Chemistry Chiropractic Boards Part 1
Test qustions on carbohydrates, lipids, protein and all things chemistry!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The main storage form of glucose in animals is:
- A.
Starch
- B.
Glycogen
- C.
Lipids
- D.
Proteins
Correct Answer
B. GlycogenExplanation
Glycogen is the correct answer because it is the main storage form of glucose in animals. Glycogen is a polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules and is stored in the liver and muscles. When glucose levels in the body are low, glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide energy. Starch is the main storage form of glucose in plants, while lipids and proteins are not directly involved in glucose storage.Rate this question:
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- 2.
All of the following process increase blood sugar levels except:
- A.
Glycogenolysis
- B.
Glycogenesis
- C.
Gluconeogenesis
- D.
Glucogenesis
Correct Answer
B. GlycogenesisExplanation
glycolysis: sugar breakdown
glyconeogenesis: aka gluconeogensis, formation of carbohydrates from non-carb sourcesRate this question:
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- 3.
All of the following are considered low energy compounds except:
- A.
NADH
- B.
AMP
- C.
ADP
- D.
NADP
Correct Answer
A. NADHExplanation
anything without a phosphate groupRate this question:
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- 4.
The breakdown of glycogen is called:
- A.
Glycogenolysis
- B.
Glyconeogenesis
- C.
Glycogenesis
- D.
Glycolysis
Correct Answer
A. GlycogenolysisExplanation
they keyword in this question is GLYCOGEN, the breakdown of glycogen is glycogenolysis!!Rate this question:
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- 5.
Glucose plus fructose makes which of thef ollowing disaccharides?
- A.
Sucrose
- B.
Lactose
- C.
Maltose
- D.
Isomaltose
Correct Answer
A. SucroseExplanation
lactose = glucose + gaLACtose
maltose = glucose + glucoseRate this question:
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- 6.
The protein portion of an enzyme is called
- A.
Apoprotein
- B.
Holoenzyme
- C.
Coenzyme A
- D.
Cofactor
Correct Answer
A. ApoproteinExplanation
holoenzyme: biochemically active compound formed by the combination of an enzyme with a coenzyme.
coenzyme A: A nonprotein compound necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
cofactor: A substance (other than the substrate) essential for the activity of an enzyme.Rate this question:
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- 7.
With out Vitamin _____ collagen will not form in the body
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
E
Correct Answer
C. CExplanation
A = (FS) visual, retinol, health of mucous membranes
B = WS) too many to list
D = (FS) calcium, 1,25 diOH cholecalciferol, Hydroxylation
E = (FS) antioxidant, cardiovascular problems, wheat germ, stored in adipose tissue
K= (FS) clotting, makes pro-thrombin in the liverRate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein?
- A.
Albumin
- B.
Immunoglbulin
- C.
Gamma globulin
- D.
T-lymphocyte
Correct Answer
A. AlbuminExplanation
Major plasma proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and the gamma globulins,
Immunoglbulin: protein produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes and characteristic of these types of cells... Immunoglobulins, quantitative serum IgA 68 - 378 mg/dL IgG 768 - 1632 mg/dL IgM 60 - 263 mg/dL IgE 10 - 180 IU/L
Gamma globulin: A protein fraction of blood serum containing many antibodies that protect against bacterial and viral infectious diseases.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Gluose-1-phosphate plus ________ gives glucose -6-phosphate.
- A.
Debranching enzyme
- B.
Glycogen phosphorylase
- C.
Phosphoglucomutase
- D.
Pryruvate
Correct Answer
C. PhosphoglucomutaseExplanation
an enzyme found in all plant and animal cells that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphateRate this question:
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- 10.
The coenzyme of pantothenic acid (B5) is:
- A.
FAD
- B.
NADP
- C.
Coenzyme A
- D.
