Chapter 4-7 Social Science

Psychology is the study of mind and behavior, focusing on how individuals think, feel, and act. It explores the various aspects of human behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, emotion, personality, and social interaction. Psychology is a broad field that encompasses various sub-disciplines, such as clinical psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology. It applies to various fields of knowledge and activities, including education, business, sports, and healthcare, among others.

Culture shock refers to the feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and fear that individuals experience when they are exposed to a new and unfamiliar culture. It is a common reaction when people are suddenly immersed in a different cultural environment, which can be overwhelming and challenging to adapt to. This term encompasses the emotional and psychological impact that comes with navigating unfamiliar customs, language, social norms, and ways of life. It can manifest as homesickness, anxiety, frustration, and a sense of being out of place.

Sanctions refer to penalties or rewards that are imposed on individuals based on their behavior regarding a social norm. They can be either positive or negative consequences, aiming to encourage or discourage certain behaviors within a society. Sanctions play a crucial role in maintaining social order and reinforcing social norms. They help to shape individuals' behavior by providing incentives or punishments, promoting adherence to the established norms and values of a community.

Values refer to collective conceptions of what is considered good, proper, bad, undesirable, and improper in a society or culture. They are the principles or standards that guide individuals and communities in making decisions and determining what is important or meaningful. Values are deeply ingrained and influence behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. They provide a framework for understanding and evaluating actions, choices, and goals. In this context, values are closely related to collective conceptions and cultural norms, as they shape and reflect the shared beliefs and ideals of a group or society.

Norms refer to the established standards of behavior that are considered normal and acceptable by a society. They are the unwritten rules that govern how individuals should behave in various social situations. Norms can vary across different cultures and societies, and they play a crucial role in maintaining social order and cohesion. They provide guidelines for appropriate behavior and help individuals understand what is expected of them in their interactions with others. Norms can encompass a wide range of behaviors, from basic manners and etiquette to more specific cultural customs and traditions.

Cultural relativism is the belief that all cultural beliefs, values, and practices should be understood and appreciated within the context of their own culture. It emphasizes the importance of not judging or evaluating other cultures based on one's own cultural standards. This concept encourages individuals to approach people's behaviors and actions with an open mind, recognizing that what may be considered acceptable or normal in one culture may not be the same in another. By appreciating people's behaviors from the perspective of their own culture, cultural relativism promotes understanding, tolerance, and respect for diverse cultures and their practices.

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency of individuals to view their own culture and way of life as the standard or superior to all others. It involves judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture. This can lead to a lack of understanding and appreciation for cultural diversity, as well as the belief that one's own culture is the "right" or "best" way to live. Ethnocentrism can result in prejudice, discrimination, and a lack of tolerance towards other cultures.

The Bio Psychological Approach is the correct answer because it suggests that behavior and personality are mainly determined by biological factors, such as genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry. This approach emphasizes the role of the nervous system and its interaction with the environment in shaping human behavior. It recognizes that psychological processes are influenced by both biological and psychological factors, and seeks to understand how these factors interact to influence behavior and personality.

Cultural diffusion refers to the process by which an aspect of culture spreads from one group or society to another. It involves the transmission of ideas, beliefs, customs, and practices from one culture to another through various means such as trade, migration, communication, and technology. This process can lead to the exchange and adoption of cultural elements, leading to cultural diversity and the blending of different cultures. Cultural diffusion is an important factor in shaping and influencing the development of societies and the evolution of human civilization.

The correct answer is Behavioral Approach. The explanation for this is that the behavioral approach focuses on the idea that actions and behaviors are more important than thoughts or internal processes. According to this approach, changing one's behavior can lead to changes in thoughts and attitudes. In the given statement, it is mentioned that changes in behavior will change the nature of maladaptive thoughts or make them disappear, which aligns with the principles of the behavioral approach.

Social deviance refers to actions or behaviors that go against the accepted cultural norms and rules in a society. It involves behaviors that are considered to be socially unacceptable or deviant, such as criminal activities, substance abuse, or acts of violence. Social deviance is a concept that is studied in sociology and criminology to understand why individuals engage in deviant behavior and how it affects society. It is different from biological deviance, which focuses on genetic or biological factors, and the humanist approach, which emphasizes individual agency and personal choices. The theory of deviance encompasses various perspectives and explanations for deviant behavior.

The Luddites were a group of people who opposed the use of technology, believing that it would lead to unemployment and a decline in traditional craftsmanship. They protested against the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the Luddites align with the statement "People who think technology is bad."

The cognitive approach suggests that thought comes before action and that one's way of thinking plays a crucial role in determining their behavior. This approach emphasizes the importance of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving in influencing behavior. It focuses on how individuals interpret and process information, and how these cognitive processes shape their actions. In other words, the cognitive approach argues that our thoughts and beliefs influence the way we behave and interact with the world around us.

Culture lag refers to the situation when nonmaterial culture, such as beliefs, values, and norms, fails to keep pace with changes in material culture, such as technology and social structures. This creates a gap between the two, where the nonmaterial aspects struggle to adapt to the new material conditions. For example, when advancements in technology lead to changes in social interactions, traditional norms and values may take time to catch up and adjust to the new ways of communication and interaction. Culture lag highlights the challenges and delays in the adjustment of nonmaterial culture to new material conditions.

Intelligence refers to a person's cognitive abilities, including their capacity to understand and process information, solve problems, and think critically. It plays a crucial role in a person's ability to understand and navigate different situations, as well as make satisfactory adjustments. Intelligence allows individuals to analyze and comprehend complex situations, consider various perspectives, and make informed decisions. Therefore, the ability to understand situations and make satisfactory adjustments is closely linked to a person's level of intelligence.

The humanist approach focuses on the holistic relationship between individuals, their culture, and the social environment. It seeks to understand human behavior by considering the influence of these factors on individuals. This approach emphasizes the importance of individual experiences, personal growth, and self-actualization. It rejects deterministic views and instead emphasizes human agency and the capacity for personal choice and self-determination. This approach is rooted in the belief that individuals have the potential for personal growth and fulfillment, and it emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and self-acceptance in achieving this.