify that the proposed loading plan meets the stability requirements and ensure safe transportation of the grain cargo.

Dunnages are materials used to secure and protect cargo during transportation. The statement "Dunnages should be cleaned and dried before being used in frozen compartments" is true because moisture can cause ice buildup and compromise the integrity of the cargo. On the other hand, the statement "Dunnages should not be pre-cooled prior loading in refrigerated compartments" is false. Pre-cooling dunnages helps maintain the desired temperature in the refrigerated compartments and ensures the cargo remains fresh. Therefore, only statement I is true.

The angle of heel due to the shift of the grain should not exceed 12 degrees. This means that if the cargo of grain shifts to one side of the ship, causing it to tilt, the maximum angle of tilt should not exceed 12 degrees. This is important to ensure the stability and safety of the ship during transportation. If the angle of heel exceeds this limit, it could lead to instability, loss of balance, and potential accidents or capsizing of the ship. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and control the angle of heel to prevent any hazardous situations.

The correct answer is Flag State. The Flag State is responsible for the measurement of tonnage and issuing an International tonnage certificate. The Flag State refers to the country under whose flag a ship is registered. It is responsible for ensuring that the ship complies with international regulations and standards, including those related to tonnage measurement. The Flag State carries out inspections, surveys, and certifications to ensure the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.

As the angle to the horizontal increases, the cargo boom is raised or lowered, causing an increase in the thrust on the cargo hook. This can be explained by considering the components of the forces acting on the cargo boom. When the boom is at an angle to the horizontal, the vertical component of the load force increases, resulting in an increase in the thrust on the cargo hook. Therefore, as the angle to the horizontal increases, the thrust on the cargo boom also increases.

When a portion of liquid is removed from a full tank, it creates a free surface within the tank. This free surface can cause the liquid to shift and slosh around, leading to instability and potential damage to the vessel. The movement of the liquid can affect the vessel's stability and trim, making it more difficult to control. Therefore, adverse effects due to the free surface become apparent when a portion of liquid is removed from a full tank.

Separating wet and dry cargoes into separate holds is an example of a fundamental objective of cargo stowage because it helps to prevent damage or contamination of the dry cargo by the wet cargo. By keeping them separate, any potential leaks or spills from the wet cargo will not affect the dry cargo, ensuring the safety and integrity of both types of cargo during transportation.

The first layer of dunnage should be laid at an angle to the keel with the forward end inboard. This positioning helps to prevent the bagged cargo from shifting during transportation. Placing the dunnage at an angle to the keel provides stability and prevents the cargo from sliding sideways. The forward end being inboard ensures that the cargo is secured towards the center of the ship, reducing the risk of imbalance and potential damage to the cargo or the vessel.

Preventing over carriage by block stowage is an example of a fundamental objective of cargo stowage because it ensures that the cargo is properly secured and does not exceed the maximum weight or height limits of the vessel. Block stowage involves using blocks or wedges to secure the cargo in place and prevent it from shifting or moving during transportation. This helps to maintain the stability and balance of the vessel, ensuring safe and efficient cargo handling.

The given correct answer is "deck gear". Deck gear refers to the various devices used to secure standing and running riggings on a deck. This includes cleats, bitts, chocks, fairleads, and pad eyes. These devices are essential for safely securing ropes, lines, and other rigging components on a ship's deck.