FMN
Correct Answer
C. Coenzyme AExplanation
Coenzyme A is the correct answer because it is the coenzyme of pantothenic acid (B5). Coenzyme A plays a crucial role in various metabolic reactions, particularly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It acts as a carrier molecule, transferring acetyl groups from one molecule to another. This process is essential for energy production and the synthesis of important molecules in the body. Therefore, coenzyme A is directly associated with pantothenic acid and its functions in cellular metabolism.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Beriberi is associated with a ________ deficiency.
- A.
Ribioflavin
- B.
Thiamine
- C.
Niacin
- D.
Pantothenic acid
Correct Answer
B. ThiamineExplanation
Deficiency:
ribioflavin: low in B2, Cheilosis, Magenta tongue
Niacin: low in B3, Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
pantothenic acid: low in B5, burning feetRate this question:
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- 12.
All of the following assocated with a folic acid deficiency except:
- A.
Chilosis
- B.
Megaloblastic anemia
- C.
Tropical sprue
- D.
Lack of conversion of serine to glycine
Correct Answer
A. ChilosisExplanation
Remember folic acid is B9, macrocytic anemiaRate this question:
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- 13.
How many ATP are yielded in the aerobic form of glycolysis?
- A.
36
- B.
32
- C.
24
- D.
2
Correct Answer
A. 36Explanation
In the aerobic form of glycolysis, a total of 36 ATP molecules are yielded. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. Through a series of reactions, each molecule of glucose produces 2 molecules of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. In addition, the pyruvate molecules are further broken down in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which produce a total of 34 ATP molecules. Therefore, the overall ATP yield in the aerobic form of glycolysis is 36.Rate this question:
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- 14.
GLuconeogenesis ____________ blood sugar; this process takes _________ ATP.
- A.
Lowers, 36
- B.
Lowers, 4
- C.
Raises, 6
- D.
Raises, 2
Correct Answer
C. Raises, 6Explanation
key word is neogenisis and blood sugarRate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following lower blood sugar levels?
- A.
Insulin
- B.
Cortisol
- C.
Glucagon
- D.
Flavin ring
Correct Answer
A. InsulinExplanation
key phrase is lower blood sugar levels
remember that insulin is used to aid in the storage of glycogen into our adipose tissue!!!Rate this question:
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- 16.
Phosphorlation first occurs in step ______ of glycolysis?
- A.
1
- B.
4
- C.
10
- D.
8
Correct Answer
A. 1Explanation
oxidative phosphorlationRate this question:
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- 17.
Which is the phosphate donor in steps 1 and 3
- A.
NAD
- B.
ATP
- C.
DNA
- D.
RNA
Correct Answer
B. ATPExplanation
ATP is the correct answer because it is a high-energy molecule that can donate phosphate groups to other molecules. In step 1 and step 3 of certain biochemical reactions, phosphate groups are transferred to other molecules, and ATP is commonly used as the phosphate donor in these processes. NAD, DNA, and RNA do not have the ability to donate phosphate groups in the same way as ATP.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Glucose 6-phosphate is convered to fructose 6-phosphate by the use of the enzyme __________________ in the process of _________________.
- A.
Phosphoglucoisomerase, oxidation
- B.
Enolase, oxidation
- C.
Phosphoglucoisomerase, glycolysis
- D.
Enolase, glycolysis
Correct Answer
C. Phosphoglucoisomerase, glycolysisExplanation
remember the krebs cycle is glycolysis and begins with ATP.Rate this question:
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- 19.
__________________ is the enzyme used in the last step of glycolysis.
- A.
Enolase
- B.
Pyruvate kinase
- C.
Hexokinase
- D.
Aldolase
Correct Answer
B. Pyruvate kinaseExplanation
hexokinase is the 1st enzyme used!!!Rate this question:
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- 20.
The aerobic form of glycolysis produces ________ molecules of ATP and the anaerobic form produces __________ molecules of ATP.
- A.
2,2
- B.
32, 5
- C.
6, 24
- D.
36, 2
Correct Answer
D. 36, 2Explanation
with and without the use of oxygen!!!Rate this question:
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- 21.
