Chapter 4 Quiz 1 (2nd Secondary Biology)

1. The poisonous soluble materials are transformed into non-soluble ones by the ….

Skin

Lungs

Liver

Gall bladder

The liver is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body, including poisonous soluble materials. It does this by converting these substances into non-soluble forms that can be safely eliminated from the body. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and protecting it from the harmful effects of toxins.

Explanation

The liver is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body, including poisonous soluble materials. It does this by converting these substances into non-soluble forms that can be safely eliminated from the body. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and protecting it from the harmful effects of toxins.

2. Which of the following is not a method of removing water from the body?

Shedding skin

Sweating

Urinating

Exhaling

Shedding skin is not a method of removing water from the body. Shedding skin refers to the process of the outer layer of skin being replaced by new skin cells, which does not involve the removal of water. Sweating, urinating, and exhaling are all mechanisms by which the body eliminates excess water and waste products.

Explanation

Shedding skin is not a method of removing water from the body. Shedding skin refers to the process of the outer layer of skin being replaced by new skin cells, which does not involve the removal of water. Sweating, urinating, and exhaling are all mechanisms by which the body eliminates excess water and waste products.

3. Which of the following is part of more than one organ system?

Both the liver and the lungs

The liver

The lungs

Both the liver and the lungs belong to only one organ system each.

Both the liver and the lungs are part of more than one organ system. The liver is part of the digestive system, where it produces bile to aid in digestion, and also the circulatory system, where it filters toxins from the blood. The lungs are part of the respiratory system, where they exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing, and also the circulatory system, where they oxygenate the blood. Therefore, both the liver and the lungs are involved in multiple organ systems.

Explanation

Both the liver and the lungs are part of more than one organ system. The liver is part of the digestive system, where it produces bile to aid in digestion, and also the circulatory system, where it filters toxins from the blood. The lungs are part of the respiratory system, where they exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing, and also the circulatory system, where they oxygenate the blood. Therefore, both the liver and the lungs are involved in multiple organ systems.

4. Which of the following structures of the skin is not confirmed to be involved in the regulation of body temperature?

Sweat glands

Sensory nerve endings

Blood capillaries

Melanin-producing cells

Melanin-producing cells, also known as melanocytes, are responsible for producing the pigment melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. However, they are not directly involved in the regulation of body temperature. Sweat glands play a major role in thermoregulation by producing sweat, which cools the body when it evaporates. Sensory nerve endings detect changes in temperature and transmit signals to the brain for appropriate responses. Blood capillaries help regulate body temperature by constricting or dilating to control blood flow and heat exchange.

Explanation

Melanin-producing cells, also known as melanocytes, are responsible for producing the pigment melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. However, they are not directly involved in the regulation of body temperature. Sweat glands play a major role in thermoregulation by producing sweat, which cools the body when it evaporates. Sensory nerve endings detect changes in temperature and transmit signals to the brain for appropriate responses. Blood capillaries help regulate body temperature by constricting or dilating to control blood flow and heat exchange.

5. Complete the equation to demonstrate the process of deamination: Amino acid → ---------- + organic acid.

Ammonia

Oxygen

Carboxyl group

ATP

Water

During the process of deamination, an amino acid is converted into ammonia and an organic acid. This process occurs in the liver and is an important step in the metabolism of amino acids. The ammonia produced can then be further metabolized into urea and excreted by the body. Ammonia is a toxic compound and needs to be converted into a less toxic form before it can be safely eliminated.

Explanation

During the process of deamination, an amino acid is converted into ammonia and an organic acid. This process occurs in the liver and is an important step in the metabolism of amino acids. The ammonia produced can then be further metabolized into urea and excreted by the body. Ammonia is a toxic compound and needs to be converted into a less toxic form before it can be safely eliminated.

6. Which form of the following excretory products is for the adaptation of water conservation?

Ammonia

Urea

Uric acid

Carbon dioxide

Uric acid is the form of excretory product that is for the adaptation of water conservation. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced by the breakdown of purines, which are found in nucleic acids. Unlike ammonia and urea, which are highly soluble in water and require a large amount of water for excretion, uric acid is relatively insoluble and can be excreted in a more concentrated form, reducing water loss. This adaptation is particularly important for animals that live in arid environments or have limited access to water. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is not an excretory product but a waste product of cellular respiration.

Explanation

Uric acid is the form of excretory product that is for the adaptation of water conservation. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced by the breakdown of purines, which are found in nucleic acids. Unlike ammonia and urea, which are highly soluble in water and require a large amount of water for excretion, uric acid is relatively insoluble and can be excreted in a more concentrated form, reducing water loss. This adaptation is particularly important for animals that live in arid environments or have limited access to water. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is not an excretory product but a waste product of cellular respiration.

7. Fennec foxes and rabbits rely on their long ears to dissipate body heat to the surrounding air. Unlike them, humans rely mainly on to cool their body temperature by.......

Expelling hot air from their lungs

Excreting warm urine from their bodies

Drinking cold water and eating cold food

Secreting a watery substance on the surface of their skin

Humans rely mainly on secreting a watery substance on the surface of their skin to cool their body temperature. This substance is known as sweat, and when it evaporates from the skin, it helps to dissipate heat and lower body temperature. Unlike fennec foxes and rabbits, who rely on their long ears to dissipate heat, humans have evolved the ability to sweat as a more efficient way to cool down.

Explanation

Humans rely mainly on secreting a watery substance on the surface of their skin to cool their body temperature. This substance is known as sweat, and when it evaporates from the skin, it helps to dissipate heat and lower body temperature. Unlike fennec foxes and rabbits, who rely on their long ears to dissipate heat, humans have evolved the ability to sweat as a more efficient way to cool down.

8. In hot weather the skin blood vessels …..

Become narrower.

Become wider.

Are not affected.

Allow less heat to be lost.

In hot weather, the body tries to cool down by increasing blood flow to the skin. This is done by widening the skin blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow near the surface of the skin. This increased blood flow helps to dissipate heat from the body to the environment, allowing for better cooling. Therefore, the correct answer is "Become wider."

Explanation

In hot weather, the body tries to cool down by increasing blood flow to the skin. This is done by widening the skin blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow near the surface of the skin. This increased blood flow helps to dissipate heat from the body to the environment, allowing for better cooling. Therefore, the correct answer is "Become wider."

9. A gradual accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood can lower the blood's pH. Why is it important that carbon dioxide is removed from the body?

A decrease in pH can cause blockages in arteries.

A decrease in blood pH has no effect on the body.

A decrease in pH can change the structure of oxygen in the red blood cells.

A decrease in pH can affect enzyme activity.

When carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers the blood's pH. A decrease in pH can affect enzyme activity because enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body. They have specific pH ranges in which they function optimally. If the pH decreases, it can disrupt the enzyme's structure and function, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. This can have a negative impact on various metabolic processes in the body.

Explanation

When carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers the blood's pH. A decrease in pH can affect enzyme activity because enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body. They have specific pH ranges in which they function optimally. If the pH decreases, it can disrupt the enzyme's structure and function, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. This can have a negative impact on various metabolic processes in the body.

10. Why is deamination an important process in the human body?

Deamination converts toxic amino acids into nontoxic carbon dioxide and water.

Deamination converts solid ammonia into organic substances that can be used by the body.

Deamination breaks down amino acids that cannot be stored in the human body.

Deamination produces important proteins from the breakdown of amino acids.

Deamination is an important process in the human body because it breaks down amino acids that cannot be stored. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and the body constantly receives a supply of amino acids from the diet. However, excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and must be eliminated. Deamination allows for the removal of the amino group from the amino acid, converting it into ammonia. The ammonia is then further processed and converted into urea, which is excreted in urine. This process helps to maintain a balance of amino acids in the body and prevent the buildup of toxic levels of ammonia.

Explanation

Deamination is an important process in the human body because it breaks down amino acids that cannot be stored. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and the body constantly receives a supply of amino acids from the diet. However, excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and must be eliminated. Deamination allows for the removal of the amino group from the amino acid, converting it into ammonia. The ammonia is then further processed and converted into urea, which is excreted in urine. This process helps to maintain a balance of amino acids in the body and prevent the buildup of toxic levels of ammonia.

11. Which of the following correctly differentiates between the main roles of urine and sweat in the human body?

Nitrogenous wastes and excess water are excreted in urine, while sweat is for regulating body temperature.

Urine is for regulating body temperature, while nitrogenous wastes are excreted in sweat.

Only nitrogenous wastes are excreted in urine, while all other kinds of wastes are excreted in sweat.

Urine is for excreting nitrogenous wastes and minerals, while sweat is for excreting water and carbon dioxide.

Urine plays a crucial role in excreting nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the body. Nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and ammonia, are produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and need to be eliminated to maintain proper bodily functions. Additionally, excess water is also excreted through urine to maintain the body's water balance. On the other hand, sweat primarily functions to regulate body temperature. When the body gets too hot, sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin and helps cool down the body.

Explanation

Urine plays a crucial role in excreting nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the body. Nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and ammonia, are produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and need to be eliminated to maintain proper bodily functions. Additionally, excess water is also excreted through urine to maintain the body's water balance. On the other hand, sweat primarily functions to regulate body temperature. When the body gets too hot, sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin and helps cool down the body.

12. The excess salts are removed from the body through the ………

Liver

Lungs

Skin

Kidney

The kidney is responsible for removing excess salts from the body. It filters the blood and removes waste products, including salts, through the production of urine. The urine carries the excess salts out of the body, helping to maintain the balance of electrolytes and prevent the buildup of harmful substances. The liver, lungs, and skin also play roles in waste removal, but they are not specifically involved in removing excess salts.

Explanation

The kidney is responsible for removing excess salts from the body. It filters the blood and removes waste products, including salts, through the production of urine. The urine carries the excess salts out of the body, helping to maintain the balance of electrolytes and prevent the buildup of harmful substances. The liver, lungs, and skin also play roles in waste removal, but they are not specifically involved in removing excess salts.

13. Which of the following are the solid organs in the human body which are responsible for the production and excretion of urea?

The kidneys, the ureters, and the bladder

The liver, the kidneys, and the bladder

The liver and the bladder

The liver and the kidneys

The liver and the kidneys are the solid organs responsible for the production and excretion of urea. The liver produces urea as a waste product during the metabolism of proteins. It then releases the urea into the bloodstream, which is filtered by the kidneys. The kidneys remove urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine. The bladder is not involved in the production or excretion of urea.

Explanation

The liver and the kidneys are the solid organs responsible for the production and excretion of urea. The liver produces urea as a waste product during the metabolism of proteins. It then releases the urea into the bloodstream, which is filtered by the kidneys. The kidneys remove urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine. The bladder is not involved in the production or excretion of urea.

14. Red or pink urine is due to the presence of ……

Chloride salts

Ammonium salts

Blood cells

None of the above

Red or pink urine is due to the presence of blood cells. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or even certain medications. When blood cells are present in the urine, it can indicate an underlying medical condition that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice red or pink urine, as it can be a sign of a more serious issue.

Explanation

Red or pink urine is due to the presence of blood cells. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or even certain medications. When blood cells are present in the urine, it can indicate an underlying medical condition that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice red or pink urine, as it can be a sign of a more serious issue.

15. The artificial kidney contains a fluid which is almost the same as plasma except that it has ……

No urea and metabolic wastes

High glucose

High uric acid

No minerals

The artificial kidney is designed to perform the functions of a natural kidney, which includes filtering waste products from the blood. Urea and metabolic wastes are the byproducts of metabolism that need to be removed from the body. Therefore, the artificial kidney contains a fluid that is similar to plasma but does not contain urea and metabolic wastes, allowing it to effectively filter these substances from the blood.

Explanation

The artificial kidney is designed to perform the functions of a natural kidney, which includes filtering waste products from the blood. Urea and metabolic wastes are the byproducts of metabolism that need to be removed from the body. Therefore, the artificial kidney contains a fluid that is similar to plasma but does not contain urea and metabolic wastes, allowing it to effectively filter these substances from the blood.

16. On examining a urine sample of a person, it is noticed an increase in the albumin percentage. What does this mean?

Disturbance in the function of Bowman’s capsule

Shortening of nephron’s tubules

Increasing in the efficiency of Bowman’s capsule

Disturbance in nephron’s tubules

An increase in the albumin percentage in a urine sample indicates a disturbance in the function of Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is responsible for filtering the blood and preventing large molecules like albumin from entering the urine. If there is a disturbance in its function, albumin may leak into the urine, leading to an increase in its percentage. This can be indicative of kidney damage or disease.

Explanation

An increase in the albumin percentage in a urine sample indicates a disturbance in the function of Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is responsible for filtering the blood and preventing large molecules like albumin from entering the urine. If there is a disturbance in its function, albumin may leak into the urine, leading to an increase in its percentage. This can be indicative of kidney damage or disease.

17. When the body temperature rises above normal, .....

Blood flow to the skin decreases

Vasoconstriction occurs

Blood flow to the skin increases

Sweat gland activity decreases

When the body temperature rises above normal, blood flow to the skin increases. This is because the body needs to dissipate heat and cool down. Increasing blood flow to the skin helps in transferring heat from the core of the body to the skin surface, where it can be released into the environment through sweating and radiation. This process is known as vasodilation, where the blood vessels in the skin dilate to allow more blood to flow through them, increasing heat loss and promoting cooling of the body.

Explanation

When the body temperature rises above normal, blood flow to the skin increases. This is because the body needs to dissipate heat and cool down. Increasing blood flow to the skin helps in transferring heat from the core of the body to the skin surface, where it can be released into the environment through sweating and radiation. This process is known as vasodilation, where the blood vessels in the skin dilate to allow more blood to flow through them, increasing heat loss and promoting cooling of the body.

18. Which of the following do not filtrate into Bowman's capsule?

Fibrinogen

Vitamin C

Thyroxin

Insulin

Fibrinogen does not filtrate into Bowman's capsule because it is a large protein molecule and the filtration process in the kidney only allows small molecules and ions to pass through. Fibrinogen is an important protein involved in blood clotting and is too large to be filtered by the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule.

