Chapter 6-1,2,3 Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment

Isaac Newton is famously known for his work on the law of universal gravitation. This law explains the force of gravity between two objects, stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Newton's work on this law revolutionized our understanding of gravity and laid the foundation for modern physics.

John Wesley had a vision in which he realized the gift of God's grace assured him of salvation.

The correct answer is Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed the heliocentric theory, which states that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and the planets revolve around it. This theory challenged the prevailing belief at the time that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus' work laid the foundation for modern astronomy and had a profound impact on our understanding of the cosmos.

Francis Bacon is known for his contributions to the development of the scientific method. He emphasized the importance of empirical observation and experimentation in acquiring knowledge. Bacon believed that scientific inquiry should be based on systematic and logical methods, which eventually led to the establishment of the scientific method as we know it today. His ideas greatly influenced the scientific community and paved the way for advancements in various fields of study.

Geocentric refers to the concept of the Earth being at the center of the universe. This belief was prevalent in ancient times, where it was thought that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. The term "geocentric" is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "kentron" meaning center. Therefore, the correct answer is "earth centered".

Celsius is credited for improving on the thermometer in 1742 and designing a scale that makes sense. His scale set the freezing point of water at zero degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees. This scale is widely used today and is known as the Celsius scale.

During the Enlightenment, there was a growing recognition of the significance of the individual. This period emphasized the value of human reason, individual rights, and personal autonomy. It challenged traditional authority and promoted the idea that individuals should be free to think, express themselves, and participate in society. This shift in attitude marked a departure from the previously dominant belief systems that prioritized the authority of the Church or monarchs.

The correct answer is "One Minute" because "ONE MIN" is an abbreviation for "One Minute." The other options, such as "eminem," "the first man," and "Oneonta," do not match the given abbreviation.

The idea of a direct democracy is best explained by Rousseau. Rousseau was a political philosopher who believed in the concept of direct democracy, where the people directly participate in decision-making and have a say in the governance of their society. He argued that this form of government allows for the true expression of the general will of the people and ensures their freedom and equality. Rousseau's ideas on direct democracy have had a significant influence on political thought and have been instrumental in shaping modern democratic systems.

Edward Jenner is known as the father of immunology because he is credited for inventing a vaccine for smallpox. His discovery of the smallpox vaccine was a significant breakthrough in the field of immunology, as it was the first successful vaccine against a viral disease. Jenner's work laid the foundation for the development of modern vaccines and revolutionized the field of immunization, saving countless lives worldwide.

Fahrenheit is credited for inventing the thermometer in 1714.

Kepler is the correct answer because he was the astronomer who proposed that planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, rather than circular orbits as believed by Ptolemy. This discovery, known as Kepler's first law of planetary motion, was a significant contribution to the understanding of celestial mechanics and laid the foundation for Newton's laws of motion.

The philosophers believed in progress for society. They were proponents of enlightenment and rationality, advocating for social, political, and scientific advancements. They aimed to challenge traditional beliefs and promote reason, education, and individual freedoms. Their ideas laid the foundation for modern democratic societies and the pursuit of societal progress.

Montesquieu's influence on the U.S. Constitution can be seen in the concept of separation of powers, which is reflected in the branches of government. Montesquieu argued that the powers of government should be divided among different branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and potentially abusing its authority. This principle is evident in the U.S. Constitution with its three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - each having its own distinct powers and responsibilities. This system of checks and balances ensures a balance of power and helps safeguard against tyranny.

Salons played a significant role in spreading Enlightenment thinking. These intellectual gatherings provided a platform for philosophers, writers, scientists, and other thinkers to exchange ideas and engage in intellectual discussions. They were instrumental in disseminating the principles of reason, rationality, and critical thinking that were central to Enlightenment thought. Salons allowed intellectuals to challenge traditional beliefs, discuss new ideas, and promote intellectual freedom. Through these gatherings, Enlightenment thinking spread throughout Europe, influencing various fields such as politics, science, literature, and philosophy.

The American Revolution was influenced by the philosophes, who were a group of Enlightenment thinkers from Europe. These philosophers, such as John Locke and Montesquieu, promoted ideas of individual rights, freedom, and limited government. Their writings and ideas had a significant impact on the American colonists, who were seeking independence from British rule. The philosophes' emphasis on natural rights and the social contract provided intellectual support for the American Revolution and helped shape the principles upon which the United States was founded.

The quote "I think, therefore I am" is famously attributed to René Descartes. Descartes, a French philosopher, is known for his theory of dualism and his method of doubt. This quote reflects his belief that the act of thinking is proof of one's existence. It signifies that the ability to question and doubt is what ultimately defines our existence as conscious beings.

During the 1600s and early 1700s, European art was characterized by a grand and ornate style known as baroque. This style was characterized by its elaborate and extravagant designs, with an emphasis on dramatic and emotional themes. Baroque art often featured intricate details, rich colors, and exaggerated forms, reflecting the grandeur and opulence of the time. It was a departure from the more restrained and classical styles that preceded it, and it had a significant influence on various art forms, including painting, sculpture, architecture, and music.

Ptolemy's theory of a geocentric universe was widely accepted as true until the Enlightenment. According to Ptolemy's geocentric model, Earth was believed to be the center of the universe, with the Sun, Moon, and other planets orbiting around it. This theory was influential for over a millennium, shaping the understanding of the cosmos during the Middle Ages. It was only with the scientific advancements and observations made by astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo during the Enlightenment that the heliocentric model, proposed by Copernicus and further developed by Kepler, gained acceptance.

The Enlightenment period emphasized a secular viewpoint because it was a time when reason, logic, and scientific inquiry were highly valued. During this period, people began to question traditional religious beliefs and instead focused on human reason and the natural world. This shift towards secularism led to advancements in science, philosophy, and politics, as individuals sought to understand and improve the world through rational thinking and empirical evidence.

Salon gatherings were social events that took place in the homes of wealthy women. During these gatherings, intellectuals, artists, and influential individuals would come together to engage in intellectual discussions, share ideas, and exchange knowledge. The salons provided a platform for philosophers, writers, and thinkers to discuss various topics, including politics, literature, and philosophy. The wealthy women who hosted these salons played a crucial role in facilitating intellectual discourse and fostering a vibrant cultural and intellectual environment in their homes.