Chapter 6 Test - Progressivism

The reformers believed that alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, and violence against women. They argued that excessive alcohol consumption led to increased crime rates, as people under the influence of alcohol were more likely to engage in violent and criminal behavior. They also believed that alcohol addiction and spending on alcohol contributed to poverty, as individuals and families spent their limited resources on alcohol instead of basic necessities. Additionally, the reformers highlighted the link between alcohol abuse and violence against women, as they believed that alcohol often fueled domestic violence and sexual assault.

Muckrakers were journalists who worked for reform. They were known for their investigative reporting and exposing corruption and wrongdoing in society. These journalists played a crucial role in bringing about social and political reforms during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They aimed to shed light on societal issues and hold those in power accountable for their actions. The term "muckraker" was coined by President Theodore Roosevelt, who criticized their methods but acknowledged their importance in bringing about positive change.

Prohibition refers to the proposed ban on making, selling, and distributing alcoholic beverages. This was a period in the United States from 1920 to 1933 when the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol was illegal. The goal of prohibition was to reduce crime, corruption, and social problems associated with alcohol consumption. However, it led to the rise of illegal speakeasies and organized crime. Prohibition was eventually repealed due to its failure to achieve its intended outcomes.

Muckrakers prepared the way for political reforms by exposing corruption through their writings. They were investigative journalists who brought to light the unethical practices and misconduct of politicians and corporations. By exposing corruption, they created public awareness and outrage, which in turn put pressure on politicians to enact reforms and address the issues raised. Through their investigative reporting, muckrakers played a significant role in bringing about political reforms and promoting transparency in government and business.

In 1910, it is true that one third of U.S. workers lived in poverty. This suggests that a significant portion of the workforce at that time was struggling financially and did not have access to basic necessities or a decent standard of living. This statistic highlights the economic challenges faced by a large number of workers during that period in U.S. history.

The Roosevelt administration pursued and dissolved trusts that competed unfairly. This statement is true. During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt was known for his trust-busting policies, aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts that engaged in unfair business practices. He believed that these trusts stifled competition and harmed consumers. Roosevelt's administration actively pursued legal action against several prominent trusts, including Standard Oil and the Northern Securities Company, leading to their dissolution. This approach was in line with his progressive agenda and commitment to promoting fair competition in the economy.

The 17th Amendment introduced the direct election of U.S. senators. Prior to this amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures. The amendment shifted the power of selecting senators from state governments to the people, allowing citizens to directly vote for their senators. This reform aimed to increase democracy and reduce corruption in the political system by giving more power to the people in choosing their representatives in the Senate.

A referendum is a process that allows citizens to directly vote on a proposed law or an existing law. It is a way for the public to express their opinion and have a direct impact on the decision-making process. The other options, adendum, duodenum, and re-vote, do not have the same meaning or relevance to the question.

Theodore Roosevelt created the U.S. Forest Service and the National Park Service because he recognized that natural resources were limited and believed that their use needed to be controlled. This suggests that Roosevelt understood the importance of preserving and managing natural resources for future generations. He likely saw the need to prevent overexploitation and ensure sustainable use of these resources. By establishing these services, he aimed to protect and conserve the nation's forests and parks, recognizing their ecological, economic, and recreational value.

The movement known as progressivism aimed to improve the lives of the working class and regulate the unchecked power of business. This involved advocating for labor rights, social reforms, and government intervention to address issues such as poverty, inequality, and unsafe working conditions. Progressives believed in the importance of a strong government that could protect the rights and well-being of the working class, while also ensuring that businesses operated in a fair and regulated manner.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire was a landmark in labor history because it led to significant reforms in New York State. The tragedy highlighted the unsafe working conditions and lack of safety measures in factories, leading to the implementation of new regulations. These reforms included safety measures, factory inspections, and sanitation standards, which became a model for the entire nation. This event brought attention to the need for improved working conditions and helped to protect the rights and safety of workers.

During Theodore Roosevelt's administration, the government filed numerous lawsuits against monopolies. This was part of Roosevelt's efforts to regulate and break up large corporations that held excessive power and stifled competition in the market. By taking legal action against monopolies, Roosevelt aimed to promote fair competition and protect the interests of consumers and smaller businesses.

