Civil Rights Movement Exam 2

Martin L. King, Jr., and other members of SCLC advocated for a policy of nonviolent protest to achieve victory in the struggle for civil rights. This approach involved peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, and marches to raise awareness about racial inequality and injustice. By promoting nonviolence, they aimed to appeal to the moral conscience of the nation and gain support for their cause. This strategy was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's successful nonviolent resistance movement in India and proved to be effective in bringing attention to the civil rights movement and ultimately achieving significant legislative changes.

During the Civil Rights movement, the NAACP's greatest achievement was winning the Brown v. Board of Education decision. This decision ordered public schools to desegregate, meaning that schools could no longer be separated by race. This was a significant step towards ending racial segregation and promoting equality in education.

The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major turning point in the civil rights movement. King was a prominent leader who advocated for equal rights and justice for African Americans. His assassination not only shocked the nation but also galvanized the civil rights movement, leading to increased activism and a renewed push for change. It sparked widespread protests, riots, and civil unrest, forcing the government to address the systemic issues of racial inequality and discrimination. King's death ultimately paved the way for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which aimed to prevent housing discrimination and protect civil rights leaders from violent acts.

The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education overturned the doctrine of "separate but equal" in public education. This doctrine, established by the Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, allowed for racial segregation as long as the separate facilities were deemed equal. However, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Court ruled that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law. This landmark decision marked a significant step towards desegregating public schools and promoting equal educational opportunities for all.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was a prominent civil rights leader and played a crucial role in the American civil rights movement. He was a founder and the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Committee (SCLC). The SCLC was a nonviolent organization that aimed to fight for racial equality and justice through peaceful protests and civil disobedience. King's leadership and the SCLC's efforts were instrumental in achieving significant advancements in the civil rights movement, including the famous March on Washington and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Malcolm X preached a militant approach to civil rights, appealing to many African Americans' anger and frustration over a lack of social and economic power. Unlike Martin Luther King, Jr., who advocated for nonviolent resistance, Malcolm X believed in self-defense and was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam. His message resonated with those who felt that peaceful protests were not enough to bring about real change and sought a more aggressive approach to achieving equality and empowerment.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was influenced by Gandhi, who advocated for nonviolent resistance as a means to bring about social and political change. This philosophy rejects the idea of "an eye for an eye" and violent revolution, instead emphasizing peaceful methods of protest and civil disobedience. King believed in fighting back only if struck first, but his overall approach was rooted in nonviolence, as he famously led the civil rights movement in the United States using peaceful protests and demonstrations to combat racial injustice.

The correct answer is "all of these." The women's movement was divided over various issues, including abortion, other women rejecting radical feminist's goals, and radical feminist's rejection of men and marriage. These divisions caused disagreements and different factions within the movement, leading to debates and conflicts among feminists with different perspectives and priorities.

Both CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) and SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) were similar in that they both promoted nonviolent protest. Both organizations believed in using peaceful means to bring about social and political change, advocating for civil rights and equality for African Americans. They believed that nonviolent direct action, such as sit-ins, boycotts, and marches, would draw attention to the injustices faced by African Americans and ultimately lead to change. This approach was inspired by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and was a central strategy in the Civil Rights Movement.

The civil rights movement fought for equal rights and opportunities for African Americans. It resulted in making segregation illegal, opening the political process to more African Americans, and giving African Americans a new sense of ethnic pride. However, eliminating poverty for African Americans in the U.S. was not directly achieved through the civil rights movement. While the movement did address economic inequality, poverty among African Americans still persists today.

President Kennedy moved slowly on civil rights issues to avoid offending the southern Democratic senators. This is because the southern Democratic senators were known for their strong opposition to civil rights legislation, particularly those that aimed to end racial segregation. Kennedy, being a Democrat himself, needed the support of these senators to pass other important legislation. By treading carefully on civil rights, he hoped to maintain their support and avoid any backlash or opposition that could hinder his overall legislative agenda.

The freedom riders were a group of civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 to challenge segregation in public transportation. Their actions and protests brought attention to the issue and ultimately led to a federal ban on segregation in all interstate travel facilities. The Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students who faced opposition when they tried to integrate Little Rock Central High School, but they did not specifically focus on interstate travel facilities. The Black Panthers were a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization, and freedom summer was a 1964 voter registration drive in Mississippi.

