Chemistry Chiropractic Boards Part 1

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  • 1/68 Questions

    Glucose and fructose will form

    • Cellobiose
    • Isomaltose
    • Sucrose
    • Maltose
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Test qustions on carbohydrates, lipids, protein and all things chemistry!

Chemistry Chiropractic Boards Part 1 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The _________________ is directly involved in ketogenesis.

    • Stomach

    • Liver

    • Heart

    • Small intestine

    Correct Answer
    A. Liver
    Explanation
    The liver is directly involved in ketogenesis. Ketogenesis is the process by which ketone bodies are produced in the liver from fatty acids. These ketone bodies are then used as an alternative fuel source by the body when glucose levels are low, such as during periods of fasting or prolonged exercise. The liver plays a crucial role in this metabolic pathway, converting fatty acids into ketone bodies to provide energy for various tissues in the body.

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  • 3. 

    Insulin __________________.

    • Will raise blood sugar levels

    • Will lower blood sugar levels

    • Is a steroid hormone

    • Is made in the kidney

    Correct Answer
    A. Will lower blood sugar levels
    Explanation
    Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. When insulin is released into the bloodstream, it helps to lower blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells, where it can be used for energy. Therefore, the correct answer is "will lower blood sugar levels."

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  • 4. 

    Glucose plus fructose makes which of thef ollowing disaccharides?

    • Sucrose

    • Lactose

    • Maltose

    • Isomaltose

    Correct Answer
    A. Sucrose
    Explanation
    lactose = glucose + gaLACtose
    maltose = glucose + glucose

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  • 5. 

    The main storage form of glucose in animals is:

    • Starch

    • Glycogen

    • Lipids

    • Proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycogen
    Explanation
    Glycogen is the correct answer because it is the main storage form of glucose in animals. Glycogen is a polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules and is stored in the liver and muscles. When glucose levels in the body are low, glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide energy. Starch is the main storage form of glucose in plants, while lipids and proteins are not directly involved in glucose storage.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein?

    • Albumin

    • Immunoglbulin

    • Gamma globulin

    • T-lymphocyte

    Correct Answer
    A. Albumin
    Explanation
    Major plasma proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and the gamma globulins,
    Immunoglbulin: protein produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes and characteristic of these types of cells... Immunoglobulins, quantitative serum IgA 68 - 378 mg/dL IgG 768 - 1632 mg/dL IgM 60 - 263 mg/dL IgE 10 - 180 IU/L
    Gamma globulin: A protein fraction of blood serum containing many antibodies that protect against bacterial and viral infectious diseases.

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  • 7. 

    The aerobic form of glycolysis produces ________ molecules of ATP and the anaerobic form produces __________ molecules of ATP.

    • 2,2

    • 32, 5

    • 6, 24

    • 36, 2

    Correct Answer
    A. 36, 2
    Explanation
    with and without the use of oxygen!!!

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  • 8. 

    Strict vegetarians most likely will need to supplement which of the following vitamins?

    • B1

    • B2

    • B5

    • B12

    Correct Answer
    A. B12
    Explanation
    Cyanocobalamin... pernicious anemia, combined systems disease, PLS

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following lower blood sugar levels?

    • Insulin

    • Cortisol

    • Glucagon

    • Flavin ring

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulin
    Explanation
    key phrase is lower blood sugar levels
    remember that insulin is used to aid in the storage of glycogen into our adipose tissue!!!

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  • 10. 

    In glycolysis, a ______ carbon molecule of glucose is split into _______ molecules of pyruvic acid

    • 5, 3

    • 10, 3

    • 3, 4

    • 6, 2

    Correct Answer
    A. 6, 2
    Explanation
    In glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. This is the correct answer because during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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  • 11. 

    B9 is ______________ and its coenzyme is ________.

    • Biotin, biotin

    • Thiamin, thiamine prophosphate

    • Niacin, NADP

    • Folic aicd, tetrahydrofolate

    Correct Answer
    A. Folic aicd, tetrahydrofolate
    Explanation
    THF = tetrahydrofolate!!!