A total of 4 ADP molecules in steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis are converted to 4 _________ molecules.
- A.
CAMP
- B.
NADH
- C.
NAD
- D.
ATP
Correct Answer
D. ATPExplanation
glycolysis... creating energy!!!Rate this question:
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- 22.
Two pryruvate molecules are formed in the process of glycolysis. What enzyme is reponsible for the 10th step of this process?
- A.
Pyruvate kinase
- B.
Phosphoglycerate kinase
- C.
PFK-1
- D.
Hexokinase
Correct Answer
A. Pyruvate kinaseExplanation
In the process of glycolysis, two pyruvate molecules are formed. The enzyme responsible for the 10th step of this process is pyruvate kinase.Rate this question:
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- 23.
In glycolysis, a ______ carbon molecule of glucose is split into _______ molecules of pyruvic acid
- A.
5, 3
- B.
10, 3
- C.
3, 4
- D.
6, 2
Correct Answer
D. 6, 2Explanation
In glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. This is the correct answer because during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Rate this question:
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- 24.
2-phosphosglycerate is convered to phosphoenolyphyruvate by the help of the enzyme ________ in this _______ stage of glycolysis.
- A.
Phosphoglycearate mutase, 5th
- B.
Enolase, 9th
- C.
Pyruvate kinase, 10th
- D.
Enolase, 6th
Correct Answer
B. Enolase, 9thExplanation
In glycolysis, 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate. This conversion is facilitated by the enzyme enolase. This reaction occurs in the 9th stage of glycolysis.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The breakdown of glycogen is called
- A.
Glycogenolysis
- B.
Glycolysis
- C.
Oxidation
- D.
Gluconeogenesis
Correct Answer
A. GlycogenolysisExplanation
Glycogenolysis refers to the breakdown of glycogen. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. When the body needs glucose for energy, glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules. This glucose can then be used by the body for various metabolic processes, including providing energy to cells. Glycolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis are not correct answers as they refer to different metabolic processes unrelated to the breakdown of glycogen.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the following will lower blood sugar levels?
- A.
Glycogenolysis
- B.
Gluconeogenesis
- C.
Glycolysis
- D.
Glucogenesis
Correct Answer
C. GlycolysisExplanation
Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require oxygen. By breaking down glucose, glycolysis helps to lower blood sugar levels by utilizing glucose for energy production. Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucogenesis are all processes that actually raise blood sugar levels by producing or releasing glucose into the bloodstream.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The coenzyme of pyridoxine is
- A.
Coenzyme A
- B.
Pridoxal phoshpate
- C.
THF
- D.
TPP
Correct Answer
B. Pridoxal phoshpateExplanation
Vitamin B-6 is the generic name for the dietary precursors of the active coenzyme form PLP (the above answer)Rate this question:
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- 28.
B9 is ______________ and its coenzyme is ________.
- A.
Biotin, biotin
- B.
Thiamin, thiamine prophosphate
- C.
Niacin, NADP
- D.
Folic aicd, tetrahydrofolate
Correct Answer
D. Folic aicd, tetrahydrofolateExplanation
THF = tetrahydrofolate!!!Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which vitamin can be made from tryptophan in the body?
- A.
Thiamine
- B.
Niacin
- C.
Riboflavin
- D.
Biotin
Correct Answer
B. NiacinExplanation
remember niacin is B3: tryptophan -->niacin, requires B6 (3ATP at electron transport)Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is not an antioxidant?
- A.
Selenium
- B.
Copper
- C.
Vitamin A
- D.
Vitamin E
Correct Answer
B. CopperExplanation
Copper is not an antioxidant because it does not have the ability to neutralize free radicals or prevent oxidative damage in the body. Antioxidants are substances that help protect cells from the harmful effects of free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to aging and diseases. Selenium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E are all known antioxidants that play important roles in maintaining overall health and protecting against oxidative stress.Rate this question:
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- 31.