By 1912, most states had enacted laws that prohibited children from working full-time. This was a result of growing concerns about child labor and its negative effects on children's health, education, and overall well-being. These laws aimed to protect children and ensure that they had access to education and a safe and healthy childhood. The prohibition of full-time work for children was a significant step towards improving child welfare and promoting their rights.

The correct answer is Elkins & Hepburn Acts. These two acts were a result of Roosevelt's efforts to regulate the railroad industry. The Elkins Act, passed in 1903, aimed to prevent rebates and discriminatory practices by railroads. The Hepburn Act, passed in 1906, gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and regulate other aspects of the industry. These acts were significant in curbing the power and abuses of the railroad industry during the Progressive Era.

The correct answer is secret ballot. In a secret ballot, people are able to vote privately without any fear of coercion or intimidation. This ensures that individuals can freely express their choices without any external influence. Open ballot, free ballot, and hidden elections do not specifically address the aspect of privacy and lack of coercion, making them incorrect choices.

Roosevelt's plan to limit the power of trusts and promote public health and safety was known as the Square Deal. This plan aimed to ensure fairness and equal opportunity for all Americans by regulating big businesses, protecting consumers, and improving working conditions. The Square Deal was a progressive agenda that aimed to balance the interests of labor, business, and the public, and it was a significant step towards government intervention in the economy for the benefit of the people.

Anti-suffragists feared that if women got the right to vote, they would ignore their duties at home. This fear stemmed from the belief that women's primary role was to take care of the household and children, and that participating in politics would distract them from these responsibilities. Anti-suffragists believed that women's place was in the home, and that they should not be involved in public affairs. They feared that granting women the right to vote would disrupt traditional gender roles and undermine the stability of the family unit.

Susan B. Anthony is the correct answer because she was a prominent women's suffrage activist who was arrested for voting. She played a crucial role in the women's suffrage movement in the United States and was known for her advocacy for women's right to vote. In 1872, Anthony was arrested and charged with illegally voting in the presidential election. Her arrest and subsequent trial drew attention to the cause of women's suffrage and helped to further the movement.

The suffragists were upset over the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment because it granted African American men the right to vote, but excluded women from this right. This meant that while African American men gained political power, women were still denied the right to participate in the democratic process. The suffragists believed in equal rights for all individuals, regardless of gender, and saw this amendment as a setback in their fight for women's suffrage.

Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle exposed the unsanitary and dangerous conditions in the meatpacking industry, which led to public outrage and demands for government intervention. As a result, the Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906, which aimed to regulate the industry and ensure the safety and quality of meat products. This act established federal inspection of meat and required that meat processing plants meet certain sanitary standards. The passage of the Meat Inspection Act was a direct response to the issues raised in Sinclair's novel, making it the correct answer.

Relentless means to be steady and persistent, never giving up or stopping. It implies a continuous and unwavering effort towards a goal. This word accurately describes a person or a situation that is relentless in their pursuit, showing determination and perseverance. The other options - wielding, elusive, and abetting - do not convey the same meaning of being steady and persistent.

The correct answer is the 17th amendment. This amendment, ratified in 1913, changed the way senators were chosen. Prior to the 17th amendment, senators were selected by state legislatures. The amendment allowed for the direct election of senators by the voters of each state. This was a significant shift in the democratic process, giving more power to the people in choosing their representatives in the Senate.

The 19th Amendment is the correct answer because it granted women the right to vote. This amendment was ratified in 1920 and marked a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement. Prior to this amendment, women were excluded from participating in the democratic process by being denied the right to vote. The 19th Amendment helped to promote gender equality and expand democratic rights for women in the United States.

A direct primary refers to the process where voters directly select a party's candidates for public office. This means that instead of party leaders or delegates choosing the candidates, the decision is made by the voters themselves. This method allows for a more democratic and transparent selection process, as it gives the power to the people to decide who will represent their party in the general election.

Gifford Pinchot probably made this statement. He was a prominent American conservationist and the first Chief of the United States Forest Service. He believed in the sustainable use and management of natural resources for the benefit of the public. His philosophy aligns with the statement provided, which emphasizes the wise utilization, preservation, and renewal of natural resources for the greatest good, for the greatest number of people, and for the longest time.