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  • 12. 

    The breakdown of glycogen is called

    • Glycogenolysis

    • Glycolysis

    • Oxidation

    • Gluconeogenesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycogenolysis
    Explanation
    Glycogenolysis refers to the breakdown of glycogen. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. When the body needs glucose for energy, glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules. This glucose can then be used by the body for various metabolic processes, including providing energy to cells. Glycolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis are not correct answers as they refer to different metabolic processes unrelated to the breakdown of glycogen.

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  • 13. 

    With out Vitamin _____ collagen will not form in the body

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • E

    Correct Answer
    A. C
    Explanation
    A = (FS) visual, retinol, health of mucous membranes
    B = WS) too many to list
    D = (FS) calcium, 1,25 diOH cholecalciferol, Hydroxylation
    E = (FS) antioxidant, cardiovascular problems, wheat germ, stored in adipose tissue
    K= (FS) clotting, makes pro-thrombin in the liver

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  • 14. 

    All of the following is true regarding vitamin C in humans except:

    • It can be made from glucose

    • Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron

    • Helps in the making of collagen

    • Vitamin C is involved with hydroxlation reactions

    Correct Answer
    A. It can be made from glucose
    Explanation
    Vitamin C cannot be made from glucose in humans. Humans lack the enzyme required for the conversion of glucose into vitamin C, unlike most other animals. Therefore, humans must obtain vitamin C from dietary sources.

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  • 15. 

    Riboflavin and niacin are involved in ____________ reactions.

    • Decarboxylation

    • Transamine

    • Oxidative-reduction

    • Protein metabolic

    Correct Answer
    A. Oxidative-reduction
    Explanation
    Riboflavin and niacin are involved in oxidative-reduction reactions. Oxidative-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Riboflavin and niacin act as coenzymes in these reactions, facilitating the transfer of electrons and participating in the conversion of energy. They are essential for various metabolic processes, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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  • 16. 

    All of the following are considered low energy compounds except:

    • NADH

    • AMP

    • ADP

    • NADP

    Correct Answer
    A. NADH
    Explanation
    anything without a phosphate group

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  • 17. 

    Two pryruvate molecules are formed in the process of glycolysis.  What enzyme is reponsible for the 10th step of this process?

    • Pyruvate kinase

    • Phosphoglycerate kinase

    • PFK-1

    • Hexokinase

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyruvate kinase
    Explanation
    In the process of glycolysis, two pyruvate molecules are formed. The enzyme responsible for the 10th step of this process is pyruvate kinase.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following is not an antioxidant?

    • Selenium

    • Copper

    • Vitamin A

    • Vitamin E

    Correct Answer
    A. Copper
    Explanation
    Copper is not an antioxidant because it does not have the ability to neutralize free radicals or prevent oxidative damage in the body. Antioxidants are substances that help protect cells from the harmful effects of free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to aging and diseases. Selenium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E are all known antioxidants that play important roles in maintaining overall health and protecting against oxidative stress.

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  • 19. 

    A deficiency of thiame will cause

    • Pellegra

    • Beriberi

    • Hypoclycemia

    • Folic acid deficency

    Correct Answer
    A. Beriberi
    Explanation
    A deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, can cause beriberi. Beriberi is a condition characterized by symptoms such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, fatigue, and cardiovascular problems. Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and the metabolism of carbohydrates. Without enough thiamine, the body is unable to produce sufficient energy from glucose, leading to the symptoms of beriberi.

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  • 20. 

    A total of 4 ADP molecules in steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis are converted to 4 _________ molecules.

    • CAMP

    • NADH

    • NAD

    • ATP

    Correct Answer
    A. ATP
    Explanation
    glycolysis... creating energy!!!

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  • 21. 