Explanation

Fibrinogen does not filtrate into Bowman's capsule because it is a large protein molecule and the filtration process in the kidney only allows small molecules and ions to pass through. Fibrinogen is an important protein involved in blood clotting and is too large to be filtered by the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule.

19. The diagram provided shows a simplified outline of the ornithine cycle that occurs in the liver. What compound has been replaced by X?

Urea

Carbon dioxide

Amino acid

Oxygen

In the ornithine cycle, urea is the compound that is produced as a waste product. It is formed by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide in the liver. The diagram shows the outline of this cycle, and the compound that has been replaced by X is urea.

Explanation

In the ornithine cycle, urea is the compound that is produced as a waste product. It is formed by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide in the liver. The diagram shows the outline of this cycle, and the compound that has been replaced by X is urea.

20. Which of the following is true for a patient with liver failure?

He would suffer from an accumulation of uric acid in his bloodstream.

He should perform blood purification using an artificial kidney machine.

He would suffer from an accumulation of ammonia in his blood.

He would suffer from an accumulation of urea in his bloodstream (urea poisoning).

Liver failure leads to a decrease in the liver's ability to convert ammonia into urea, resulting in an accumulation of ammonia in the blood. This condition is known as hyperammonemia, and it can lead to various symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and even coma. Blood purification using an artificial kidney machine (hemodialysis) is not a suitable treatment for liver failure as it is primarily used for kidney failure. Accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream is not directly related to liver failure.

Explanation

Liver failure leads to a decrease in the liver's ability to convert ammonia into urea, resulting in an accumulation of ammonia in the blood. This condition is known as hyperammonemia, and it can lead to various symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and even coma. Blood purification using an artificial kidney machine (hemodialysis) is not a suitable treatment for liver failure as it is primarily used for kidney failure. Accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream is not directly related to liver failure.

21. Which of the following structural units of the nephron will contain the highest amount of glucose in a normal person after eating a food rich in sugars?

Loop of Henley

Bowman’s capsule

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

After eating a food rich in sugars, the highest amount of glucose will be present in the Bowman's capsule. This is because the Bowman's capsule is the initial part of the nephron where filtration occurs, and glucose is filtered from the blood into the nephron. Therefore, after consuming a high-sugar meal, there will be a higher concentration of glucose in the blood, leading to a higher amount of glucose being filtered into the Bowman's capsule.

Explanation

After eating a food rich in sugars, the highest amount of glucose will be present in the Bowman's capsule. This is because the Bowman's capsule is the initial part of the nephron where filtration occurs, and glucose is filtered from the blood into the nephron. Therefore, after consuming a high-sugar meal, there will be a higher concentration of glucose in the blood, leading to a higher amount of glucose being filtered into the Bowman's capsule.

22. What is the structure in the kidney represented by label 1,2 & 3 respectively?

Cortex, medulla, renal vein

Medulla, cortex, renal artery

Cortex, medulla, renal artery

Medulla, cortex, renal vein

Label 1 represents the cortex, which is the outer layer of the kidney. Label 2 represents the medulla, which is the inner region of the kidney. Label 3 represents the renal artery, which is the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney. Therefore, the correct answer is Cortex, medulla, renal artery.

Explanation

Label 1 represents the cortex, which is the outer layer of the kidney. Label 2 represents the medulla, which is the inner region of the kidney. Label 3 represents the renal artery, which is the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney. Therefore, the correct answer is Cortex, medulla, renal artery.

23. About 80% of kidney stones can pass out through urinary system by drinking …...

Water

Juice

Sugar drinks

Milk

Kidney stones are formed when there is a buildup of certain substances in the urine. Drinking water helps to dilute the urine and increase urine production, which can help to flush out the kidney stones. Water is also important for maintaining overall hydration, which can prevent the formation of kidney stones in the first place. Juice, sugar drinks, and milk do not have the same hydrating effect as water and may not provide the same benefits for passing kidney stones.

Explanation

Kidney stones are formed when there is a buildup of certain substances in the urine. Drinking water helps to dilute the urine and increase urine production, which can help to flush out the kidney stones. Water is also important for maintaining overall hydration, which can prevent the formation of kidney stones in the first place. Juice, sugar drinks, and milk do not have the same hydrating effect as water and may not provide the same benefits for passing kidney stones.

24. In Hydra and Amoeba, ammonia is the main nitrogenous waste. Lizards, snakes, birds and insects excrete mostly uric acid but crocodiles and alligators excrete mainly ammonia though they are reptiles. On the basis of this we can generalize that:-

There is no uniform pattern of removal of nitrogen wastes.

Aquatic and land animals excrete urea.

Animals that fly excrete uric acid.

Nitrogen waste excretion is closely related to the availability of water in the environment.

The given information states that different animals excrete different nitrogenous wastes. While lizards, snakes, birds, and insects excrete mostly uric acid, crocodiles and alligators excrete mainly ammonia. This suggests that the type of nitrogenous waste excreted by an animal is closely related to the availability of water in its environment. Animals that live in water or have access to abundant water, like crocodiles and alligators, excrete ammonia, which is highly soluble in water. On the other hand, animals that live in arid environments or have limited access to water, like lizards, snakes, birds, and insects, excrete uric acid, which is less soluble and requires less water for excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is that nitrogen waste excretion is closely related to the availability of water in the environment.

Explanation

The given information states that different animals excrete different nitrogenous wastes. While lizards, snakes, birds, and insects excrete mostly uric acid, crocodiles and alligators excrete mainly ammonia. This suggests that the type of nitrogenous waste excreted by an animal is closely related to the availability of water in its environment. Animals that live in water or have access to abundant water, like crocodiles and alligators, excrete ammonia, which is highly soluble in water. On the other hand, animals that live in arid environments or have limited access to water, like lizards, snakes, birds, and insects, excrete uric acid, which is less soluble and requires less water for excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is that nitrogen waste excretion is closely related to the availability of water in the environment.

25. What ultimately happens to the urea produced in the ornithine cycle?

It is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

It is dissolved into the stomach acid.

It is released from the body via respiration.

It is excreted in the urine.

Urea, which is produced in the ornithine cycle, is a waste product of protein metabolism. It is formed in the liver and then transported to the kidneys through the bloodstream. In the kidneys, urea is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is that urea produced in the ornithine cycle is excreted in the urine.

Explanation

Urea, which is produced in the ornithine cycle, is a waste product of protein metabolism. It is formed in the liver and then transported to the kidneys through the bloodstream. In the kidneys, urea is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is that urea produced in the ornithine cycle is excreted in the urine.

26. The volume of urine was examined in a group of people during fasting in winter, during fasting in summer, and on a spring day without fasting. What should we expect to find? Note that V = volume of urine.

V spring > V winter = V summer.

V spring > V winter < V summer.

V spring < V winter = V summer.

V spring > V winter > V summer.

During fasting in winter, the body tends to conserve water and produce less urine. During fasting in summer, the body loses more water through sweating and produces more urine to compensate for the loss. On a spring day without fasting, the body is in a normal state and produces a moderate amount of urine. Therefore, we would expect to find that the volume of urine is highest in spring, followed by winter, and lowest in summer.

Explanation

During fasting in winter, the body tends to conserve water and produce less urine. During fasting in summer, the body loses more water through sweating and produces more urine to compensate for the loss. On a spring day without fasting, the body is in a normal state and produces a moderate amount of urine. Therefore, we would expect to find that the volume of urine is highest in spring, followed by winter, and lowest in summer.

27. Which of the following graphs represents the amount of expelled substances from a normal person in the fifth of January?

A

B

C

D

Graph A represents the amount of expelled substances from a normal person on the fifth of January.

Explanation

Graph A represents the amount of expelled substances from a normal person on the fifth of January.

28. Presence of large amounts of mitochondria in the tubule cells of nephrons suggests that the nephron is involved in the process of …….

Passive transport

Diffusion

Active transport

Formation of urea

The presence of large amounts of mitochondria in the tubule cells of nephrons suggests that the nephron is involved in the process of active transport. Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, and ATP provides this energy. Therefore, the presence of mitochondria indicates that the nephron is actively involved in transporting substances across the tubule cells.

Explanation

The presence of large amounts of mitochondria in the tubule cells of nephrons suggests that the nephron is involved in the process of active transport. Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, and ATP provides this energy. Therefore, the presence of mitochondria indicates that the nephron is actively involved in transporting substances across the tubule cells.

29. Hemodialysis (artificial kidney) rids your body of harmful wastes. What else does hemodialysis remove?

A. Extra protein

B. Extra salt

C. Extra water

D. B and C

Hemodialysis is a process that uses an artificial kidney to remove harmful wastes from the body. In addition to removing wastes, it also helps remove extra salt and extra water from the body. This is important because individuals with kidney failure often have difficulty regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. By removing excess salt and water, hemodialysis helps to maintain a healthier fluid balance in the body.

Explanation

Hemodialysis is a process that uses an artificial kidney to remove harmful wastes from the body. In addition to removing wastes, it also helps remove extra salt and extra water from the body. This is important because individuals with kidney failure often have difficulty regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. By removing excess salt and water, hemodialysis helps to maintain a healthier fluid balance in the body.

30. Immuno-suppressant drugs are taken ______.

With hemodialysis

With a kidney transplant

With major Bacteria

With major viruses

Immuno-suppressant drugs are taken with a kidney transplant because after a kidney transplant, the body's immune system may recognize the new kidney as a foreign object and try to attack it. Immuno-suppressant drugs help to suppress the immune system and prevent it from rejecting the transplanted kidney. These drugs are necessary to ensure the success and long-term survival of the transplanted organ.

Explanation

Immuno-suppressant drugs are taken with a kidney transplant because after a kidney transplant, the body's immune system may recognize the new kidney as a foreign object and try to attack it. Immuno-suppressant drugs help to suppress the immune system and prevent it from rejecting the transplanted kidney. These drugs are necessary to ensure the success and long-term survival of the transplanted organ.

31. The kidneys receive about ….. % of the cardiac output daily.

10

25

35

50

The kidneys receive about 25% of the cardiac output daily. This means that approximately one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart is directed to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining the body's fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and removing waste products from the blood. This high percentage of cardiac output to the kidneys highlights their importance in maintaining overall body homeostasis.

Explanation

The kidneys receive about 25% of the cardiac output daily. This means that approximately one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart is directed to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining the body's fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and removing waste products from the blood. This high percentage of cardiac output to the kidneys highlights their importance in maintaining overall body homeostasis.

32. What happens when kidneys stop filtering?

Waste products stay in the blood

Excess fluid in the body accumulate in blood

Urine production falls.

All of them.

When kidneys stop filtering, waste products are not removed from the blood, resulting in waste products staying in the blood. Additionally, excess fluid in the body accumulates in the blood because the kidneys are not able to remove it through urine production. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

Explanation

When kidneys stop filtering, waste products are not removed from the blood, resulting in waste products staying in the blood. Additionally, excess fluid in the body accumulates in the blood because the kidneys are not able to remove it through urine production. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

33. People with pre-existing kidney disease are not allowed to eat too much of ……..

Olive oil

Vegetables

Red meat

Brown bread

People with pre-existing kidney disease are not allowed to eat too much red meat because it is high in protein and can put strain on the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, and a high protein diet can increase the workload on the kidneys and potentially worsen kidney function. Therefore, it is recommended for individuals with kidney disease to limit their intake of red meat.

Explanation

People with pre-existing kidney disease are not allowed to eat too much red meat because it is high in protein and can put strain on the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, and a high protein diet can increase the workload on the kidneys and potentially worsen kidney function. Therefore, it is recommended for individuals with kidney disease to limit their intake of red meat.

34. An important function the liver has in the human body is to carry out the deamination of amino acids. What happens to an amino acid undergoing deamination?

It is converted into ammonia.

It has a carboxyl group removed.

It reacts with ammonia to form carbon dioxide.

It has an amino group removed.

During deamination, an amino acid undergoes the removal of its amino group. This process results in the formation of ammonia and a molecule without the amino group. The carboxyl group remains intact, and there is no reaction with ammonia to form carbon dioxide. Therefore, the correct answer is that an amino acid undergoing deamination has an amino group removed.

Explanation

During deamination, an amino acid undergoes the removal of its amino group. This process results in the formation of ammonia and a molecule without the amino group. The carboxyl group remains intact, and there is no reaction with ammonia to form carbon dioxide. Therefore, the correct answer is that an amino acid undergoing deamination has an amino group removed.

35. The hollow space at the center of kidney where urine is collected after its formation is called …..

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Primary convoluted tubule

Urethra

The correct answer is renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is the hollow space at the center of the kidney where urine is collected after its formation. It is a funnel-shaped structure that is connected to the ureter, which carries the urine from the kidney to the bladder. The renal pelvis acts as a reservoir for urine before it is transported out of the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is the hollow space at the center of the kidney where urine is collected after its formation. It is a funnel-shaped structure that is connected to the ureter, which carries the urine from the kidney to the bladder. The renal pelvis acts as a reservoir for urine before it is transported out of the body.

36. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. The concentrations of the two substances (X) and (Y) in each of the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate indicate that .....

(X) is filtrated while (Y) is not filtrated.

Both (X) and (Y) are filtrated and reabsorbed.

(X) is reabsorbed while (Y) is not reabsorbed.

Both substances are not reabsorbed.

Based on the given information, the concentrations of substance (X) in the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate indicate that it is filtrated, meaning it passes through the filtration process in the nephron. On the other hand, the concentrations of substance (Y) in both the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate suggest that it is not filtrated, as its concentration remains the same. Therefore, the correct answer is that (X) is filtrated while (Y) is not filtrated.

Explanation

Based on the given information, the concentrations of substance (X) in the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate indicate that it is filtrated, meaning it passes through the filtration process in the nephron. On the other hand, the concentrations of substance (Y) in both the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate suggest that it is not filtrated, as its concentration remains the same. Therefore, the correct answer is that (X) is filtrated while (Y) is not filtrated.

