Chapter 6 Deviance And Social Control: Quick Quiz

Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, such as social norms, cultural values, and social structures, to explain deviance. These theories emphasize how social factors influence an individual's behavior and choices. On the other hand, psychological explanations address conditions within the individual, such as personality traits, cognitive processes, and mental health, to understand deviance. These theories explore how individual characteristics and experiences contribute to deviant behavior. By considering external and internal factors, sociological and psychological theories provide complementary perspectives in explaining deviance.

The correct answer is "Crime". Crime refers to a specific form of deviance that involves the violation of rules that have been written into law. It encompasses a wide range of illegal activities that are punishable by the legal system. This can include actions such as theft, assault, fraud, and many others. Crimes are considered more serious forms of deviance as they directly violate established laws and regulations.

According to the labeling theory, deviance is a label imposed by others upon a given behavior. This theory suggests that individuals become deviant when labeled as such by society. The label then becomes a significant part of their identity and can influence their future behavior. The labeling theory emphasizes the importance of social reactions and interactions in defining and shaping deviant behavior.

According to opportunity theory, deviance or conformity arises from the relative opportunity structure that frames a person's life. This means that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior if they perceive that the opportunities for achieving their goals through legitimate means are limited. On the other hand, if individuals have access to opportunities that align with societal norms and values, they are more likely to conform. In this theory, society plays a significant role in shaping individual behavior by providing or restricting opportunities for success.

Sociologists do not have a widespread agreement about what behavior should be considered deviant. This means that there is a lack of consensus among sociologists regarding what behavior should be seen as deviant.

Thomas Szasz argues that mental illness is neither mental nor illness. He claims that a mental illness is a physical illness or that a person lacks coping skills or is using inappropriate coping skills. According to Szasz, mental illness is not a genuine medical condition but rather a result of inadequate coping mechanisms or the use of ineffective coping strategies. This perspective challenges the traditional understanding of mental illness and emphasizes the importance of developing healthy coping skills for mental well-being.

White-collar criminals maintain a non-criminal self-image by using techniques of neutralization. These techniques allow them to rationalize and justify their illegal actions by minimizing the harm caused or shifting blame onto others. By employing these techniques, white-collar criminals can convince themselves that their actions are justified and that they are still respectable individuals. This helps them maintain their self-image and avoid feelings of guilt or shame associated with criminal behavior.

The correct answer is African Americans and American Jews. Hate crimes are criminal acts that are motivated by prejudice and discrimination against a particular group. African Americans and American Jews have historically been targeted by hate crimes due to their race and religion respectively. These communities have faced systemic discrimination and have been victims of hate crimes throughout history.

Feminist theorists argue that most theories of deviance are only about men. This means that these theories focus solely on male behavior and fail to consider the experiences and actions of women. Feminist theorists argue that this narrow focus perpetuates stereotypes and ignores the unique ways in which women may engage in deviant behavior or be affected by societal norms and expectations. By highlighting the gender bias in these theories, feminist theorists aim to bring attention to the importance of considering gender in the study of deviance.

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