    This vitamin helps in the formation of purines and when this vitamin is deficient it will cause megaloblastic anemia

    • Pyridoxine

    • Folic acid

    • Pantothenic acid

    • Thiamine

    Correct Answer
    A. Folic acid
    Explanation
    Folic acid is the correct answer because it plays a crucial role in the formation of purines, which are essential for the production of DNA and RNA. When there is a deficiency of folic acid, it can lead to megaloblastic anemia, a condition characterized by the production of abnormally large and immature red blood cells. Folic acid is important for proper cell division and growth, and its deficiency can result in impaired DNA synthesis and cell maturation, leading to the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following is not an essential fatty acid?

    • Arachadonic

    • Linolenic

    • Linoleic

    • Phospholipid

    Correct Answer
    A. Phospholipid
    Explanation
    key: look at the answers given... the incorrect answer does not end in an "ic"

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  • 23. 

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down chylomicrons?

    • Liporportein lipase

    • Acetyl-CoA

    • NAD

    • FMN

    Correct Answer
    A. Liporportein lipase
    Explanation
    an enzyme that is attached to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of the capillary endothelium. As the chylomicrons pass through the capillaries, they bind to LPL

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  • 24. 

    Which is the phosphate donor in steps 1 and 3

    • NAD

    • ATP

    • DNA

    • RNA

    Correct Answer
    A. ATP
    Explanation
    ATP is the correct answer because it is a high-energy molecule that can donate phosphate groups to other molecules. In step 1 and step 3 of certain biochemical reactions, phosphate groups are transferred to other molecules, and ATP is commonly used as the phosphate donor in these processes. NAD, DNA, and RNA do not have the ability to donate phosphate groups in the same way as ATP.

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following is not true of pyridoxine?

    • It is needed in protein metabolism

    • Deficiency will cause convlusions in infants

    • Pyridoxamine phosphate is its coenzyme

    • Deficiency will cause pernicious anemia

    Correct Answer
    A. Deficiency will cause pernicious anemia
    Explanation
    remember Pyridoxine is B6
    *sideroblastic anemia (iron-loaded erythroblast)... but has normal serum levels

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  • 26. 

    The coenzyme of pantothenic acid (B5) is:

    • FAD

    • NADP

    • Coenzyme A

    • FMN

    Correct Answer
    A. Coenzyme A
    Explanation
    Coenzyme A is the correct answer because it is the coenzyme of pantothenic acid (B5). Coenzyme A plays a crucial role in various metabolic reactions, particularly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It acts as a carrier molecule, transferring acetyl groups from one molecule to another. This process is essential for energy production and the synthesis of important molecules in the body. Therefore, coenzyme A is directly associated with pantothenic acid and its functions in cellular metabolism.

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  • 27. 

    __________________ is the enzyme used in the last step of glycolysis.

    • Enolase

    • Pyruvate kinase

    • Hexokinase

    • Aldolase

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyruvate kinase
    Explanation
    hexokinase is the 1st enzyme used!!!

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  • 28. 

    Tryptophan can make most of our _______________ requirements

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Riboflavin

    • Folic acid

    Correct Answer
    A. Niacin
    Explanation
    Tryptophan can make most of our niacin requirements. Tryptophan is an amino acid that can be converted into niacin in the body. Niacin is an essential B vitamin that plays a crucial role in energy production, DNA repair, and the functioning of the nervous system. While it is important to consume niacin directly from dietary sources, the body can also utilize tryptophan to meet its niacin needs. This conversion process allows tryptophan to contribute to our overall niacin requirements.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following does not make prostaglandins

    • Linolenic

    • Linoleic

    • Arachadonic

    • Palmitic acid

    Correct Answer
    A. Palmitic acid
    Explanation
    Prostaglandins are derived from unsaturated fatty acids, specifically arachidonic acid. Linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids are all unsaturated fatty acids that can be converted into prostaglandins. Palmitic acid, on the other hand, is a saturated fatty acid and cannot be converted into prostaglandins. Therefore, palmitic acid does not make prostaglandins.

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  • 30. 

    What process will occur when there are too many acetyl-CoA molecules in the liver?