37. Which of the following food substances produces urea when being digested?

Bean

Rice

Butter

Honey

Beans are a rich source of protein. When proteins are digested, they are broken down into amino acids. The amino acids are then converted into ammonia in the liver, which is toxic to the body. To eliminate this toxicity, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely excreted in the urine. Therefore, beans produce urea when being digested.

Explanation

Beans are a rich source of protein. When proteins are digested, they are broken down into amino acids. The amino acids are then converted into ammonia in the liver, which is toxic to the body. To eliminate this toxicity, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely excreted in the urine. Therefore, beans produce urea when being digested.

38. Acne (حب الشباب)is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Hair follicles are found in the …….

Dermis

Epidermis

Hypodermis

Fatty layer

Acne occurs when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. The hair follicles are located in the dermis, which is the second layer of the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles, making it the most likely location for acne to develop. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, while the hypodermis is the deepest layer. The fatty layer is not directly involved in the development of acne.

Explanation

Acne occurs when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. The hair follicles are located in the dermis, which is the second layer of the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles, making it the most likely location for acne to develop. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, while the hypodermis is the deepest layer. The fatty layer is not directly involved in the development of acne.

39. Which of the following best explains excretion?

Excretion is the production of sweat from the sweat glands in the skin.

Excretion is the removal of the waste products of metabolism from the body.

Excretion is the removal of excess water and food from the body.

Excretion is the process by which waste products are converted into useful compounds for the body.

Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism are eliminated from the body. This includes the removal of substances such as carbon dioxide, urea, and excess salts. These waste products are produced as a result of various metabolic processes in the body and need to be eliminated to maintain homeostasis and prevent the build-up of toxic substances. Sweat production is a form of excretion, but it is not the best explanation for excretion as it only represents a small portion of the overall waste elimination process.

Explanation

Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism are eliminated from the body. This includes the removal of substances such as carbon dioxide, urea, and excess salts. These waste products are produced as a result of various metabolic processes in the body and need to be eliminated to maintain homeostasis and prevent the build-up of toxic substances. Sweat production is a form of excretion, but it is not the best explanation for excretion as it only represents a small portion of the overall waste elimination process.

40. Which of the following structures help in regulating body temperature?

1 and 6

6 and 8

5 and 9

4 and 2

Structures 6 and 8, which are sweat glands and blood vessels, respectively, help in regulating body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates and cools the body. Blood vessels dilate or constrict to release or retain heat, respectively. Both of these structures play a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature within a normal range.

Explanation

Structures 6 and 8, which are sweat glands and blood vessels, respectively, help in regulating body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates and cools the body. Blood vessels dilate or constrict to release or retain heat, respectively. Both of these structures play a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature within a normal range.

41. The liver excretes ……

Sodium chloride

Poisonous substances

Volatile substances

Digestive enzymes

The liver is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying various substances in the body, including poisonous substances. It does this by breaking down these substances into less harmful compounds that can be eliminated from the body through urine or bile. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and preventing the accumulation of harmful toxins.

Explanation

The liver is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying various substances in the body, including poisonous substances. It does this by breaking down these substances into less harmful compounds that can be eliminated from the body through urine or bile. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and preventing the accumulation of harmful toxins.

42. Excess amino acids in mammals undergo protein catabolism in the liver, producing (X) as the main end product which is then transported to the kidney to be excreted. Which of the following blood vessels contains the lowest concentration of (X)?

Aorta

Hepatic vein

Renal artery

Renal vein

Excess amino acids in mammals are catabolized in the liver, producing ammonia (X) as the main end product. This ammonia is then transported to the kidney to be excreted. The renal vein carries blood away from the kidney, meaning it contains the lowest concentration of ammonia (X) since it has already been filtered and removed from the blood by the kidney. The other options, such as the aorta, hepatic vein, and renal artery, would contain higher concentrations of ammonia (X) as they have not yet been processed by the kidney.

Explanation

Excess amino acids in mammals are catabolized in the liver, producing ammonia (X) as the main end product. This ammonia is then transported to the kidney to be excreted. The renal vein carries blood away from the kidney, meaning it contains the lowest concentration of ammonia (X) since it has already been filtered and removed from the blood by the kidney. The other options, such as the aorta, hepatic vein, and renal artery, would contain higher concentrations of ammonia (X) as they have not yet been processed by the kidney.

43. Which of the following structures share in regulating body temperature?

(1) The sebaceous glands

(2) The sweat glands

(3) The blood vessels

(2) and (3) together

The sweat glands and the blood vessels together share in regulating body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin and helps to cool the body. Blood vessels, on the other hand, can dilate or constrict to regulate the flow of blood and heat to different parts of the body. Together, these structures work to maintain a stable body temperature.

Explanation

The sweat glands and the blood vessels together share in regulating body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin and helps to cool the body. Blood vessels, on the other hand, can dilate or constrict to regulate the flow of blood and heat to different parts of the body. Together, these structures work to maintain a stable body temperature.

44. According to their location in the skin structure, which of the following is anomalous?

Pigment cells

Hair muscle

Hair follicles

Blood capillaries

Pigment cells are anomalous according to their location in the skin structure. This suggests that pigment cells are not typically found in the location mentioned or they are present in an abnormal or unexpected way.

Explanation

Pigment cells are anomalous according to their location in the skin structure. This suggests that pigment cells are not typically found in the location mentioned or they are present in an abnormal or unexpected way.

45. Which of the following skin structures extend through both the dermis and epidermis?

Hair and blood vessels

Hair and sweat gland

Sweat gland and sensory nerve endings

Sebaceous gland and blood vessels

Hair and sweat glands are the only skin structures that extend through both the dermis and epidermis. Hair follicles are located in the dermis and extend up through the epidermis, while sweat glands are also located in the dermis and have ducts that extend through the epidermis to release sweat onto the skin's surface. The other options, such as blood vessels, sebaceous glands, and sensory nerve endings, are located within the dermis but do not extend through the epidermis.

Explanation

Hair and sweat glands are the only skin structures that extend through both the dermis and epidermis. Hair follicles are located in the dermis and extend up through the epidermis, while sweat glands are also located in the dermis and have ducts that extend through the epidermis to release sweat onto the skin's surface. The other options, such as blood vessels, sebaceous glands, and sensory nerve endings, are located within the dermis but do not extend through the epidermis.

46. The main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine is ……

Ammonia

Creatine phosphate

Nucleotides

Urea

Urea is the correct answer because it is the main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine. It is produced in the liver from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids, and then transported to the kidneys for excretion. Urea is a relatively non-toxic compound that can be safely eliminated from the body through urine. Ammonia is also a waste product of protein metabolism, but it is converted to urea in the liver before being excreted. Creatine phosphate is not a waste product, but rather an energy storage molecule in muscle cells. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and are not typically excreted in urine.

Explanation

Urea is the correct answer because it is the main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine. It is produced in the liver from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids, and then transported to the kidneys for excretion. Urea is a relatively non-toxic compound that can be safely eliminated from the body through urine. Ammonia is also a waste product of protein metabolism, but it is converted to urea in the liver before being excreted. Creatine phosphate is not a waste product, but rather an energy storage molecule in muscle cells. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and are not typically excreted in urine.

47. The function of each of the structures (6) and (2) depend on the presence of the structure …….

5

8

1

9

The function of structure (6) and (2) depend on the presence of structure 8.

Explanation

The function of structure (6) and (2) depend on the presence of structure 8.

48. The following table illustrates a urine analysis for some of the urine contents in August 2019 for four persons having the same age and weight. Which of the four persons had been eating a diet rich in legumes before the urine analysis?

A

B

C

D

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

49. The softness of the structure (2) depends on the structure …… while the structure …….. causes it to stand erect.

(7) / (5)

(9) / (8)

(1) / (5)

(8) / (1)

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

50. Which of the following is not true about collecting ducts?

Only one nephron drains into the collecting duct.

Collecting ducts descend through the cortex and medulla.

Collecting ducts connect nephrons to the renal pelvis.

The distal convoluted tubules are joined to the cortical collecting ducts.

The correct answer is that only one nephron drains into the collecting duct. This is not true because multiple nephrons drain into a single collecting duct. The collecting ducts are responsible for collecting urine from multiple nephrons and transporting it towards the renal pelvis.

Explanation

The correct answer is that only one nephron drains into the collecting duct. This is not true because multiple nephrons drain into a single collecting duct. The collecting ducts are responsible for collecting urine from multiple nephrons and transporting it towards the renal pelvis.

51. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. Which of the following agrees with the increase of (Z) concentration in the collecting duct?

Water is not reabsorbed.

Several renal tubules drain into the collecting duct.

The substance (Z) is not filtrated.

The substance (Z) is reabsorbed in the renal tubule.

The concentration of a substance in the collecting duct can increase if several renal tubules drain into it. This is because each renal tubule may reabsorb different amounts of the substance, leading to an overall increase in concentration as the tubules merge in the collecting duct. The other options do not directly explain the increase in concentration of substance (Z) in the collecting duct.

Explanation

The concentration of a substance in the collecting duct can increase if several renal tubules drain into it. This is because each renal tubule may reabsorb different amounts of the substance, leading to an overall increase in concentration as the tubules merge in the collecting duct. The other options do not directly explain the increase in concentration of substance (Z) in the collecting duct.

52. The following table represents the contents of one of the body fluids in a healthy person. Which of the structures (A), (B), (C) or (D) contains this fluid?

A

B

C

D

Based on the given information, the correct answer is D. This is because the table represents the contents of one of the body fluids in a healthy person, and the fluid is contained in structure D.

Explanation

Based on the given information, the correct answer is D. This is because the table represents the contents of one of the body fluids in a healthy person, and the fluid is contained in structure D.

53. If circle (A) represents the liver, circle (B) represents the kidney while circle (C) represents the skin, then what are the excretory substances represented by (X) and (Y) respectively?

Water and mineral salts

Mineral salts and water

Toxic substances and nitrogenous wastes

Nitrogenous wastes and toxic substances

Circle (A) represents the liver, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body. Therefore, (X) is most likely representing toxic substances. Circle (B) represents the kidney, which filters waste products from the blood, including nitrogenous wastes. Therefore, (Y) is most likely representing nitrogenous wastes.

Explanation

Circle (A) represents the liver, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body. Therefore, (X) is most likely representing toxic substances. Circle (B) represents the kidney, which filters waste products from the blood, including nitrogenous wastes. Therefore, (Y) is most likely representing nitrogenous wastes.

54. What happens if a sudden change in the surrounding temperature takes place from warm to cold?

Relaxation of the structure (5)

The structure (8) dilates

The activity of the structure (1) increases

The activity of the structure (6) decreases

When there is a sudden change in temperature from warm to cold, the activity of the structure decreases. This is because the sudden temperature change causes the structure to contract or tighten up, reducing its overall activity level.

Explanation

When there is a sudden change in temperature from warm to cold, the activity of the structure decreases. This is because the sudden temperature change causes the structure to contract or tighten up, reducing its overall activity level.

55. The skin loses its natural colour in the absence of ….

The epithelial cells found at the surface layer of the epidermis

The connective tissue of the dermis

The sensory nerve endings

The epithelial cells found at the base of the inner layer of the epidermis

The skin gets its natural color from a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. These melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is the innermost layer of the skin. Therefore, if the epithelial cells found at the base of the inner layer of the epidermis are affected or damaged, it can lead to a loss of natural color in the skin.

Explanation

The skin gets its natural color from a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. These melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is the innermost layer of the skin. Therefore, if the epithelial cells found at the base of the inner layer of the epidermis are affected or damaged, it can lead to a loss of natural color in the skin.

56. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances (X), (Y) and (Z) during their passage along different parts of the nephron. What are (X), (Y) and (Z) respectively?

Glucose / protein / urea

Urea / protein / glucose

Protein / urea / glucose

Protein / glucose / urea

Based on the information provided in the table, the substances (X), (Y), and (Z) are arranged in the order of increasing concentration as glucose, protein, and urea.

Explanation

Based on the information provided in the table, the substances (X), (Y), and (Z) are arranged in the order of increasing concentration as glucose, protein, and urea.

57. The circles shown below represent different excretory organs, where each two organs share a common excretory product. What do the circles (1), (2), (3) and (4) represent respectively?

Skin / lung / kidney /liver

Lung / kidney / skin / liver

Liver / kidney / lung / skin

Kidney / liver / lung / skin

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

58. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left one?

Due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body.

Because the kidneys lie behind the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity.

Because the spleen is usually in contact with the left kidney.

Because the right kidney develops in the pelvis and ascends up during the ninth week of embryonic development.

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left one due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body. The liver occupies space in the abdominal cavity, pushing the right kidney down and causing it to be positioned lower than the left kidney.

Explanation

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left one due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body. The liver occupies space in the abdominal cavity, pushing the right kidney down and causing it to be positioned lower than the left kidney.

59. Which structure contains cells called melanocytes for secreting melanin?

3

4

1

6

Structure 4 contains cells called melanocytes for secreting melanin.

Explanation

Structure 4 contains cells called melanocytes for secreting melanin.

60. In which of the following are the largest amounts of nitrogen excreted from a mammalian body?

Breath

Sweat

Urine

Feces

Urine is the correct answer because it is the primary way in which nitrogenous waste is excreted from the mammalian body. Nitrogen is mainly excreted in the form of urea, which is produced in the liver and transported to the kidneys to be eliminated through urine. While small amounts of nitrogen can also be excreted through sweat and feces, the largest amount is excreted through urine. Breath does not play a significant role in nitrogen excretion.

Explanation

Urine is the correct answer because it is the primary way in which nitrogenous waste is excreted from the mammalian body. Nitrogen is mainly excreted in the form of urea, which is produced in the liver and transported to the kidneys to be eliminated through urine. While small amounts of nitrogen can also be excreted through sweat and feces, the largest amount is excreted through urine. Breath does not play a significant role in nitrogen excretion.

61. The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesized ……

In the liver but eliminated mostly through kidneys

In kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver

In kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys

In liver and also eliminated by the same through bile

The correct answer is "In the liver but eliminated mostly through kidneys." This is because the liver is responsible for synthesizing urea, the principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans. However, urea is eliminated from the body mostly through the kidneys, which filter it out of the blood and excrete it in urine. While a small amount of urea may also be eliminated through the liver via bile, the majority is eliminated through the kidneys.