The "I Have a Dream" speech of Martin Luther King, Jr. appealed to African Americans because many had long been deprived of their civil rights. The speech addressed the ongoing racial discrimination and inequality faced by African Americans, highlighting the need for justice, equality, and freedom. It called for an end to segregation and discrimination, advocating for the recognition of the civil rights of African Americans. The speech resonated with African Americans who had experienced systemic oppression and sought to bring about positive change and equal rights for their community.

Sit-ins were a nonviolent form of protest where African Americans would occupy segregated establishments, such as restaurants or lunch counters, and refuse to leave until they were served. This technique was used by civil rights activists to challenge racial segregation and discrimination, and to demand equal treatment and access to public spaces for African Americans. Sit-ins were effective in raising awareness about the injustices faced by African Americans and putting pressure on businesses to desegregate.

The Civil Rights movement had a significant impact on various aspects of American society. It led to the empowerment of African Americans, resulting in the emergence of black pride and black studies programs in schools. The movement also fought for and achieved the guaranteed right to vote for African Americans. Additionally, it contributed to an increase in elected black officials, who played a crucial role in advocating for equality and justice. However, poverty in urban ghettos was not a direct effect of the Civil Rights movement. While the movement aimed to address systemic racism and inequality, poverty in urban ghettos is a complex issue influenced by various factors beyond the scope of the Civil Rights movement.

Malcolm X believed strongly that the races should be separated. This is evident from his advocacy for black nationalism and his belief in the establishment of a separate black state. He argued that integration would not lead to true equality and that African Americans should focus on building their own communities and institutions. Malcolm X's views were in contrast to the early civil rights leaders who emphasized integration and equal rights within the existing system.

Sit-ins were primarily conducted by students. During the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, students played a crucial role in challenging racial segregation and discrimination. They organized peaceful protests by sitting at segregated lunch counters and refusing to leave until they were served. These sit-ins were a powerful form of nonviolent resistance and drew attention to the injustice of segregation. Students from various colleges and universities across the United States actively participated in these demonstrations, making them the primary group responsible for conducting sit-ins.

The given quotation expresses the decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. This case was a landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. The Court concluded that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal, overturning the previous "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson. This decision played a crucial role in the civil rights movement and paved the way for desegregation in schools and other public institutions.

De jure segregation refers to segregation that is enforced by laws. This means that it is a result of legal policies and regulations that explicitly separate individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or other characteristics. These laws were prevalent in many countries, particularly in the United States, during the era of racial segregation. They mandated separate facilities, schools, and public spaces for different racial groups, perpetuating inequality and discrimination. Therefore, the correct answer is laws.

The brutality against blacks in Birmingham was a catalyst for President Kennedy to take action. It prompted him to propose a strong civil rights bill as a means to address the systemic racism and discrimination faced by African Americans. This bill aimed to protect their rights and ensure equal treatment under the law. Kennedy recognized the urgency and importance of addressing civil rights issues, and proposing a strong bill was a significant step towards achieving equality and justice for all.

Booker T. Washington is the correct answer because he was an early Civil Rights Leader who founded the Tuskegee Institute, an educational institution for African Americans. Washington's approach to racial equality was controversial as he appeared to support segregation at one time. He believed that African Americans should focus on economic self-improvement and vocational education rather than immediately challenging the racist social order. While his views were criticized by some, Washington played a significant role in advancing the rights and opportunities for African Americans during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation illegal in public accommodations. This refers to places that are open to the public such as hotels, restaurants, theaters, and other establishments that provide services or goods to the general public. This act aimed to end racial discrimination and ensure equal access to these facilities for all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity. It was a significant step in the civil rights movement and helped to dismantle segregation in various aspects of society.

The Black Panthers advocated for Black Power, black nationalism, and community development, but they did not advocate for nonviolence. The Black Panthers believed in using armed self-defense to protect their communities and fight against systemic racism and oppression. They believed that violence was necessary to bring about revolutionary change and to challenge the existing power structures. This approach was in contrast to the nonviolent civil rights movement led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr.

The given quotation by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. advocates for civil disobedience. He states that they will not hate their oppressors, but they cannot obey unjust laws. This implies that they will peacefully protest and resist the unfair laws and systems through nonviolent means, in order to bring about change and justice. This aligns with the concept of civil disobedience, which involves intentionally breaking unjust laws as a form of protest against inequality and injustice.