    • Glycolysis

    • Gluconeogensis

    • Ketogenesis

    • Electron transport chain

    Correct Answer
    A. Ketogenesis
    Explanation
    When there are too many acetyl-CoA molecules in the liver, the process that will occur is ketogenesis. This is because excess acetyl-CoA cannot be efficiently metabolized through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Instead, it enters the pathway of ketogenesis, where it is converted into ketone bodies such as acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. These ketone bodies can then be used as an alternative fuel source by various tissues, including the brain, during periods of prolonged fasting or low carbohydrate intake.

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  • 31. 

    An excessive amount of ketones in the blood will

    • Increase the pH of the blood

    • Decrease the pH of the blood

    • Will have no effect

    • Will presidpose one to multiple myeloma

    Correct Answer
    A. Decrease the pH of the blood
    Explanation
    An excessive amount of ketones in the blood will decrease the pH of the blood. Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose. When there is a high level of ketones in the blood, it indicates a state of ketosis, which is often seen in conditions like uncontrolled diabetes or fasting. Ketones are acidic in nature, so an excess of ketones in the blood leads to an increase in acidity, resulting in a decrease in pH. This can disrupt the body's acid-base balance and potentially lead to complications if not addressed.

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  • 32. 

    Beriberi is associated with a ________ deficiency.

    • Ribioflavin

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Pantothenic acid

    Correct Answer
    A. Thiamine
    Explanation
    Deficiency:
    ribioflavin: low in B2, Cheilosis, Magenta tongue
    Niacin: low in B3, Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
    pantothenic acid: low in B5, burning feet

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  • 33. 

    Glucose 6-phosphate is convered to fructose 6-phosphate by the use of the enzyme __________________ in the process of _________________.

    • Phosphoglucoisomerase, oxidation

    • Enolase, oxidation

    • Phosphoglucoisomerase, glycolysis

    • Enolase, glycolysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Phosphoglucoisomerase, glycolysis
    Explanation
    remember the krebs cycle is glycolysis and begins with ATP.

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  • 34. 

    Which is not a ketone body?

    • Carnitine

    • Beta hydroxy butarate

    • Acetone

    • Acetoacetate

    Correct Answer
    A. Carnitine
    Explanation
    Carnitine is not a ketone body. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver when there is a shortage of glucose, and they serve as an alternative fuel source for the brain and muscles. The three main ketone bodies are beta hydroxybutyrate, acetone, and acetoacetate. Carnitine, on the other hand, is an amino acid derivative that plays a role in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production. It is not involved in ketone body synthesis or metabolism.

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  • 35. 

    The breakdown of glycogen is called:

    • Glycogenolysis

    • Glyconeogenesis

    • Glycogenesis

    • Glycolysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycogenolysis
    Explanation
    they keyword in this question is GLYCOGEN, the breakdown of glycogen is glycogenolysis!!

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  • 36. 

    Which is a non-essential amino acid?

    • Valine

    • Serine

    • Arginine

    • Histadine

    Correct Answer
    A. Serine
    Explanation
    Serine is a non-essential amino acid because it can be synthesized by the body from other amino acids. Non-essential amino acids are those that the body can produce on its own, so they do not need to be obtained from the diet. Valine, arginine, and histidine, on the other hand, are essential amino acids, meaning they must be obtained from the diet since the body cannot produce them.

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  • 37. 

    Biotin in the vitamin and coenzyme form performs which kind of reaction?

    • Carboxylation

    • Hydroxylation

    • Oxidation

    • Decarboxylation

    Correct Answer
    A. Carboxylation
    Explanation
    add CO2... needed to make fats... anabolic reactions

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  • 38. 

    ______________ is needed to help palmitoyl CoA cross the mitochondiral membrane for beta oxidation to occur?

    • NADH2

    • FADH2

    • Acetyl-CoA

    • Carnitine

    Correct Answer
    A. Carnitine
    Explanation
    Carnitine is needed to help palmitoyl CoA cross the mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation to occur. This is because palmitoyl CoA cannot directly enter the mitochondria, so it must be transported by carnitine. Once inside the mitochondria, palmitoyl CoA can undergo beta oxidation, a process that breaks down fatty acids to produce energy. NADH2, FADH2, and Acetyl-CoA are all involved in the beta oxidation process but are not specifically required for palmitoyl CoA to cross the mitochondrial membrane.