Explanation

The correct answer is "In the liver but eliminated mostly through kidneys." This is because the liver is responsible for synthesizing urea, the principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans. However, urea is eliminated from the body mostly through the kidneys, which filter it out of the blood and excrete it in urine. While a small amount of urea may also be eliminated through the liver via bile, the majority is eliminated through the kidneys.

62. Which of the following is a toxic chemical group has to be removed from food substances and converted into nitrogenous wastes?

Amino group

Sulphate group

Phosphate group

Nitrate group

The amino group is a toxic chemical group that needs to be removed from food substances and converted into nitrogenous wastes. This is because the amino group contains nitrogen, which can be toxic to the body if it accumulates. The body converts the amino group into urea, a nitrogenous waste product, which is then excreted through urine.

Explanation

The amino group is a toxic chemical group that needs to be removed from food substances and converted into nitrogenous wastes. This is because the amino group contains nitrogen, which can be toxic to the body if it accumulates. The body converts the amino group into urea, a nitrogenous waste product, which is then excreted through urine.

63. The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called _______.

Adipose capsule

Renal pyramid

Cortex

Renal pelvis

The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. These pyramids are responsible for the production of urine and play a crucial role in the filtration and concentration of waste products in the kidneys. They are located in the inner region of the kidney, surrounded by the renal cortex. The renal pelvis, on the other hand, is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the pyramids and transports it to the ureter. The adipose capsule is a layer of fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the kidneys.

Explanation

The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. These pyramids are responsible for the production of urine and play a crucial role in the filtration and concentration of waste products in the kidneys. They are located in the inner region of the kidney, surrounded by the renal cortex. The renal pelvis, on the other hand, is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the pyramids and transports it to the ureter. The adipose capsule is a layer of fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the kidneys.

64. Loss of large number of nephrons, may lead to ……..

Increase in urine amount

Renal failure

Increase in urine glucose

Increase in urine salts

Loss of a large number of nephrons can lead to renal failure. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. When a significant number of nephrons are lost, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, resulting in renal failure. This can lead to a decrease in urine production, accumulation of waste products in the blood, and disruption of various bodily functions.

Explanation

Loss of a large number of nephrons can lead to renal failure. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. When a significant number of nephrons are lost, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, resulting in renal failure. This can lead to a decrease in urine production, accumulation of waste products in the blood, and disruption of various bodily functions.

65. Which graph represents the approximate proper concentration of red blood cells in each of the following structures: Renal artery (Ra), Glomerular filtrate (Gl), Renal vein (Rv) and Urine (Ur)?

A

D

B

C

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

66. What makes up the shaft of a hair?

Living dermal cells.

Dead dermal cells.

Living epidermal cells.

Dead epidermal cells.

The shaft of a hair is made up of dead epidermal cells. The shaft is the visible part of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, and it is composed of multiple layers of cells. As new cells are produced in the hair follicle, they push older cells up to the surface, where they eventually die and become part of the hair shaft. These dead epidermal cells are responsible for giving the hair its strength and structure.

Explanation

The shaft of a hair is made up of dead epidermal cells. The shaft is the visible part of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, and it is composed of multiple layers of cells. As new cells are produced in the hair follicle, they push older cells up to the surface, where they eventually die and become part of the hair shaft. These dead epidermal cells are responsible for giving the hair its strength and structure.

67. For excretion, animals with impermeable skin use …….

Simple diffusion process

Concentration gradient

Special excretory glands

Special excretory organs

Animals with impermeable skin cannot excrete waste products through their skin via simple diffusion, as the impermeable skin prevents the passage of molecules. Instead, they require special excretory organs to eliminate waste from their bodies. These organs, such as kidneys in vertebrates, are specifically designed to filter and remove waste materials from the bloodstream, allowing for efficient excretion.

Explanation

Animals with impermeable skin cannot excrete waste products through their skin via simple diffusion, as the impermeable skin prevents the passage of molecules. Instead, they require special excretory organs to eliminate waste from their bodies. These organs, such as kidneys in vertebrates, are specifically designed to filter and remove waste materials from the bloodstream, allowing for efficient excretion.

68. The functional excretory unit in human's skin is the …..

Hair follicle

Sweat gland

Sweat pore

Sebaceous gland

The functional excretory unit in human's skin is the sweat gland. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and excreting sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and remove waste products from the body. Hair follicles are not directly involved in excretion, but they do play a role in hair growth. Sweat pores are the openings through which sweat is released onto the skin surface. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

Explanation

The functional excretory unit in human's skin is the sweat gland. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and excreting sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and remove waste products from the body. Hair follicles are not directly involved in excretion, but they do play a role in hair growth. Sweat pores are the openings through which sweat is released onto the skin surface. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

69. The figure below represents a section in an important organ in the human's body. What are the structure (1), (2), (3) and (4) respectively?

Sweat gland / hair follicle / blood vessels / sebaceous gland

Blood capillary / sebaceous gland / nerve endings / hair shaft

Sweat tube / sebaceous gland / hair muscle / hair follicle

Nerve ending / fat gland / hair muscle / sweat gland

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

70. What is the function of the urethra?

It filters urea out of the bloodstream

It delivers urine from the bladder to outside the body

It transfers urine from the kidneys to the bladder

It prevents urine from leaking out of the bladder

The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external opening of the body. Its main function is to transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. This allows for the elimination of waste products from the body.

Explanation

The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external opening of the body. Its main function is to transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. This allows for the elimination of waste products from the body.

71. The loop of Henle is present inside the ….. of the kidney

Cortex

Medulla

Ureter

Pelvis

The loop of Henle is present inside the medulla of the kidney. The medulla is the innermost region of the kidney, located between the renal cortex and the renal pelvis. It is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the filtrate, helping to concentrate the urine. The loop of Henle is a crucial part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance.

Explanation

The loop of Henle is present inside the medulla of the kidney. The medulla is the innermost region of the kidney, located between the renal cortex and the renal pelvis. It is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the filtrate, helping to concentrate the urine. The loop of Henle is a crucial part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance.

72. A person who has control of urination can consciously and voluntarily decide whether to release the urine from the bladder or to hold it for a while. When the decision is made to urinate, the ........

Sphincter muscle relaxes.

Bladder expands like an elastic sac.

Bladder wall relaxes.

Muscles in the abdominal wall relax.

When a person decides to urinate, the sphincter muscle, which is responsible for controlling the release of urine from the bladder, relaxes. This allows the urine to flow out of the bladder and through the urethra. The relaxation of the sphincter muscle is a voluntary action that occurs when the person consciously decides to empty their bladder.

Explanation

When a person decides to urinate, the sphincter muscle, which is responsible for controlling the release of urine from the bladder, relaxes. This allows the urine to flow out of the bladder and through the urethra. The relaxation of the sphincter muscle is a voluntary action that occurs when the person consciously decides to empty their bladder.

73. Blood being pumped to the kidneys and then filtered by nephrons is an example of two systems working together, ........

Circulatory and muscular

Nervous and muscular

Excretory and circulatory

Nervous and excretory

Blood being pumped to the kidneys and then filtered by nephrons is an example of the excretory and circulatory systems working together. The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, including to the kidneys. The excretory system, specifically the kidneys, filters waste products from the blood and produces urine. Therefore, the two systems are working in conjunction to remove waste from the body.

Explanation

Blood being pumped to the kidneys and then filtered by nephrons is an example of the excretory and circulatory systems working together. The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, including to the kidneys. The excretory system, specifically the kidneys, filters waste products from the blood and produces urine. Therefore, the two systems are working in conjunction to remove waste from the body.

74. Damaging the nerve ending in a finger leads to ...…

We don’t feel cold when we touch an object like ice.

Inability to pick things up.

Finger weakness.

All of them.

When the nerve endings in a finger are damaged, it can result in various impairments. The loss of sensation caused by nerve damage can lead to an inability to feel cold when touching objects like ice. Additionally, the weakened nerve signals can affect the finger's ability to grip and pick things up, resulting in an inability to perform fine motor tasks. Therefore, all of the given options, including not feeling cold, inability to pick things up, and finger weakness, are consequences of damaging the nerve endings in a finger.

Explanation

When the nerve endings in a finger are damaged, it can result in various impairments. The loss of sensation caused by nerve damage can lead to an inability to feel cold when touching objects like ice. Additionally, the weakened nerve signals can affect the finger's ability to grip and pick things up, resulting in an inability to perform fine motor tasks. Therefore, all of the given options, including not feeling cold, inability to pick things up, and finger weakness, are consequences of damaging the nerve endings in a finger.

75. The average volume of blood passes through the kidney per minute is about …..

1.2L

2.4L

3L

4.6L

The correct answer is 1.2L because the average volume of blood that passes through the kidney per minute is approximately 1.2 liters. This is an important function of the kidney as it helps filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood, maintaining the body's overall fluid balance.

Explanation

The correct answer is 1.2L because the average volume of blood that passes through the kidney per minute is approximately 1.2 liters. This is an important function of the kidney as it helps filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood, maintaining the body's overall fluid balance.

76. The liver (one of the excretory organs) breaks down the excess of……. forming ……..

Amino acids, urea

Glucose, carbon dioxide

Cellulose, glucose

Proteins, amino acids

The liver is responsible for breaking down excess proteins into amino acids. These amino acids are then further metabolized in the liver to form urea, which is a waste product that is excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids, urea.

Explanation

The liver is responsible for breaking down excess proteins into amino acids. These amino acids are then further metabolized in the liver to form urea, which is a waste product that is excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids, urea.

77. Which vessel carries blood to the kidneys?

Renal Vein

Renal Artery

Both renal artery and renal vein

Hepatic artery

The renal artery carries blood to the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood, so it is necessary for blood to be transported to the kidneys for this process to occur. The renal artery branches off from the abdominal aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidneys. Once the blood has been filtered, it is then carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein. In this question, the correct answer is the renal artery because it specifically asks which vessel carries blood to the kidneys.

Explanation

The renal artery carries blood to the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood, so it is necessary for blood to be transported to the kidneys for this process to occur. The renal artery branches off from the abdominal aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidneys. Once the blood has been filtered, it is then carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein. In this question, the correct answer is the renal artery because it specifically asks which vessel carries blood to the kidneys.

78. The liquid which collects in Bowman's capsule is _____

Blood plasma minus proteins

Concentrated urine

Glycogen and water

Urea, proteins and water

The liquid that collects in Bowman's capsule is the filtrate from the blood. This filtrate is formed by the process of ultrafiltration in the glomerulus, where small molecules such as water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea are filtered out of the blood. However, larger molecules like proteins are not filtered and remain in the blood. Therefore, the liquid in Bowman's capsule is blood plasma minus proteins.

Explanation

The liquid that collects in Bowman's capsule is the filtrate from the blood. This filtrate is formed by the process of ultrafiltration in the glomerulus, where small molecules such as water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea are filtered out of the blood. However, larger molecules like proteins are not filtered and remain in the blood. Therefore, the liquid in Bowman's capsule is blood plasma minus proteins.

79. Which of the following structures transport/s glucose in a healthy person?

A

A and B

B and C

A and C

A and B are the correct answers because both structure A and structure B are known to transport glucose in a healthy person.

Explanation

A and B are the correct answers because both structure A and structure B are known to transport glucose in a healthy person.

80. Place the following events in sequence ….. A) Fluid passes through the ureters B) Reabsorption in renal tubules C) Filtration in Bowman's capsule D) Urine enters the urethra

C, B, A, D

C, B, D, A

B, C, A, D

A, C, D, B

First, filtration occurs in Bowman's capsule, where waste products and excess water are filtered out of the blood. Then, reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules, where useful substances such as glucose and ions are reabsorbed back into the blood. After that, fluid passes through the ureters, which are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Finally, urine enters the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. Therefore, the correct sequence is C, B, A, D.

Explanation

First, filtration occurs in Bowman's capsule, where waste products and excess water are filtered out of the blood. Then, reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules, where useful substances such as glucose and ions are reabsorbed back into the blood. After that, fluid passes through the ureters, which are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Finally, urine enters the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. Therefore, the correct sequence is C, B, A, D.

81. If the Human body contains five liters of blood and 1.25 liters of them passes through the kidneys per minute, so how many times should the total volume of blood passes through the kidneys in two hours?

15 times

60 times

75 times

30 times

In two hours, there are 120 minutes. If 1.25 liters of blood passes through the kidneys per minute, then in 120 minutes, 1.25 x 120 = 150 liters of blood will pass through the kidneys. Since the human body contains five liters of blood, the total volume of blood passing through the kidneys in two hours will be 150/5 = 30 times.

Explanation

In two hours, there are 120 minutes. If 1.25 liters of blood passes through the kidneys per minute, then in 120 minutes, 1.25 x 120 = 150 liters of blood will pass through the kidneys. Since the human body contains five liters of blood, the total volume of blood passing through the kidneys in two hours will be 150/5 = 30 times.

82. In relative to the structure (A), the structure (B) contains ......

Higher concentration of urea.

Higher concentration of protein.

Lower concentration of urea.

Lower concentration of protein.

The given answer suggests that structure (B) has a lower concentration of urea compared to structure (A). This implies that structure (A) has a higher concentration of urea. The information provided does not mention anything about the concentration of protein in either structure, so we cannot make any conclusions about it.

Explanation

The given answer suggests that structure (B) has a lower concentration of urea compared to structure (A). This implies that structure (A) has a higher concentration of urea. The information provided does not mention anything about the concentration of protein in either structure, so we cannot make any conclusions about it.

83. Which of the following excretory substances is/are eliminated only from one excretory organ?

Mineral salts

Urea

Carbon dioxide

Spices

Carbon dioxide is eliminated only from the lungs through the process of respiration. It is produced as a waste product during cellular respiration and is transported to the lungs where it is exhaled. Other excretory substances such as mineral salts and urea are eliminated from multiple excretory organs in the body. Mineral salts are eliminated through the kidneys, sweat glands, and digestive system, while urea is eliminated primarily through the kidneys. Spices are not excretory substances.