Rosa Parks refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man is an example of civil disobedience because she deliberately disobeyed a discriminatory law and challenged the unjust segregation policies of the time. Her act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became a significant moment in the Civil Rights Movement, highlighting the power of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience in fighting for equality and justice.

The correct answer is "chose a different method to try to achieve racial justice." An analysis of the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., Stokely Carmichael, and Malcom X would reveal that each of them adopted distinct approaches in their fight for racial justice. While Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for nonviolent resistance and peaceful protests, Stokely Carmichael promoted a more militant and confrontational approach. Malcom X, on the other hand, emphasized black separatism and self-defense. Therefore, they all chose different methods to achieve their common goal of racial justice.

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded specifically to address the grievances of women that were not adequately addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 primarily focused on ending discrimination based on race, but did not address the specific issues faced by women. NOW aimed to advocate for gender equality and fight against gender-based discrimination in areas such as employment, education, and reproductive rights.

The correct answer is "white churches in the city fully supported equal rights for blacks in all areas." This answer is not a result of the Birmingham protests because it states that white churches fully supported equal rights for blacks in all areas, which implies that they were already supporting equal rights before the protests. The Birmingham protests were primarily focused on desegregating city facilities, instituting fairer hiring practices, and establishing an interracial commission to aid in communication, indicating that these were the outcomes of the protests.

The correct answer is "all of these" because the sit-ins were a form of protest that aimed to challenge and end segregation in various public spaces, including lunch counters, buses, and trains. These peaceful demonstrations were organized by civil rights activists who sought to bring attention to the injustices of racial segregation and advocate for equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their race. By protesting in these different locations, the sit-ins aimed to highlight the pervasive nature of segregation and call for its eradication in all aspects of society.

The correct answer is the south, frustration with discrimination in jobs, education, and lack of voting rights. This answer reflects the historical context of the time period mentioned (1964-1968) when urban rioting by blacks occurred. During this time, African Americans in the south faced widespread discrimination in various aspects of life, including limited job opportunities, unequal access to education, and voter suppression. These factors contributed to the frustration and anger that ultimately led to urban rioting.

Cesar Chavez is known for his role in organizing and advocating for the rights of farm workers. He co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW) union. Chavez believed in nonviolent tactics such as strikes, boycotts, and hunger strikes to bring attention to the mistreatment and poor working conditions of farm workers. Through his leadership, the UFW successfully negotiated contracts with growers, improving wages and working conditions for farm workers. Therefore, the correct answer is farm workers.

The Montgomery Improvement Association exerted economic pressure in response to segregation on buses. This means that they used boycotts and economic protests to challenge the discriminatory practices. By refusing to use the bus system and encouraging others to do the same, they aimed to hit the bus company financially and force them to change their policies. This strategy was successful and eventually led to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

SNCC, or the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, is the correct answer because it was an organization that primarily recruited young activists and advocated for immediate change during the Civil Rights Movement. SNCC played a crucial role in organizing sit-ins, freedom rides, and voter registration campaigns, often involving college students and young people. They were known for their grassroots approach and commitment to nonviolent direct action, which made them a significant force in the fight against racial segregation and discrimination.

In recent years, affirmative action programs have faced challenges and controversy. These programs were established as a way to address historical inequalities and provide opportunities for underrepresented groups, particularly in education and employment. However, critics argue that these programs can be discriminatory and that they perpetuate a different form of inequality. This has led to legal battles and debates over the effectiveness and fairness of affirmative action, making it a legacy of the civil rights movement that has been challenged.

The Congress of Racial Equality pursued its goals through peaceful confrontation. This means that they advocated for civil rights and equality through nonviolent means, such as sit-ins, protests, and demonstrations. They believed in the power of peaceful resistance to bring about social change and challenge racial discrimination. By engaging in peaceful confrontations, they aimed to raise awareness, create dialogue, and put pressure on institutions and individuals to address racial inequality and injustice.

The correct answer is "cause members of a minority to feel socially inferior." This is because the quotation from the Supreme Court decision states that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This implies that segregated schools create a sense of inequality and inferiority among minority students.

The decision in Plessy v. Ferguson affirmed the legality of racial segregation and prompted the passage of the Jim Crow laws. In this landmark Supreme Court case, the "separate but equal" doctrine was established, allowing for segregation as long as the separate facilities provided were deemed equal. This decision provided a legal basis for the Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation in public facilities and institutions, perpetuating racial discrimination and inequality for decades.