All of the following is true regarding vitamin C in humans except:
- A.
It can be made from glucose
- B.
Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron
- C.
Helps in the making of collagen
- D.
Vitamin C is involved with hydroxlation reactions
Correct Answer
A. It can be made from glucoseExplanation
Vitamin C cannot be made from glucose in humans. Humans lack the enzyme required for the conversion of glucose into vitamin C, unlike most other animals. Therefore, humans must obtain vitamin C from dietary sources.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which vitamin B3 coenzyme is involved with fatty acid synthesis?
- A.
FMN
- B.
TPP
- C.
FAD
- D.
NADP
Correct Answer
D. NADPExplanation
All of the following are coenzymes for Niacin, B3: NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPHRate this question:
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- 33.
The active coenzymes of riboflavin are ______________ and ____________l
- A.
FMN, FAD
- B.
NAD, NADP
- C.
TPP, FAD
- D.
Coenzyme A, NAD
Correct Answer
A. FMN, FADExplanation
B2, key word is riboFLAvin!!!! Here are all of the coenzymes: FAD, FADH2, FMNRate this question:
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- 34.
Which vitamin contains the isoalloxazine ring system?
- A.
Thiamine
- B.
Niacin
- C.
Vitamin C
- D.
Riboflavin
Correct Answer
D. RiboflavinExplanation
a yellow solid C10H6N4O2 that is the precursor of various flavins (as riboflavin)Rate this question:
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- 35.
Pantothenic acid contains sulfur. which other vitamin also contains sulfur?
- A.
Thiamine
- B.
Niacin
- C.
Riboflavin
- D.
Vitamin c
Correct Answer
A. ThiamineExplanation
Thiamine is the correct answer because it is the only option among the given vitamins that contains sulfur. Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism. It contains a sulfur atom in its chemical structure, which is important for its biological function. Niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin C do not contain sulfur.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which of the following is not true of pyridoxine?
- A.
It is needed in protein metabolism
- B.
Deficiency will cause convlusions in infants
- C.
Pyridoxamine phosphate is its coenzyme
- D.
Deficiency will cause pernicious anemia
Correct Answer
D. Deficiency will cause pernicious anemiaExplanation
remember Pyridoxine is B6
*sideroblastic anemia (iron-loaded erythroblast)... but has normal serum levelsRate this question:
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- 37.
All of the following are essential amino acids except:
- A.
Valine
- B.
Phenylalanine
- C.
Lysine
- D.
Tyrosine
Correct Answer
D. TyrosineExplanation
Essential AA: Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Theronine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, ValineRate this question:
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- 38.
All of the following have branched chains except:
- A.
Valine
- B.
Phenylalanine
- C.
Leucine
- D.
Isoleucine
Correct Answer
B. PhenylalanineExplanation
Branched chain definition: is an amino acid having aliphatic (acyclic or cyclic, non-aromatic carbon compounds) side-chains with a branch (a carbon atom bound to more than two other carbon atoms).Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which is not composed of collagen?
- A.
Hydroxylysine
- B.
Hydroxyproline
- C.
Ornithine
- D.
Glycine
Correct Answer
C. OrnithineExplanation
Ornithine is not composed of collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein found in connective tissues, and it is made up of amino acids such as hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, and glycine. Ornithine, on the other hand, is an amino acid that is not involved in the formation of collagen. It plays a role in the urea cycle, which is responsible for removing ammonia from the body.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which is a non-essential amino acid?
- A.
Valine
- B.
Serine
- C.
Arginine
- D.
Histadine
Correct Answer
B. SerineExplanation
Serine is a non-essential amino acid because it can be synthesized by the body from other amino acids. Non-essential amino acids are those that the body can produce on its own, so they do not need to be obtained from the diet. Valine, arginine, and histidine, on the other hand, are essential amino acids, meaning they must be obtained from the diet since the body cannot produce them.Rate this question:
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- 41.