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  • 39. 

    Nonessential amino acids can be made in the body by

    • Ketogenesis

    • Beta oxidation

    • Transamination

    • Decarboxylation

    Correct Answer
    A. Transamination
    Explanation
    key word is amino acids...

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  • 40. 

    All of the following have branched chains except:

    • Valine

    • Phenylalanine

    • Leucine

    • Isoleucine

    Correct Answer
    A. Phenylalanine
    Explanation
    Branched chain definition: is an amino acid having aliphatic (acyclic or cyclic, non-aromatic carbon compounds) side-chains with a branch (a carbon atom bound to more than two other carbon atoms).

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  • 41. 

    Phosphorlation first occurs in step ______ of glycolysis?

    • 1

    • 4

    • 10

    • 8

    Correct Answer
    A. 1
    Explanation
    oxidative phosphorlation

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  • 42. 

    The active coenzymes of riboflavin are ______________ and ____________l

    • FMN, FAD

    • NAD, NADP

    • TPP, FAD

    • Coenzyme A, NAD

    Correct Answer
    A. FMN, FAD
    Explanation
    B2, key word is riboFLAvin!!!! Here are all of the coenzymes: FAD, FADH2, FMN

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  • 43. 

    The protein portion of an enzyme is called

    • Apoprotein

    • Holoenzyme

    • Coenzyme A

    • Cofactor

    Correct Answer
    A. Apoprotein
    Explanation
    holoenzyme: biochemically active compound formed by the combination of an enzyme with a coenzyme.
    coenzyme A: A nonprotein compound necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
    cofactor: A substance (other than the substrate) essential for the activity of an enzyme.

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  • 44. 

    Which vitamin B3 coenzyme is involved with fatty acid synthesis?

    • FMN

    • TPP

    • FAD

    • NADP

    Correct Answer
    A. NADP
    Explanation
    All of the following are coenzymes for Niacin, B3: NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPH

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  • 45. 

    How many carbons does one molecule of acetyl-CoA have?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    Correct Answer
    A. 2
    Explanation
    Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that is formed during the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. It is a key molecule in energy metabolism and is involved in various biochemical reactions. Acetyl-CoA consists of two carbons, which are derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids. Therefore, one molecule of acetyl-CoA has 2 carbons.

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  • 46. 

    Which vitamin can be made from tryptophan in the body?

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Riboflavin

    • Biotin

    Correct Answer
    A. Niacin
    Explanation
    remember niacin is B3: tryptophan -->niacin, requires B6 (3ATP at electron transport)

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  • 47. 

    Acetyle Co-A is changed to malonyl CoA by __________________ in the production of fatty acids.

    • Succinic dehydrogenase

    • Transaminase

    • TPP

    • Acetyl CoA carboxylase

    Correct Answer
    A. Acetyl CoA carboxylase
    Explanation
    Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA in the production of fatty acids by Acetyl CoA carboxylase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in fatty acid synthesis by catalyzing the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. This reaction is an important step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, as malonyl CoA serves as a building block for the synthesis of longer fatty acid chains.

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  • 48. 

    Which is not composed of collagen?

    • Hydroxylysine

    • Hydroxyproline

    • Ornithine

    • Glycine

    Correct Answer
    A. Ornithine
    Explanation
    Ornithine is not composed of collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein found in connective tissues, and it is made up of amino acids such as hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, and glycine. Ornithine, on the other hand, is an amino acid that is not involved in the formation of collagen. It plays a role in the urea cycle, which is responsible for removing ammonia from the body.

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  • 49. 

    Decarboxylations are types of function that use _________________.

    • Riboflavin

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Folic acid

    Correct Answer
    A. Thiamine
    Explanation
    oxidative carboxylations, needed for Krebs cycle

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