Explanation

Carbon dioxide is eliminated only from the lungs through the process of respiration. It is produced as a waste product during cellular respiration and is transported to the lungs where it is exhaled. Other excretory substances such as mineral salts and urea are eliminated from multiple excretory organs in the body. Mineral salts are eliminated through the kidneys, sweat glands, and digestive system, while urea is eliminated primarily through the kidneys. Spices are not excretory substances.

84. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

The kidney is differentiated into an outer narrow cortex and an inner broad medulla.

Bowman’s capsule together with the renal tubules is found in the cortex of the kidney.

The second coiled tubule joins the collecting duct which opens in a concave cavity called the pelvis.

During urination the urinary bladder together with the sphincter muscle contract.

During urination, the urinary bladder contracts to expel urine, while the sphincter muscle relaxes to allow the urine to flow out. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it states that both the urinary bladder and the sphincter muscle contract during urination.

Explanation

During urination, the urinary bladder contracts to expel urine, while the sphincter muscle relaxes to allow the urine to flow out. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it states that both the urinary bladder and the sphincter muscle contract during urination.

85. Which of the following describes importance of excretion? It is the removal of.......

Toxic materials.

Waste products of metabolism.

Excess substances from organisms.

All of them

Excretion is the process of eliminating waste materials, toxic substances, and excess substances from organisms. This is important for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the body. By removing toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and excess substances, excretion helps to ensure the proper functioning of cells and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of them."

Explanation

Excretion is the process of eliminating waste materials, toxic substances, and excess substances from organisms. This is important for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the body. By removing toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and excess substances, excretion helps to ensure the proper functioning of cells and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of them."

86. The amount of blood pumped by the heart per day is about …..

1200L

1600L

6400L

10000L

The correct answer is 6400L because the average adult heart pumps about 5 liters of blood per minute. In a day, there are 24 hours, which is equal to 1440 minutes. Therefore, the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per day is 5 liters/minute x 1440 minutes/day = 7200 liters/day.

Explanation

The correct answer is 6400L because the average adult heart pumps about 5 liters of blood per minute. In a day, there are 24 hours, which is equal to 1440 minutes. Therefore, the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per day is 5 liters/minute x 1440 minutes/day = 7200 liters/day.

87. What will happen if there is no tubular reabsorption in the nephrons of kidney?

The useful things would get off from the body with urine.

Useful materials get into capillaries again and the body will reuse them for further processes.

Urea accumulates in the blood.

Most of Na and Cl get into the blood again.

If there is no tubular reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidney, the useful materials that were filtered out of the blood would not be reabsorbed back into the capillaries. Instead, they would be eliminated from the body through urine. This would result in the loss of important substances that the body needs for various processes.

Explanation

If there is no tubular reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidney, the useful materials that were filtered out of the blood would not be reabsorbed back into the capillaries. Instead, they would be eliminated from the body through urine. This would result in the loss of important substances that the body needs for various processes.

88. If fibrosis of the human kidney occurs and a great number of nephrons do not work, this leads to …….

Increase in the percentage of glucose in urine

Increase in urine volume

Increase in the percentage of salts in urine

Increase in the percentage of urea in blood

If fibrosis of the human kidney occurs and a great number of nephrons do not work, this leads to an increase in the percentage of urea in the blood. Urea is a waste product that is normally filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, they are unable to effectively remove urea from the blood, causing its concentration to increase. This can lead to a condition called uremia, which is characterized by high levels of urea in the blood.

Explanation

If fibrosis of the human kidney occurs and a great number of nephrons do not work, this leads to an increase in the percentage of urea in the blood. Urea is a waste product that is normally filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, they are unable to effectively remove urea from the blood, causing its concentration to increase. This can lead to a condition called uremia, which is characterized by high levels of urea in the blood.

89. The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesized ……

In the liver but eliminated mostly through kidneys.

In kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver.

In kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys.

In liver and also eliminated by the liver through bile.

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesized in the liver, specifically in hepatocytes. This compound, called urea, is formed through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the urea cycle. Once synthesized, urea is transported to the kidneys through the bloodstream, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine. While a small amount of urea may also be eliminated through the liver via bile, the majority is excreted by the kidneys.

Explanation

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesized in the liver, specifically in hepatocytes. This compound, called urea, is formed through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the urea cycle. Once synthesized, urea is transported to the kidneys through the bloodstream, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine. While a small amount of urea may also be eliminated through the liver via bile, the majority is excreted by the kidneys.

90. Excretory substances which are filtered from the blood to the artificial kidney, depends on the …..… phenomenon.

Diffusion

Osmosis

Selective permeability

Active transport

Excretory substances are filtered from the blood to the artificial kidney through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the artificial kidney, the excretory substances in the blood, such as waste products and excess ions, move across a semipermeable membrane to the dialysate solution, which has a lower concentration of these substances. This movement occurs due to the concentration gradient between the blood and the dialysate, allowing the excretory substances to be removed from the blood through diffusion.

Explanation

Excretory substances are filtered from the blood to the artificial kidney through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the artificial kidney, the excretory substances in the blood, such as waste products and excess ions, move across a semipermeable membrane to the dialysate solution, which has a lower concentration of these substances. This movement occurs due to the concentration gradient between the blood and the dialysate, allowing the excretory substances to be removed from the blood through diffusion.

91. Less filtration and more reabsorption occurs when there is .....

Shortage of water

Excess of water

Normal quantity of water

High water absorption from the intestine

When there is a shortage of water, the body tries to conserve as much water as possible. This is done by reducing the amount of water that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to prevent dehydration and maintain the body's water balance.

Explanation

When there is a shortage of water, the body tries to conserve as much water as possible. This is done by reducing the amount of water that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to prevent dehydration and maintain the body's water balance.

92. Which blood vessel contains the least amount of urea?

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Renal artery

Renal vein

The renal vein contains the least amount of urea because it carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart. Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, so the renal vein would have a lower concentration of urea compared to the other blood vessels listed. The hepatic vein carries blood from the liver, which is responsible for processing and detoxifying substances, including urea. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where urea is produced. The renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

Explanation

The renal vein contains the least amount of urea because it carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart. Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, so the renal vein would have a lower concentration of urea compared to the other blood vessels listed. The hepatic vein carries blood from the liver, which is responsible for processing and detoxifying substances, including urea. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where urea is produced. The renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

93. Kidneys are thin and long in …..

Rabbit

Elephant

Horse

Frog

Frogs have thin and long kidneys, which help them in filtering waste products from their blood and producing urine. This is because frogs are amphibians and live both in water and on land, so they need efficient kidneys to maintain their water balance. In contrast, rabbits, elephants, and horses have kidneys that are not specifically adapted for aquatic environments and may have different shapes and sizes.

Explanation

Frogs have thin and long kidneys, which help them in filtering waste products from their blood and producing urine. This is because frogs are amphibians and live both in water and on land, so they need efficient kidneys to maintain their water balance. In contrast, rabbits, elephants, and horses have kidneys that are not specifically adapted for aquatic environments and may have different shapes and sizes.

94. The diuretic action (causing increased passing of urine)of tea, coffee and cocoa is due to....

Carbohydrates

Caffeine

Carotenoids

Amino acids

Tea, coffee, and cocoa have a diuretic action due to caffeine. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that affects the kidneys and increases urine production. It works by inhibiting the reabsorption of water by the kidneys, leading to increased urine output. This diuretic effect can cause increased frequency of urination and can also contribute to dehydration if not enough fluids are consumed to compensate for the increased fluid loss.

Explanation

Tea, coffee, and cocoa have a diuretic action due to caffeine. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that affects the kidneys and increases urine production. It works by inhibiting the reabsorption of water by the kidneys, leading to increased urine output. This diuretic effect can cause increased frequency of urination and can also contribute to dehydration if not enough fluids are consumed to compensate for the increased fluid loss.

95. If the concentration of glucose in the renal artery is 90 mg/100 ml of fluid, then what is the glucose concentration in each of the glomerular filtrate (GF), the urine and the renal vein (RV)?

GF 90 / urine zero / RV 90

GF 90 / urine 40 / RV 50

GF 50 / urine 50 / RV 40

GF 50 / urine 40 / RV 50

The glomerular filtrate (GF) is the fluid that is filtered from the renal artery into the renal tubules. Since the concentration of glucose in the renal artery is 90 mg/100 ml, the glucose concentration in the GF would also be 90 mg/100 ml. The urine does not contain any glucose, so the glucose concentration in the urine would be zero. The renal vein (RV) carries blood away from the kidneys, so the glucose concentration in the RV would be the same as in the renal artery, which is 90 mg/100 ml. Therefore, the correct answer is GF 90 / urine zero / RV 90.

Explanation

The glomerular filtrate (GF) is the fluid that is filtered from the renal artery into the renal tubules. Since the concentration of glucose in the renal artery is 90 mg/100 ml, the glucose concentration in the GF would also be 90 mg/100 ml. The urine does not contain any glucose, so the glucose concentration in the urine would be zero. The renal vein (RV) carries blood away from the kidneys, so the glucose concentration in the RV would be the same as in the renal artery, which is 90 mg/100 ml. Therefore, the correct answer is GF 90 / urine zero / RV 90.

96. Which of the following graphs show the relationship between the rate of sweating (Y) and the atmospheric temperature (X) in degrees Celsius for a person at rest?

A

C

D

B

Graph C shows the relationship between the rate of sweating and the atmospheric temperature for a person at rest. As the atmospheric temperature increases, the rate of sweating also increases. This suggests that sweating is the body's way of regulating body temperature and cooling down when the environment becomes warmer.

Explanation

Graph C shows the relationship between the rate of sweating and the atmospheric temperature for a person at rest. As the atmospheric temperature increases, the rate of sweating also increases. This suggests that sweating is the body's way of regulating body temperature and cooling down when the environment becomes warmer.

97. Which of the following conditions indicate the increase in water contents of urine in a healthy person?

A

B

C

D

Condition A indicates an increase in water content of urine in a healthy person.

Explanation

Condition A indicates an increase in water content of urine in a healthy person.

98. Which of the following substances is a harmful catabolic product of protein in human?

Nitrogen

Urea

Uric acid

Ammonia

Ammonia is a harmful catabolic product of protein in humans. When proteins are broken down during metabolism, they release nitrogen-containing compounds. Ammonia is one of these compounds and is highly toxic to the body. It is converted into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys. If the liver or kidneys are not functioning properly, ammonia levels can build up in the body, leading to serious health issues. Therefore, ammonia is considered a harmful byproduct of protein catabolism in humans.

Explanation

Ammonia is a harmful catabolic product of protein in humans. When proteins are broken down during metabolism, they release nitrogen-containing compounds. Ammonia is one of these compounds and is highly toxic to the body. It is converted into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys. If the liver or kidneys are not functioning properly, ammonia levels can build up in the body, leading to serious health issues. Therefore, ammonia is considered a harmful byproduct of protein catabolism in humans.

99. The skin becomes dry if the structure …….. stopped working.

1

6

9

4

If the structure responsible for producing oil and moisture in the skin stops working, the skin will become dry.

Explanation

If the structure responsible for producing oil and moisture in the skin stops working, the skin will become dry.

100. The uric acid is produced during the breakdown of ……..

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Nucleotides

All of them

Uric acid is produced during the breakdown of nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and when they are broken down, one of the byproducts is uric acid. Lipids and carbohydrates do not directly contribute to the production of uric acid.

Explanation

Uric acid is produced during the breakdown of nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and when they are broken down, one of the byproducts is uric acid. Lipids and carbohydrates do not directly contribute to the production of uric acid.

101. The best long term solution for kidney failure is.......

A. Kidney dialysis

B. Kidney transplant

C. Both A and B

D. Blood transfusion

The best long term solution for kidney failure is a kidney transplant. Kidney dialysis can help temporarily filter waste from the blood, but it is not a permanent solution. A kidney transplant, on the other hand, involves replacing the failed kidney with a healthy one from a donor, providing a long-term solution to kidney failure. Blood transfusion, while it may be necessary in some cases, does not address the underlying issue of kidney failure. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Kidney transplant.

Explanation

The best long term solution for kidney failure is a kidney transplant. Kidney dialysis can help temporarily filter waste from the blood, but it is not a permanent solution. A kidney transplant, on the other hand, involves replacing the failed kidney with a healthy one from a donor, providing a long-term solution to kidney failure. Blood transfusion, while it may be necessary in some cases, does not address the underlying issue of kidney failure. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Kidney transplant.

102. The urine in Human consists mainly of …….

Uric acid

Albumin

Ammonia

No correct answer

The given options do not accurately represent the main components of urine in humans. In reality, urine primarily consists of water, urea, electrolytes, and other waste products. None of the options provided in the question correctly identify these main components, hence the correct answer is that there is no correct answer given.

Explanation

The given options do not accurately represent the main components of urine in humans. In reality, urine primarily consists of water, urea, electrolytes, and other waste products. None of the options provided in the question correctly identify these main components, hence the correct answer is that there is no correct answer given.

103. The _____ acts as an insulator for the body?

Hypodermis

Epidermis

Sebaceous gland

Dermis

The hypodermis acts as an insulator for the body because it is the innermost layer of the skin and contains adipose tissue, which helps to regulate body temperature by providing insulation. Additionally, the hypodermis also helps to cushion and protect the underlying structures of the body.

Explanation

The hypodermis acts as an insulator for the body because it is the innermost layer of the skin and contains adipose tissue, which helps to regulate body temperature by providing insulation. Additionally, the hypodermis also helps to cushion and protect the underlying structures of the body.

104. Both Bowman's capsule and the distal renal tubule, lie in the cortical region of the kidney where both of them are responsible for the reabsorption process.

The two sentences are true.

The two sentences are not true.

The 1st sentence is true while the 2nd one is not true.

The 1st sentence is not true while the 2nd one is true.

Bowman's capsule and the distal renal tubule do indeed both lie in the cortical region of the kidney. However, while Bowman's capsule is responsible for the initial filtration of blood and the formation of urine, the distal renal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. Therefore, the first sentence is true, but the second sentence is not true as it incorrectly states that both structures are responsible for the reabsorption process.