The correct answer for this question is "recall". In the context of the question, a recall is a political process that allows voters to remove an elected official from office before their term is over. This process is typically initiated by a petition signed by a certain number of voters, and if successful, a special election is held to determine whether the official should be removed from office. The term "removal" mentioned in the question is associated with the recall process, making it the correct answer.

The word "naive" means lacking worldly experience and understanding. This is the correct answer because it directly matches the given definition. The other options, "elusive," "abetting," and "impoverished," do not have the same meaning as "lacking worldly experience and understanding," making them incorrect choices.

The given answer suggests that women were paid less than men in the garment industry because employees assumed that women were financially supported by their fathers or husbands. This assumption may have led to the belief that women did not need as much income as men, resulting in lower wages for female workers. This explanation highlights the gender bias and discrimination prevalent in the industry during that time.

This image of women and kids cutting string beans in a factory is a good representation of industrialization. Industrialization refers to the shift from an agrarian society to one dominated by industry and manufacturing. The presence of a factory and the use of machinery in the image suggests the advancement and growth of industry. The women and kids working in the factory also highlight the exploitation of labor during this period of rapid industrial development.

The word "diverse" means having a variety of different characteristics, qualities, or elements. It suggests that something is composed of distinct and varied parts. In this context, the word "diverse" is the best fit because it accurately describes something that is made up of different and unique components. "Special" implies uniqueness but does not necessarily imply a variety of distinct elements. "Sustained" means continuous or prolonged, which does not relate to the given definition. "Wielded" means to hold or use power or influence, which is unrelated to the given definition.

The statement is false because the African American soldiers involved in the Brownsville incident were actually dishonorably discharged in 1906, not honorably discharged. This incident occurred in Brownsville, Texas, where a white bartender was killed and a white police officer was injured. Despite lack of evidence, the African American soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment were blamed for the incident and discharged without honor, causing a great injustice. It was not until decades later, in 1972, that their names were cleared and they were given honorable discharges.

The correct answer is 16th. The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, granted Congress the power to levy taxes on an individual's income. This amendment was introduced as a means to provide the federal government with a stable and consistent source of revenue. Prior to the 16th Amendment, the federal government relied on tariffs and excise taxes for funding. The introduction of income taxes allowed for a more progressive taxation system, where individuals with higher incomes pay a higher percentage in taxes. This amendment significantly impacted the way taxes are collected and has remained in effect since its ratification.

The split within the Republican Party in the 1912 presidential election allowed W. Wilson to win. The split occurred between the incumbent President William H. Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Roosevelt both sought the Republican nomination, which led to a divided party. As a result, the Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson was able to secure the presidency with a majority of electoral votes.

The women were treated this way because they were advocating for suffrage, which refers to the right to vote. The description of the scene suggests that the guards used physical force to suppress their protest and remove them from the office. Suffrage was a significant issue during this time period, as women were fighting for their right to participate in the democratic process and have a voice in political decisions.

The term "vanguard" refers to the forefront or leading position in a trend or movement. It signifies being at the cutting edge or the most advanced position. The other options, "point," "fulcrum," and "hord," do not convey the same meaning and are not synonymous with leading or being at the forefront. Therefore, "vanguard" is the correct answer.

President McKinley's assassination prevented the Republican Party from having control over Theodore Roosevelt as they had wanted. This event unexpectedly thrust Roosevelt into the presidency, as he was McKinley's vice president at the time. The party had initially chosen Roosevelt as vice president to appease the progressive wing of the party, but they did not anticipate that he would become president so soon. Therefore, the assassination disrupted the party's plans and altered the dynamics of Roosevelt's relationship with the Republican Party.

The Ballinger-Pinchot affair refers to a conflict between Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger and Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot during the presidency of William Howard Taft. Pinchot accused Ballinger of favoring corporate interests over conservation efforts, which led to a loss of trust and support from President Roosevelt. This incident ultimately caused Roosevelt to withdraw his support of President Taft.

The word "initiative" fits the given description because it refers to a process that allows citizens to propose new laws. It implies that individuals can take the initiative and suggest new legislation, demonstrating their proactive involvement in the democratic process. The other options, such as "public proposal," "directive," and "elective superiority," do not accurately convey the idea of citizens actively proposing new laws.

