Child Development 1st Test

Anoxia refers to the condition of oxygen deprivation due to a pinched or wrapped around umbilical cord during childbirth. This lack of oxygen can lead to a medical condition called cerebral palsy, which affects muscle control and movement. Anorexia and a stomach virus are unrelated to anoxia and cerebral palsy.

Mimeema stands for "Micro, meso, exo, macro." This acronym represents different scales or levels of organization in various fields such as biology, ecology, and geography. "Micro" refers to the smallest scale, "meso" represents an intermediate scale, "exo" refers to the external or larger scale, and "macro" represents the largest scale. This acronym is used to categorize and understand phenomena or systems at different levels of complexity or size.

The given answer "Born feet first" is the correct explanation for the term "breeched birth." Breech birth refers to the situation where a baby is positioned to be born with its buttocks or feet first instead of the head. This is considered a deviation from the normal head-first position during childbirth.

Accommodation refers to the process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information. It involves adjusting our existing mental frameworks or schemas to accommodate and make sense of new experiences or knowledge that does not fit into our existing understanding. This process allows us to adapt and update our understanding of the world to better reflect the new information we encounter.

The exosystem refers to social settings that indirectly influence a child's development and well-being, such as healthcare and the parents' workplace. These settings have an impact on the child's life but do not involve direct interaction with the child. The exosystem also includes factors like cultural beliefs, laws and policies, customs, and resources that shape the child's environment and experiences.

The microsystem refers to the immediate social setting in which a child interacts and develops. This includes the child's relationships with peers, family, and school. These social settings have a direct impact on the child's development and influence their behaviors, beliefs, and values. The microsystem plays a crucial role in shaping a child's social and emotional development, as they learn from and are influenced by the people and environments in their immediate social setting.

The correct answer is "Because most characteristics are the result of polygenic interactions." This means that traits are not determined by a single gene, but rather by the combined effects of multiple genes. Each gene contributes a small part to the overall phenotype, making it difficult to directly translate genotype into phenotype. Additionally, environmental factors and experiences also play a role in determining the expression of traits, further complicating the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

Assimilation refers to the process of fitting new information into existing schemas. Schemas are mental frameworks or structures that individuals use to organize and interpret information. When new information is encountered, individuals assimilate it by incorporating it into their existing schemas, thereby expanding their knowledge and understanding of the world. This process allows individuals to make sense of new experiences by relating them to what they already know.

The correct answer is "Neglects biology and cognition, and it can't explain complex behavior." Learning theories focus primarily on external factors and observable behaviors, often neglecting the role of biology and cognition in shaping behavior. Additionally, learning theories may struggle to explain complex behaviors that involve multiple factors and influences.

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The mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in embryonic development. It gives rise to various structures in the body, including connective tissue. Connective tissue is a type of tissue that provides support and connects different structures in the body. It includes structures such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone. Therefore, the mesoderm forms connective tissue, which is the correct answer.

A timeout and removing a chore are examples of negative punishment and negative reinforcement. Negative punishment is when a desirable stimulus is taken away to decrease a behavior, such as removing a chore. Negative reinforcement is when an aversive stimulus is removed to increase a behavior, such as providing a timeout to remove the child from a situation they find unpleasant. Spanking the child and extending the child's curfew are examples of positive punishment, which involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior. Taking away the ps3 and giving the child money are not examples of positive punishment or negative reinforcement.

Doing cocaine during pregnancy can have significant negative effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. Cocaine use can lead to drug dependency in the mother, causing her to become addicted and potentially leading to long-term substance abuse issues. Additionally, cocaine use during pregnancy can result in developmental delays in the baby, affecting their cognitive and physical growth. These delays can manifest as learning difficulties, motor skill impairments, and behavioral problems. It is crucial for pregnant women to avoid cocaine use to protect both their own health and the well-being of their unborn child.

The correct answer is Identity v Role Confusion. Erikson's Identity v Role Confusion stage occurs during adolescence, where individuals explore and develop a sense of self and establish their own identities. This stage is equivalent to Freud's Genital Stage, which also occurs during adolescence and focuses on the development of sexual interests and the establishment of intimate relationships. Both stages involve the formation of identity and the exploration of one's role in society.

The correct answer is Anal. In Freud's psychosexual development theory, the anal stage occurs between the ages of 1 to 3 years old. During this stage, the child's focus of pleasure is on the elimination and retention of feces. Similarly, Erikson's Autonomy vs Shame stage also occurs during the toddler years, where children develop a sense of independence and control over their bodily functions. Both stages involve the child's exploration of their own bodily functions and the development of self-control.