Explanation

Bowman's capsule and the distal renal tubule do indeed both lie in the cortical region of the kidney. However, while Bowman's capsule is responsible for the initial filtration of blood and the formation of urine, the distal renal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. Therefore, the first sentence is true, but the second sentence is not true as it incorrectly states that both structures are responsible for the reabsorption process.

105. Suppose that each 10 nephrons drain in one collecting duct. So the number of collecting ducts in the two kidneys is ……

Hundred thousand

One million

Half million

Two hundred thousand

If each 10 nephrons drain into one collecting duct, then the number of collecting ducts in the two kidneys can be calculated by dividing the total number of nephrons by 10. Since the answer choices are given in terms of hundreds of thousands and millions, it can be inferred that the total number of nephrons is in the millions. Dividing a number in the millions by 10 would result in a number in the hundreds of thousands. Therefore, the correct answer is Two hundred thousand.

Explanation

If each 10 nephrons drain into one collecting duct, then the number of collecting ducts in the two kidneys can be calculated by dividing the total number of nephrons by 10. Since the answer choices are given in terms of hundreds of thousands and millions, it can be inferred that the total number of nephrons is in the millions. Dividing a number in the millions by 10 would result in a number in the hundreds of thousands. Therefore, the correct answer is Two hundred thousand.

106. The urinary excretion increases by the following substance having a diuretic action....

Urea

Cellulose

Ammonium salts

Glycerol

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Urea has a diuretic action, meaning it promotes the production of urine and increases urinary excretion. This is because urea acts as an osmotic diuretic, meaning it increases the osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, leading to increased water reabsorption and urine production. Therefore, the urinary excretion increases when urea is present, making it the correct answer.

Explanation

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Urea has a diuretic action, meaning it promotes the production of urine and increases urinary excretion. This is because urea acts as an osmotic diuretic, meaning it increases the osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, leading to increased water reabsorption and urine production. Therefore, the urinary excretion increases when urea is present, making it the correct answer.

107. Which of the four persons (A), (B), (C) or (D) is in summer?

A

B

C

D

Based on the given information, it is stated that person A is in summer.

Explanation

Based on the given information, it is stated that person A is in summer.

108. Constipation is the accumulation of stool in the colon. It is accompanied by all the following conditions except …..

Put pressure on the bladder which can cause the bladder to not fill.

Frequent bowel movements.

Cause the bladder to contract when the bladder is not supposed to contract.

Cause the bladder to not empty well.

Constipation is the accumulation of stool in the colon, which can cause the bladder to not empty well. This can lead to symptoms such as difficulty in urination or incomplete emptying of the bladder. However, frequent bowel movements are not typically associated with constipation.

Explanation

Constipation is the accumulation of stool in the colon, which can cause the bladder to not empty well. This can lead to symptoms such as difficulty in urination or incomplete emptying of the bladder. However, frequent bowel movements are not typically associated with constipation.

109. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. The zero concentration of (X) in each of the renal tubules and the collecting duct is an indication for the....

Efficiency of filtration process.

Disturbance of filtration process.

Disturbance of reabsorption process.

Efficiency of reabsorption process.

The zero concentration of (X) in each of the renal tubules and the collecting duct suggests that the substance (X) is efficiently being reabsorbed. If there was a disturbance in the reabsorption process, there would be a noticeable concentration of (X) in the tubules and collecting duct. Therefore, the zero concentration indicates that the reabsorption process is efficient.

Explanation

The zero concentration of (X) in each of the renal tubules and the collecting duct suggests that the substance (X) is efficiently being reabsorbed. If there was a disturbance in the reabsorption process, there would be a noticeable concentration of (X) in the tubules and collecting duct. Therefore, the zero concentration indicates that the reabsorption process is efficient.

110. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. The concentration stability of the substance (Z) in each of the renal artery, glomerular filtrate and the renal tubules indicates that ......

The two processes filtration and reabsorption occurs.

The two processes filtration and reabsorption do not occur.

Filtration occurs but reabsorption does not occur.

Filtration does not occur but reabsorption occurs.

The concentration stability of the substance (Z) in the renal artery and glomerular filtrate indicates that filtration is occurring. The fact that the concentration of substance (Z) remains stable in the renal tubules suggests that reabsorption is not occurring. Therefore, the correct answer is that filtration occurs but reabsorption does not occur.

Explanation

The concentration stability of the substance (Z) in the renal artery and glomerular filtrate indicates that filtration is occurring. The fact that the concentration of substance (Z) remains stable in the renal tubules suggests that reabsorption is not occurring. Therefore, the correct answer is that filtration occurs but reabsorption does not occur.

111. In a healthy person, Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop are common in.....

The same excretory processes.

The same location in the kidney.

The same amount of glucose.

The presence of urea in each of them.

Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop are both structures found in the kidney. They are part of the nephron, which is responsible for the filtration and excretion of waste products from the blood. Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus in Bowman's capsule and then reabsorbed and concentrated in the Henle's loop. Therefore, the presence of urea is common in both Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop in a healthy person.

Explanation

Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop are both structures found in the kidney. They are part of the nephron, which is responsible for the filtration and excretion of waste products from the blood. Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus in Bowman's capsule and then reabsorbed and concentrated in the Henle's loop. Therefore, the presence of urea is common in both Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop in a healthy person.

112. The glomerular filtrate differs from blood plasma in that the glomerular filtrate .......

Is free of large proteins and blood cells.

Contains higher amount of glucose.

Contains higher amount of water.

Is free of mineral salts.

The glomerular filtrate is formed in the kidneys through the process of filtration. During this process, substances such as water, glucose, and mineral salts are filtered out of the blood and into the glomerular filtrate. However, large proteins and blood cells are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and therefore are not present in the glomerular filtrate. Therefore, the correct answer is that the glomerular filtrate is free of large proteins and blood cells.

Explanation

The glomerular filtrate is formed in the kidneys through the process of filtration. During this process, substances such as water, glucose, and mineral salts are filtered out of the blood and into the glomerular filtrate. However, large proteins and blood cells are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and therefore are not present in the glomerular filtrate. Therefore, the correct answer is that the glomerular filtrate is free of large proteins and blood cells.

113. Numerous ……… merge into the renal pelvis.

Proximal convoluted tubules

Distal convoluted tubules

Loops of Henle

Collecting ducts

The collecting ducts merge into the renal pelvis. The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes from the urine, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. They receive urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine before it is passed into the ureter.

Explanation

The collecting ducts merge into the renal pelvis. The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes from the urine, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. They receive urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine before it is passed into the ureter.

114. Decreased urine volumes are found in…..

Acute nephritis

Vomiting

Diarrhea

All of the above

Decreased urine volumes can be found in all of the conditions mentioned: acute nephritis, vomiting, and diarrhea. Acute nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys that can lead to reduced urine production. Vomiting can cause dehydration and a decrease in urine output. Diarrhea can also result in dehydration and a decrease in urine volume. Therefore, all of these conditions can cause a decrease in urine volumes.

Explanation

Decreased urine volumes can be found in all of the conditions mentioned: acute nephritis, vomiting, and diarrhea. Acute nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys that can lead to reduced urine production. Vomiting can cause dehydration and a decrease in urine output. Diarrhea can also result in dehydration and a decrease in urine volume. Therefore, all of these conditions can cause a decrease in urine volumes.

115. Which of the following pours urea directly to the blood?

Hepatic vein

Liver

Hepatic portal vein

Renal vein

The liver is responsible for many metabolic functions, including the synthesis and breakdown of urea. Urea is produced in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion. The liver does not directly pour urea into the blood, but it is involved in its production and subsequent transport to the kidneys.

Explanation

The liver is responsible for many metabolic functions, including the synthesis and breakdown of urea. Urea is produced in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion. The liver does not directly pour urea into the blood, but it is involved in its production and subsequent transport to the kidneys.

116. The figure below represents the functional unit of the kidney. What are structures (1), (2), (3) and 4 respectively?

Bowman’s capsule / nephron / renal vein / loop of Henley

Bowman’s capsule / glomerulus / renal artery / renal tubules

Blood capillaries / Bowman’s capsule / aorta / renal tubules

Blood capillaries / Bowman’s capsule / renal artery / loop of Henley

The figure represents the functional unit of the kidney, which is the nephron. Structure (1) is the Bowman's capsule, structure (2) is the glomerulus (a network of blood capillaries), structure (3) is the renal artery, and structure (4) is the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is "Blood capillaries / Bowman's capsule / renal artery / loop of Henley."

Explanation

The figure represents the functional unit of the kidney, which is the nephron. Structure (1) is the Bowman's capsule, structure (2) is the glomerulus (a network of blood capillaries), structure (3) is the renal artery, and structure (4) is the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is "Blood capillaries / Bowman's capsule / renal artery / loop of Henley."

117. …….. is considered as the biggest gland in the body that plays an important role in digestion, excretion and metabolism.

Heart

Kidney

Liver

Spleen

The liver is considered as the biggest gland in the body that plays an important role in digestion, excretion, and metabolism. It produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver also filters toxins and waste products from the blood, detoxifies harmful substances, and metabolizes drugs and alcohol. Additionally, it stores vitamins and minerals, produces blood-clotting proteins, and regulates blood sugar levels. Overall, the liver is a vital organ that performs multiple functions essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

Explanation

The liver is considered as the biggest gland in the body that plays an important role in digestion, excretion, and metabolism. It produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver also filters toxins and waste products from the blood, detoxifies harmful substances, and metabolizes drugs and alcohol. Additionally, it stores vitamins and minerals, produces blood-clotting proteins, and regulates blood sugar levels. Overall, the liver is a vital organ that performs multiple functions essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

118. The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, is examined by the kidneys every …… minute(s).

1

2

3

4

The kidneys examine the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute every 4 minutes.

Explanation

The kidneys examine the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute every 4 minutes.

119. Select the correct matching of the following concentrations of Urea in group (A) with its proper structure in group (B). Group (A): 2000 mg/100 ml fluid – 30 mg/ 100ml – 20 mg/100ml – 30 mg/100ml Group (B): Renal artery (RA) – Glomerular filtrate (GF) – Urine – Renal vein (RV)

RA 2000 / GF 30 / Urine 20 / RV 30

RA 30 / GF 20 / Urine 2000 / RV 30

RA 30 / GF 30 / Urine 2000 / RV 20

RA 20 / GF2000 / Urine 30 / RV 30

The correct matching of concentrations of Urea in group (A) with its proper structure in group (B) is RA 30 / GF 30 / Urine 2000 / RV 20. This means that the concentration of Urea in the renal artery (RA) is 30 mg/100ml, in the glomerular filtrate (GF) is 30 mg/100ml, in the urine is 2000 mg/100ml, and in the renal vein (RV) is 20 mg/100ml.

Explanation

The correct matching of concentrations of Urea in group (A) with its proper structure in group (B) is RA 30 / GF 30 / Urine 2000 / RV 20. This means that the concentration of Urea in the renal artery (RA) is 30 mg/100ml, in the glomerular filtrate (GF) is 30 mg/100ml, in the urine is 2000 mg/100ml, and in the renal vein (RV) is 20 mg/100ml.

120. Select the correct matching of the following concentrations of Proteins in group (A) with its proper structure in group (B). Group (A): Zero mg/100 ml fluid – Zero mg/ 100ml – 740 mg/100ml – 740 mg/100ml Group (B): Renal artery (RA) – Glomerular filtrate (GF) – Urine – Renal vein (RV)

RA 740 / GF 740 / Urine Zero / RV Zero

RA Zero / GF Zero / Urine 740 / RV 740

RA 740 / GF Zero / Urine 740 / RV Zero

RA 740 / GF Zero / Urine Zero / RV 740

The correct answer is RA 740 / GF Zero / Urine Zero / RV 740. This is because the concentration of proteins is highest in the renal artery (RA) and renal vein (RV), which are the blood vessels that supply and drain the kidney. The glomerular filtrate (GF), which is the fluid that is filtered out of the blood in the kidney, does not contain any proteins. The urine, which is the final product that is excreted from the body, also does not contain any proteins. Therefore, the concentration of proteins is zero in both the glomerular filtrate and the urine.

Explanation

The correct answer is RA 740 / GF Zero / Urine Zero / RV 740. This is because the concentration of proteins is highest in the renal artery (RA) and renal vein (RV), which are the blood vessels that supply and drain the kidney. The glomerular filtrate (GF), which is the fluid that is filtered out of the blood in the kidney, does not contain any proteins. The urine, which is the final product that is excreted from the body, also does not contain any proteins. Therefore, the concentration of proteins is zero in both the glomerular filtrate and the urine.

121. If you know that the kidneys remove excess H⁺ ions from the body and excrete them in the urine and reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3^- ions from the urine back to the blood. By this process, the kidneys help in all of the following except .....

Making the urine more acidic.

Maintaining blood pH within normal limits.

Regulating the osmotic pressure of blood.

Making the blood less acidic.

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body. They remove excess H+ ions from the body, which helps in making the blood less acidic and maintaining blood pH within normal limits. Additionally, they reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the urine back into the blood, which also helps in reducing blood acidity. However, regulating the osmotic pressure of blood is not directly related to the kidneys' role in acid-base balance. Therefore, the correct answer is regulating the osmotic pressure of blood.

Explanation

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body. They remove excess H+ ions from the body, which helps in making the blood less acidic and maintaining blood pH within normal limits. Additionally, they reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the urine back into the blood, which also helps in reducing blood acidity. However, regulating the osmotic pressure of blood is not directly related to the kidneys' role in acid-base balance. Therefore, the correct answer is regulating the osmotic pressure of blood.

122. Each kidney contains about ……… uriniferous tubules.(The uriniferous tubule is the first coiled tubule together with the loop of Henle and the second coiled tubule)

10,000

5,000

500,000

1000,000

Each kidney contains about 1,000,000 uriniferous tubules. The uriniferous tubules consist of the first coiled tubule, the loop of Henle, and the second coiled tubule. These tubules are responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes that occur in the kidneys, allowing for the formation of urine. The large number of tubules in each kidney highlights the efficiency and capacity of the kidneys to filter and process waste products from the blood.