Ida Tarbell is the correct answer because she was a journalist who exposed the underhanded tactics of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. Tarbell's investigative work, published in a series of articles and later compiled into a book called "The History of the Standard Oil Company," revealed the monopolistic practices and unethical behavior of Rockefeller's company. Her work played a significant role in raising awareness about the need for regulation and reform in the oil industry, ultimately leading to the breakup of Standard Oil and the implementation of antitrust laws.

John Muir is the correct answer because he was a naturalist who advocated for the preservation of wilderness in its natural state. Muir was a prominent figure in the conservation movement and played a key role in the establishment of national parks in the United States. He believed in the intrinsic value of nature and fought to protect it from human exploitation. Muir's efforts and writings helped shape the environmental consciousness and conservation policies in the country.

President Woodrow Wilson did not call for higher tariffs and the repeal of most anti-trust legislation. In fact, Wilson was known for his progressive policies and support for anti-trust legislation. He believed in regulating big business and promoting fair competition. Wilson's administration actually lowered tariffs with the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act in 1913. Therefore, the statement is false.

Richard Ballinger was a cabinet member who allowed business leaders to purchase public land in Alaska. This decision was controversial and led to accusations of favoritism and corruption. Ballinger's actions were seen as detrimental to the conservation efforts of John Muir and other environmentalists who believed that public lands should be protected and preserved for the benefit of all.

The word "polyglot" refers to a person that speaks many languages. In the given passage, the suffragists took literature in multiple languages, including Yiddish, Italian, and Chinese, indicating that they expected a diverse crowd with people who speak different languages. The passage also mentions that the suffragists aimed to reach voters and various groups of people, including merchants, business men, social workers, and struggling mothers and children, suggesting that they wanted to communicate their message effectively to a wide range of people who may speak different languages.

The Federal Reserve Act focused on banking reform. This act was passed in 1913 and established the Federal Reserve System, which is the central banking system of the United States. The act aimed to address issues related to the country's banking system, such as the lack of a stable currency, frequent financial panics, and the need for a more effective mechanism for regulating and supervising banks. It created the Federal Reserve Board and gave it the authority to oversee and regulate the banking industry, issue currency, and control interest rates, among other responsibilities.

The correct answer is "Liquor industry, church leaders." This answer suggests that both the liquor industry and church leaders opposed women's right to vote. It implies that these two groups may have had reasons or beliefs that led them to be against suffrage for women.

The correct answer is monuments. The 1905 Antiquities Act granted the President of the United States the authority to establish national monuments. This act was passed to protect and preserve significant cultural, historical, or natural sites in the United States. By creating national monuments, the government can ensure the conservation and management of these important areas for future generations.

The correct answer is New Freedom. The plan that called for tariff reductions, banking reforms, and stronger anti-trust laws was known as the New Freedom. This plan was proposed by Woodrow Wilson during his presidential campaign in 1912. It aimed to promote competition and break up monopolies in order to create a more fair and equal economic system. The New Freedom plan was seen as a progressive approach to address economic issues and promote reform.

The correct answer is IWW, which stands for Industrial Workers of the World. The IWW was a labor union that aimed to organize and represent unskilled workers. They advocated for the rights and better working conditions of these laborers, often using tactics such as strikes and boycotts. The union was known for its radical and revolutionary approach to labor issues, and it played a significant role in the labor movement during the early 20th century.

The given correct answer for this question is "Men". This suggests that the controversial political cartoon was controversial to men specifically. It implies that the cartoon may have depicted or addressed an issue that was relevant to men, causing a reaction or controversy among them. The question does not provide further context or details about the cartoon, so it is difficult to determine the exact reason for the controversy.

The Federal Trade Commission was tough on companies that used deceptive advertising because it is a form of misleading and dishonest marketing that can harm consumers. Deceptive advertising involves making false claims or omitting important information about a product or service, leading consumers to make purchasing decisions based on false or incomplete information. The FTC's role is to protect consumers from unfair and deceptive practices in the marketplace, and cracking down on deceptive advertising is one way they fulfill this mission.