This vitamin helps in the formation of purines and when this vitamin is deficient it will cause megaloblastic anemia
- A.
Pyridoxine
- B.
Folic acid
- C.
Pantothenic acid
- D.
Thiamine
Correct Answer
B. Folic acidExplanation
Folic acid is the correct answer because it plays a crucial role in the formation of purines, which are essential for the production of DNA and RNA. When there is a deficiency of folic acid, it can lead to megaloblastic anemia, a condition characterized by the production of abnormally large and immature red blood cells. Folic acid is important for proper cell division and growth, and its deficiency can result in impaired DNA synthesis and cell maturation, leading to the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Glucose and fructose will form
- A.
Cellobiose
- B.
Isomaltose
- C.
Sucrose
- D.
Maltose
Correct Answer
C. SucroseExplanation
Glucose and fructose will form sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule. The two monosaccharides are joined together through a glycosidic bond, resulting in the formation of sucrose.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The oxidation of gluose is referred to as
- A.
Glycolysis
- B.
Glycogenesis
- C.
Cellular respiration
- D.
Glycogenolysis
Correct Answer
C. Cellular respirationExplanation
The oxidation of glucose refers to the process of breaking down glucose molecules to release energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and is known as cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the initial step of cellular respiration, where glucose is converted into pyruvate. Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is cellular respiration, as it encompasses the overall oxidation of glucose in cells.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Which of the following is not an essential fatty acid?
- A.
Arachadonic
- B.
Linolenic
- C.
Linoleic
- D.
Phospholipid
Correct Answer
D. PhospholipidExplanation
key: look at the answers given... the incorrect answer does not end in an "ic"Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which makes up the majority of the plant starch we have in our diet?
- A.
Cellulose
- B.
Amylose
- C.
Amylopectin
- D.
Gycogen
Correct Answer
C. AmylopectinExplanation
amylose and amylopectin both breakdown starch but amylopectin does the majority of the breakdownRate this question:
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- 46.
Amylopectin is in a __________
- A.
Alpha 1-4 linkage
- B.
Branched beta 1-4 linkage
- C.
Beta 1-6 linkage
- D.
Branched alpha 1-6 linkage
Correct Answer
D. Branched alpha 1-6 linkageExplanation
amylose is an alpha 1-4 linkageRate this question:
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- 47.
Biotin in the vitamin and coenzyme form performs which kind of reaction?
- A.
Carboxylation
- B.
Hydroxylation
- C.
Oxidation
- D.
Decarboxylation
Correct Answer
A. CarboxylationExplanation
add CO2... needed to make fats... anabolic reactionsRate this question:
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- 48.
_____________ is not a mucopolysaccharide.
- A.
Cellobiose
- B.
Heparin
- C.
Hyaluronic acid
- D.
Chondrotin sulfate
Correct Answer
A. CellobioseExplanation
Heparan sulfate is the only important GAG in the CNS
Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acide do not accumulate b/c the can also be degradedRate this question:
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- 49.
Insulin __________________.
- A.
Will raise blood sugar levels
- B.
Will lower blood sugar levels
- C.
Is a steroid hormone
- D.
Is made in the kidney
Correct Answer
B. Will lower blood sugar levelsExplanation
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. When insulin is released into the bloodstream, it helps to lower blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells, where it can be used for energy. Therefore, the correct answer is "will lower blood sugar levels."Rate this question:
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- 50.
Decarboxylations are types of function that use _________________.
- A.
Riboflavin
- B.
Thiamine
- C.
Niacin
- D.
Folic acid
Correct Answer
B. ThiamineExplanation
oxidative carboxylations, needed for Krebs cycleRate this question:
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Hund's Rule Demystified: Electron Configuration Challenge
Hund's Rule Demystified: Electron Configuration Challenge
The Pauli Exclusion Principle Quiz: Test Your Quantum Knowledge
The Pauli Exclusion Principle Quiz: Test Your Quantum Knowledge
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