Explanation

Each kidney contains about 1,000,000 uriniferous tubules. The uriniferous tubules consist of the first coiled tubule, the loop of Henle, and the second coiled tubule. These tubules are responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes that occur in the kidneys, allowing for the formation of urine. The large number of tubules in each kidney highlights the efficiency and capacity of the kidneys to filter and process waste products from the blood.

123. Of the total blood volume, ……. Liters of plasma are examined by the kidney hundreds of times per day.

2

4.5

3

5.6

The correct answer is 3 because the kidney examines approximately 3 liters of plasma per day.

Explanation

The correct answer is 3 because the kidney examines approximately 3 liters of plasma per day.

124. In amoeba excretion takes place through the process of.......

Diffusion

Imbibition

Active transport

None of the above

Amoeba is a unicellular organism that lacks specialized excretory organs. Instead, it excretes waste products through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In amoeba, waste materials such as carbon dioxide and ammonia diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding environment. This process allows for the removal of metabolic waste products and helps maintain the balance of solutes within the cell. Therefore, diffusion is the correct process of excretion in amoeba.

Explanation

Amoeba is a unicellular organism that lacks specialized excretory organs. Instead, it excretes waste products through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In amoeba, waste materials such as carbon dioxide and ammonia diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding environment. This process allows for the removal of metabolic waste products and helps maintain the balance of solutes within the cell. Therefore, diffusion is the correct process of excretion in amoeba.

125. Concentrated urine results when ….

The fluid intake is low.

The liquid intake far exceeds the losses.

The tubular fluid reabsorption is low.

The kidneys release too much water into the urine.

When the fluid intake is low, the body tries to conserve water by producing concentrated urine. This is because the kidneys reabsorb more water from the tubular fluid, resulting in less water being excreted in the urine. As a result, the urine becomes more concentrated with waste products and less diluted with water.

Explanation

When the fluid intake is low, the body tries to conserve water by producing concentrated urine. This is because the kidneys reabsorb more water from the tubular fluid, resulting in less water being excreted in the urine. As a result, the urine becomes more concentrated with waste products and less diluted with water.

126. Bowman's capsule and Convoluted tubules always lie within the ___

Renal pelvis

Renal medulla

Renal cortex

Cortex and medulla

Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubules always lie within the renal cortex. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, which contains the glomeruli (where filtration occurs) and the convoluted tubules (where reabsorption and secretion occur). The renal pelvis is the innermost part of the kidney, where urine collects before it is transported to the bladder. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney, which contains the renal pyramids and the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is renal cortex.

Explanation

Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubules always lie within the renal cortex. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, which contains the glomeruli (where filtration occurs) and the convoluted tubules (where reabsorption and secretion occur). The renal pelvis is the innermost part of the kidney, where urine collects before it is transported to the bladder. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney, which contains the renal pyramids and the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is renal cortex.

127. One of the following materials leaves the body through a plasma membrane …..

Fibers

Cellulose

Urea

Nitrogen

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine. The plasma membrane of the kidney cells allows urea to pass through and be eliminated from the body. Fibers, cellulose, and nitrogen are not waste products and do not leave the body through the plasma membrane.

Explanation

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine. The plasma membrane of the kidney cells allows urea to pass through and be eliminated from the body. Fibers, cellulose, and nitrogen are not waste products and do not leave the body through the plasma membrane.

128. Which of the following structures contains the highest concentration of mineral salts?

B

A

D

C

Structure A contains the highest concentration of mineral salts.

Explanation

Structure A contains the highest concentration of mineral salts.

129. How is kidney function related to blood pressure? All answers are correct except …….

High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys.

High blood pressure is a measure cause of kidney failure.

High blood pressure causes the nephrons to receive excess supply of oxygen and this can lead to oxygen toxicity.

While high blood pressure can indeed damage blood vessels in the kidneys and cause kidney failure, the statement that high blood pressure causes the nephrons to receive an excess supply of oxygen and can lead to oxygen toxicity is incorrect. High blood pressure does not affect the oxygen supply to the nephrons. Therefore, this statement is not related to the kidney function and blood pressure.

Explanation

While high blood pressure can indeed damage blood vessels in the kidneys and cause kidney failure, the statement that high blood pressure causes the nephrons to receive an excess supply of oxygen and can lead to oxygen toxicity is incorrect. High blood pressure does not affect the oxygen supply to the nephrons. Therefore, this statement is not related to the kidney function and blood pressure.

130. If the ratio of glucose in the renal artery is much more than its ratio in the renal vein, then there is a disturbance in the process that occurs in the ....

Bowman's capsule

Collecting ducts

Renal tubules

Rectum

If the ratio of glucose in the renal artery is much more than its ratio in the renal vein, it suggests that there is a disturbance in the process that occurs in the renal tubules. The renal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. If there is a higher concentration of glucose in the renal artery compared to the renal vein, it indicates that the renal tubules are not effectively reabsorbing glucose, leading to an imbalance in the glucose levels.

Explanation

If the ratio of glucose in the renal artery is much more than its ratio in the renal vein, it suggests that there is a disturbance in the process that occurs in the renal tubules. The renal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. If there is a higher concentration of glucose in the renal artery compared to the renal vein, it indicates that the renal tubules are not effectively reabsorbing glucose, leading to an imbalance in the glucose levels.

131. Nails are characterized by all of the following except …..

They are actually modified types of skin

They are pigmented structures

They contain the tough protein, keratin

Once they emerged, the cell structure is not living.

Nails are characterized by all of the following except being pigmented structures. Nails are actually modified types of skin, they contain the tough protein keratin, and once they emerge, the cell structure is not living. However, nails do not have pigmentation, which is why they appear colorless or translucent.

Explanation

Nails are characterized by all of the following except being pigmented structures. Nails are actually modified types of skin, they contain the tough protein keratin, and once they emerge, the cell structure is not living. However, nails do not have pigmentation, which is why they appear colorless or translucent.

132. For a renal failure patient, the blood moves from the ……. to the artificial kidney.

Heart

Vein

Blood capillaries

Artery

In a renal failure patient, the blood moves from the artery to the artificial kidney. This is because arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the various organs and tissues in the body. In the case of a renal failure patient, the blood needs to be filtered and purified by the artificial kidney, so it is necessary for the blood to be transported from the artery to the artificial kidney for this process to occur.

Explanation

In a renal failure patient, the blood moves from the artery to the artificial kidney. This is because arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the various organs and tissues in the body. In the case of a renal failure patient, the blood needs to be filtered and purified by the artificial kidney, so it is necessary for the blood to be transported from the artery to the artificial kidney for this process to occur.

133. Disappearance of blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubules will lead to …..

Absence of filtration process

Blood will not return to arteries

Absorption of minerals only

No correct answer

The disappearance of blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubules will not lead to any of the given options. The filtration process in the kidneys occurs in the glomerulus, not in the capillaries surrounding the tubules. The blood returning to the arteries is not dependent on the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Absorption of minerals occurs in the renal tubules, but it is not the only function of the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Therefore, none of the given options accurately describe the effect of the disappearance of these capillaries.

Explanation

The disappearance of blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubules will not lead to any of the given options. The filtration process in the kidneys occurs in the glomerulus, not in the capillaries surrounding the tubules. The blood returning to the arteries is not dependent on the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Absorption of minerals occurs in the renal tubules, but it is not the only function of the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Therefore, none of the given options accurately describe the effect of the disappearance of these capillaries.

134. Which is correct about the glomerular filtrate?

Glomerular filtrate is isotonic with respect to blood plasma.

Glomerular filtrate is hypotonic with respect to blood plasma.

Glomerular filtrate is hypertonic with respect to blood plasma.

Concentration of albumin in the glomerular filtrate is higher than in blood plasma.

The glomerular filtrate is isotonic with respect to blood plasma, meaning that it has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. This is important for maintaining the balance of ions and other substances in the body. If the glomerular filtrate were hypotonic, it would have a lower concentration of solutes than blood plasma, and if it were hypertonic, it would have a higher concentration. The concentration of albumin, a protein, is actually higher in blood plasma than in the glomerular filtrate.

Explanation

The glomerular filtrate is isotonic with respect to blood plasma, meaning that it has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. This is important for maintaining the balance of ions and other substances in the body. If the glomerular filtrate were hypotonic, it would have a lower concentration of solutes than blood plasma, and if it were hypertonic, it would have a higher concentration. The concentration of albumin, a protein, is actually higher in blood plasma than in the glomerular filtrate.

135. One of the following conditions is not going to happen on putting your hand in a plastic bag tied around the wrist …….

The temperature of the bag increases

Sweat glands extract more sweat from the surrounding blood capillaries

Sebaceous glands become more active

The sweat remains on the surface of the skin without evaporation

When you put your hand in a plastic bag tied around the wrist, the conditions inside the bag would not cause the sebaceous glands to become more active. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which is an oily substance that helps lubricate and protect the skin. The conditions inside the bag, such as increased temperature and lack of evaporation, may cause sweat glands to extract more sweat from the surrounding blood capillaries and sweat to remain on the surface of the skin without evaporation. However, these conditions would not directly affect the activity of the sebaceous glands.

Explanation

When you put your hand in a plastic bag tied around the wrist, the conditions inside the bag would not cause the sebaceous glands to become more active. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which is an oily substance that helps lubricate and protect the skin. The conditions inside the bag, such as increased temperature and lack of evaporation, may cause sweat glands to extract more sweat from the surrounding blood capillaries and sweat to remain on the surface of the skin without evaporation. However, these conditions would not directly affect the activity of the sebaceous glands.

136. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. These arterioles carry oxygenated blood.

The first statement is true and the second is false

The second statement is true and the first is false

The two statements are true

The two statements are false

The first statement is true because the efferent arterioles do form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. The second statement is also true because the efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood.

Explanation

The first statement is true because the efferent arterioles do form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. The second statement is also true because the efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood.

137. What would increase the glomerular filtration rate?

Constriction in the afferent arterioles going into the glomerulus

Dilation of the efferent arterioles coming out of the glomerulus

Dilation of the afferent arterioles

Chronic kidney disease

Dilation of the afferent arterioles would increase the glomerular filtration rate. Afferent arterioles are responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus, where filtration occurs. When these arterioles dilate, it allows more blood to flow into the glomerulus, increasing the pressure and filtration rate. This can result in a higher volume of filtrate being produced by the kidneys. Conversely, constriction in the afferent arterioles or dilation of the efferent arterioles would decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease, on the other hand, is a condition that impairs kidney function and can lead to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

Explanation

Dilation of the afferent arterioles would increase the glomerular filtration rate. Afferent arterioles are responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus, where filtration occurs. When these arterioles dilate, it allows more blood to flow into the glomerulus, increasing the pressure and filtration rate. This can result in a higher volume of filtrate being produced by the kidneys. Conversely, constriction in the afferent arterioles or dilation of the efferent arterioles would decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease, on the other hand, is a condition that impairs kidney function and can lead to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

138. What is the direct effect that takes place if you are sweating profusely after vigorous physical activity and then sit under a fan?

The temperature of the skin falls down

The body keeps twitching

Rate of evaporation of sweat increases

Skin blood vessels dilate

When we sweat profusely after vigorous physical activity, our body produces sweat to cool down. When we sit under a fan, the air movement increases the rate of evaporation of sweat from our skin. This increased evaporation helps to dissipate the heat from our body more efficiently, leading to a decrease in body temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is that the rate of evaporation of sweat increases.

Explanation

When we sweat profusely after vigorous physical activity, our body produces sweat to cool down. When we sit under a fan, the air movement increases the rate of evaporation of sweat from our skin. This increased evaporation helps to dissipate the heat from our body more efficiently, leading to a decrease in body temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is that the rate of evaporation of sweat increases.

139. The amount of urine output per day by a normal human being is ......

4 - 5 liters

3 - 4 liters

1 - 2 liters

0.5 - 0.75 liters

A normal human being typically produces 1 - 2 liters of urine per day. This is considered to be within the normal range of urine output for a healthy individual.

Explanation

A normal human being typically produces 1 - 2 liters of urine per day. This is considered to be within the normal range of urine output for a healthy individual.

140. If sebaceous glands fail to work, one of the following will not happen …...⃝

Skin becomes dry.

Hair becomes brittle.

Chance of microbial infection.

Capillary and vascular fragility.

If the sebaceous glands fail to work, it will not lead to capillary and vascular fragility. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which helps to moisturize the skin and hair. Without the production of sebum, the skin may become dry and the hair may become brittle. However, capillary and vascular fragility are not directly affected by the functioning of the sebaceous glands.

Explanation

If the sebaceous glands fail to work, it will not lead to capillary and vascular fragility. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which helps to moisturize the skin and hair. Without the production of sebum, the skin may become dry and the hair may become brittle. However, capillary and vascular fragility are not directly affected by the functioning of the sebaceous glands.

141. Since there is no excretion of fat in sweat or urine, therefore fat is excreted with……

Saliva

Tears

Expiration

No correct answer

Fat is not excreted in sweat or urine, so it must be excreted through another means. Since fat is a component of the body's energy storage system, it is broken down and released as carbon dioxide during the process of expiration, or breathing out. This is why expiration is the correct answer.

Explanation

Fat is not excreted in sweat or urine, so it must be excreted through another means. Since fat is a component of the body's energy storage system, it is broken down and released as carbon dioxide during the process of expiration, or breathing out. This is why expiration is the correct answer.

142. All of the following have a diuretic effect except ....... has an anti-diuretic effect.

Hibiscus

Green tea

Chamomile

Parsley

Chamomile is the only option that does not have a diuretic effect. Diuretics are substances that increase urine production and promote the excretion of water and electrolytes from the body. Hibiscus, green tea, and parsley all have diuretic effects, meaning they can increase urine production. However, chamomile has an anti-diuretic effect, meaning it helps to reduce urine production and retain water in the body.

Explanation

Chamomile is the only option that does not have a diuretic effect. Diuretics are substances that increase urine production and promote the excretion of water and electrolytes from the body. Hibiscus, green tea, and parsley all have diuretic effects, meaning they can increase urine production. However, chamomile has an anti-diuretic effect, meaning it helps to reduce urine production and retain water in the body.