During the 1920s and 1930s, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) actively fought against segregation laws that enforced racial discrimination and separation. They used legal strategies and advocacy to challenge these laws and promote equality. This period marked a significant success for the NAACP in their efforts to dismantle segregation and promote civil rights for African Americans.

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in selling or renting a home. This legislation, also known as the Fair Housing Act, aimed to address racial discrimination in housing practices. It made it illegal to refuse to sell or rent a property based on a person's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The act was an important step in promoting equal housing opportunities and combating segregation and discrimination in the housing market.

After the Freedom Riders were violently attacked in Alabama, they received federal protection. This means that the government provided them with security and support to ensure their safety during their protests. This assistance was likely given in response to the violence they experienced, as a way to ensure their rights to peaceful protest were protected.

The correct answer is SCLC. The explanation for this answer is that the organization's goals align with the given description. SCLC, or the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was a civil rights organization that aimed to achieve equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent protest. The organization was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent civil disobedience and believed in bringing about gradual change.

Governor Fabus opposing the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 resulted in several outcomes. The NAACP supported the Little Rock Nine, a group of black students, throughout their yearlong experience at the school. President Eisenhower sent in the army to protect the nine black students from white segregationalists who harassed them throughout the school year. However, the one outcome that was NOT a result of Governor Fabus opposing desegregation was President Eisenhower refusing to intervene due to fear of losing southern political support.

The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution ended slavery in the country. It was ratified in 1865, following the American Civil War. The amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This marked a significant milestone in the fight for equality and freedom for African Americans, as it legally abolished the institution of slavery in the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation, although an important step towards ending slavery, was a wartime measure issued by President Abraham Lincoln and did not have the same legal force as the 13th Amendment. The 14th and 15th Amendments addressed citizenship and voting rights, respectively, but did not directly end slavery.

De facto segregation refers to segregation that occurs without explicit laws or policies but is still a result of social and economic factors. The concentration of urban African Americans in slum areas is an example of de facto segregation because it is a result of discriminatory housing practices, limited economic opportunities, and social inequalities that have led to the segregation of African Americans in impoverished neighborhoods. Unlike poll taxes, Jim Crow Laws, and voter literacy tests, which were explicit forms of segregation enforced by laws, the concentration of African Americans in slum areas is a result of systemic discrimination and societal factors.

The correct answer is African American clergyman. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was organized by African American clergyman. This organization was founded in 1957 and played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Led by prominent figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., the SCLC aimed to fight against racial segregation and discrimination through nonviolent means. The involvement of African American clergyman in the establishment of the SCLC highlights the significant role that religious leaders played in the civil rights struggle.

The Women's movement brought about a significant change in women's career goals. This movement aimed to empower women and challenge traditional gender roles, advocating for equal opportunities in the workplace. As a result, more women started pursuing careers outside of the traditional homemaking tasks. This shift in attitudes highlighted the importance of women's independence, self-fulfillment, and professional aspirations, leading to a greater emphasis on education, career advancement, and gender equality in the workforce.

The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was important to NOW members because it would provide a legal guarantee of equal opportunities for women. This means that women would have the same rights and opportunities as men, ensuring that they are not discriminated against based on their gender. It would help address gender inequalities and promote gender equality in various aspects of life, including employment, education, and other areas where women have historically faced discrimination.

During the Freedom Rides, Attorney General Kennedy took action by having federal marshals accompany and protect the Freedom Riders until they reached their final destination. This response was aimed at ensuring the safety and security of the activists, as they faced violent opposition and threats from segregationists. By providing federal protection, Kennedy demonstrated the government's support for the Freedom Rides and its commitment to upholding civil rights.

The black power movement believed that African Americans should separate from white society and establish their own communities. This concept of separatism aimed to create self-sufficiency and autonomy for African Americans, allowing them to address their own needs and challenges without relying on white-dominated institutions. This approach rejected integration and instead focused on building strong and empowered black communities. By advocating for separation, the black power movement sought to challenge systemic racism and create spaces where African Americans could thrive and exercise their agency.

The correct answer is to test southern states compliance with the Supreme Court ruling. The Freedom Rides were a series of bus trips organized by civil rights activists in the 1960s to challenge segregation laws and practices in the southern United States. The activists aimed to test whether the southern states would comply with the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia, which declared segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals unconstitutional. By intentionally violating these segregation laws, the Freedom Riders sought to bring attention to the ongoing discrimination and push for desegregation.