143. In the diagram below, the renal cortex extends into the medulla forming the structures (A) which represent ….

Renal pyramids

Renal columns of Bertini

Renal corpuscles

Loops of Henle

The correct answer is Renal columns of Bertini. In the diagram, the structures (A) that are formed by the extension of the renal cortex into the medulla are the renal columns of Bertini. These columns are composed of connective tissue and they separate the renal pyramids. The renal pyramids and renal corpuscles are not formed by the extension of the renal cortex, and the loops of Henle are part of the nephrons located within the renal pyramids. Therefore, the most accurate answer is Renal columns of Bertini.

Explanation

The correct answer is Renal columns of Bertini. In the diagram, the structures (A) that are formed by the extension of the renal cortex into the medulla are the renal columns of Bertini. These columns are composed of connective tissue and they separate the renal pyramids. The renal pyramids and renal corpuscles are not formed by the extension of the renal cortex, and the loops of Henle are part of the nephrons located within the renal pyramids. Therefore, the most accurate answer is Renal columns of Bertini.

144. Which of the following correctly describes the correlation between the rate of respiration and carbon dioxide concentration?

The more cells respire, the lower the CO2 concentration in the blood.

The more cells respire, the higher the CO2 concentration in the blood.

There is no correlation between the rate of respiration and the CO2 concentration in the blood.

CO2 concentration in blood becomes zero when the cells respire vigorously.

The correct answer is "The more cells respire, the higher the CO2 concentration in the blood." This is because during respiration, cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. As more cells respire, there is an increase in the production of carbon dioxide, leading to a higher concentration of CO2 in the blood.

Explanation

The correct answer is "The more cells respire, the higher the CO2 concentration in the blood." This is because during respiration, cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. As more cells respire, there is an increase in the production of carbon dioxide, leading to a higher concentration of CO2 in the blood.

145. On examining a urine sample for a person, it is noticed an increase in the albumin percentage. What does this mean?

Disturbance in the function of Bowman’ capsule

Shortening of nephron’s tubules

Increase in the efficiency of Bowman’s capsule

Disturbance in the function of renal tubules

An increase in the albumin percentage in a urine sample indicates a disturbance in the function of Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is responsible for filtering waste products, including albumin, from the blood into the urine. If there is a disturbance in its function, it may allow albumin to pass through into the urine, leading to an increase in the albumin percentage. This can be indicative of kidney damage or disease.

Explanation

An increase in the albumin percentage in a urine sample indicates a disturbance in the function of Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is responsible for filtering waste products, including albumin, from the blood into the urine. If there is a disturbance in its function, it may allow albumin to pass through into the urine, leading to an increase in the albumin percentage. This can be indicative of kidney damage or disease.

146. The excretory system regulates the blood volume by …….

Making blood cells

Breaking down food

Eliminating excess water

Filtering blood

The excretory system regulates the blood volume by eliminating excess water. This is because the excretory system, specifically the kidneys, filter the blood and remove waste products, including excess water, through the formation of urine. By eliminating excess water, the excretory system helps maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body, which in turn regulates the blood volume.

Explanation

The excretory system regulates the blood volume by eliminating excess water. This is because the excretory system, specifically the kidneys, filter the blood and remove waste products, including excess water, through the formation of urine. By eliminating excess water, the excretory system helps maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body, which in turn regulates the blood volume.

147. Ammonia is generally excreted through which of the following organs?

Gills

Kidneys

Lungs

Skin

Ammonia is generally excreted through gills in aquatic organisms. Gills are specialized organs that allow for the exchange of gases and waste products between the organism and its environment. In aquatic environments, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and needs to be eliminated to maintain proper physiological balance. Gills have a large surface area and are rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient removal of ammonia from the body and its release into the surrounding water.

Explanation

Ammonia is generally excreted through gills in aquatic organisms. Gills are specialized organs that allow for the exchange of gases and waste products between the organism and its environment. In aquatic environments, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and needs to be eliminated to maintain proper physiological balance. Gills have a large surface area and are rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient removal of ammonia from the body and its release into the surrounding water.

148. After protein digestion, the product is transported from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the liver. The excess of it is metabolized and detoxified to .

An amino group

Urea

Ammonia

Uric acid

After protein digestion, the amino acids are transported from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the liver. In the liver, the excess amino acids are metabolized and detoxified. The amino group is removed from the amino acids and converted into ammonia. However, ammonia is toxic to the body, so it is further converted into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely transported to the kidneys for excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is urea.

Explanation

After protein digestion, the amino acids are transported from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the liver. In the liver, the excess amino acids are metabolized and detoxified. The amino group is removed from the amino acids and converted into ammonia. However, ammonia is toxic to the body, so it is further converted into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely transported to the kidneys for excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is urea.

149. Where does the body get rid of vitamin C that was absorbed from the small intestine?

The stool

Exhaled air

Bile juice

The urine

Vitamin C that is absorbed from the small intestine is primarily excreted from the body through the urine. The kidneys filter out excess vitamin C from the bloodstream and eliminate it through urine. This is why consuming excessive amounts of vitamin C can result in the urine appearing more yellow or orange in color. The other options - stool, exhaled air, and bile juice - are not the primary routes for excreting vitamin C from the body.

Explanation

Vitamin C that is absorbed from the small intestine is primarily excreted from the body through the urine. The kidneys filter out excess vitamin C from the bloodstream and eliminate it through urine. This is why consuming excessive amounts of vitamin C can result in the urine appearing more yellow or orange in color. The other options - stool, exhaled air, and bile juice - are not the primary routes for excreting vitamin C from the body.

150. Water soluble vitamins are excretes from the body through ……….

Sweat

Feces

Urine

All

Water soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, are excreted from the body through urine. These vitamins are not stored in the body and any excess amounts are typically filtered out by the kidneys and eliminated through urine. Sweat and feces can also contain small amounts of water soluble vitamins, but the primary route of excretion is through urine.

Explanation

Water soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, are excreted from the body through urine. These vitamins are not stored in the body and any excess amounts are typically filtered out by the kidneys and eliminated through urine. Sweat and feces can also contain small amounts of water soluble vitamins, but the primary route of excretion is through urine.

151. During food digestion, some gases are released as waste products. Which of the following is the excretory organ responsible for getting rid of these wastes?

Mouth

Sweat

Anus

None of the answers is correct.

The correct answer is "None of the answers is correct" because none of the organs listed (mouth, sweat, anus) are responsible for getting rid of gases released during food digestion. The correct excretory organ responsible for getting rid of these wastes is the lungs.

Explanation

The correct answer is "None of the answers is correct" because none of the organs listed (mouth, sweat, anus) are responsible for getting rid of gases released during food digestion. The correct excretory organ responsible for getting rid of these wastes is the lungs.

152. The blood capillaries bring ....... and excess water to the kidney.

Toxins

Wastes

Undigested food

All of the above

The blood capillaries bring wastes to the kidney. This is because the kidney is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them as urine. The blood capillaries carry the waste-filled blood to the kidney, where the waste products are removed and eliminated from the body.

Explanation

The blood capillaries bring wastes to the kidney. This is because the kidney is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them as urine. The blood capillaries carry the waste-filled blood to the kidney, where the waste products are removed and eliminated from the body.

153. Among the following excretory substances, which is the least toxic form?

Urea

Uric acid

Ammonia

Carbon dioxide

Uric acid is the least toxic form among the given excretory substances. This is because it is relatively insoluble in water and can be easily eliminated from the body in the form of a paste or solid waste. In contrast, ammonia is highly toxic and requires a lot of water for dilution, while urea and carbon dioxide are less toxic than ammonia but still require more water for elimination compared to uric acid. Therefore, uric acid is the least toxic and requires the least amount of water for excretion.

Explanation

Uric acid is the least toxic form among the given excretory substances. This is because it is relatively insoluble in water and can be easily eliminated from the body in the form of a paste or solid waste. In contrast, ammonia is highly toxic and requires a lot of water for dilution, while urea and carbon dioxide are less toxic than ammonia but still require more water for elimination compared to uric acid. Therefore, uric acid is the least toxic and requires the least amount of water for excretion.

154. The following graph illustrates the concentration of urea in the blood of a person over 17 days, if you know that the normal concentration of urea in blood does not exceed 50 milligram /cm³.The dropping of the curve over 17 days indicates ........

The efficiency of the kidneys in the regulation of urea percentage in blood.

The performing of dialysis.

The efficiency of the liver in separating the amino group (NH2).

No eating meals rich in proteins.

The dropping of the curve over 17 days indicates the performing of dialysis. Dialysis is a medical procedure that helps to remove waste products, including urea, from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. The graph shows a decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood over time, suggesting that dialysis is being performed to remove the excess urea and maintain a normal concentration.

Explanation

The dropping of the curve over 17 days indicates the performing of dialysis. Dialysis is a medical procedure that helps to remove waste products, including urea, from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. The graph shows a decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood over time, suggesting that dialysis is being performed to remove the excess urea and maintain a normal concentration.

155. What Happens to Your Body When You Don't Drink Enough Water?

Osmotic pressure of blood plasma increases

Filtration of blood plasma stops

Increase in the amount of urine produced

Body temperature decreases

When you don't drink enough water, the osmotic pressure of your blood plasma increases. Osmotic pressure refers to the force that water exerts on the walls of cells. When there is not enough water in the body, the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma increases, causing water to move out of the cells and into the bloodstream to try to balance the concentration. This can lead to dehydration and various health issues.

Explanation

When you don't drink enough water, the osmotic pressure of your blood plasma increases. Osmotic pressure refers to the force that water exerts on the walls of cells. When there is not enough water in the body, the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma increases, causing water to move out of the cells and into the bloodstream to try to balance the concentration. This can lead to dehydration and various health issues.

156. Which of the following is an example of excretion in mammals?

The release of hormones from glands

The release of saliva into the mouth cavity

The removal of undigested food through the anus

The removal of urea by the kidneys

The removal of urea by the kidneys is an example of excretion in mammals because urea is a waste product produced by the liver as a result of protein metabolism. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and excrete it in the form of urine, helping to maintain the balance of waste products in the body. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the buildup of toxic substances in the bloodstream.

Explanation

The removal of urea by the kidneys is an example of excretion in mammals because urea is a waste product produced by the liver as a result of protein metabolism. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and excrete it in the form of urine, helping to maintain the balance of waste products in the body. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the buildup of toxic substances in the bloodstream.

157. What does your body do with excess fat soluble vitamins?

Accumulate in adipose tissue for future use

Excreted through kidneys with urine

Eliminated with feces

Excreted through skin with sweat

Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body's adipose tissue for future use. Unlike water soluble vitamins, which are excreted through urine, fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body for longer periods of time. This allows the body to have a reserve of these vitamins in case there is a deficiency in the diet. The adipose tissue acts as a storage site for these vitamins, releasing them as needed by the body.

Explanation

Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body's adipose tissue for future use. Unlike water soluble vitamins, which are excreted through urine, fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body for longer periods of time. This allows the body to have a reserve of these vitamins in case there is a deficiency in the diet. The adipose tissue acts as a storage site for these vitamins, releasing them as needed by the body.

158. Which of the following compounds can most likely reflect the disturbance of liver function if its level is increased in the blood?

Glucose

Ammonia

Urea

Nitrogen

Ammonia is the correct answer because an increase in its level in the blood can reflect a disturbance in liver function. The liver normally converts toxic ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. If the liver is not functioning properly, it may not be able to convert ammonia into urea, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood. This can cause symptoms such as confusion, fatigue, and even coma in severe cases.

Explanation

Ammonia is the correct answer because an increase in its level in the blood can reflect a disturbance in liver function. The liver normally converts toxic ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. If the liver is not functioning properly, it may not be able to convert ammonia into urea, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood. This can cause symptoms such as confusion, fatigue, and even coma in severe cases.

159. The following graph represents the rate of elimination of nitrogenous wastes in blood vessels for a certain person. What is the health status of this person?

One of the two kidneys stops working

The liver stops working

The person’s blood is connected to a hemodialysis machine

The kidneys work properly

The rate of elimination of nitrogenous wastes in the blood vessels is represented by the graph. Since the graph shows a flat line, it suggests that there is no elimination of nitrogenous wastes occurring. This indicates that the person's kidneys are not functioning properly. In order to compensate for the kidney's inability to eliminate waste, the person's blood is connected to a hemodialysis machine, which performs the function of filtering and cleaning the blood. Therefore, the person's health status is reliant on the hemodialysis machine.

Explanation

The rate of elimination of nitrogenous wastes in the blood vessels is represented by the graph. Since the graph shows a flat line, it suggests that there is no elimination of nitrogenous wastes occurring. This indicates that the person's kidneys are not functioning properly. In order to compensate for the kidney's inability to eliminate waste, the person's blood is connected to a hemodialysis machine, which performs the function of filtering and cleaning the blood. Therefore, the person's health status is reliant on the hemodialysis machine.

160. Ammonia is formed by the kidney from .....

Guanine

Glutamine

Adenine

Cytosine

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

161. Which of the following nutrients if they are eaten by a kidney failure patient decreases his need for artificial kidney treatment?

Grains and Leguminous

Milk products

Fruits and Vegetables

Red meet and Chickens

Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which can help improve kidney function and reduce the need for artificial kidney treatment. They are also low in sodium and high in water content, which can help maintain proper hydration and prevent fluid overload in kidney failure patients. Additionally, fruits and vegetables are a good source of dietary fiber, which can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve overall digestive health. Therefore, including fruits and vegetables in the diet of a kidney failure patient can have a positive impact on their kidney function and reduce the need for artificial kidney treatment.

Explanation

Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which can help improve kidney function and reduce the need for artificial kidney treatment. They are also low in sodium and high in water content, which can help maintain proper hydration and prevent fluid overload in kidney failure patients. Additionally, fruits and vegetables are a good source of dietary fiber, which can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve overall digestive health. Therefore, including fruits and vegetables in the diet of a kidney failure patient can have a positive impact on their kidney function and reduce the need for artificial kidney treatment.

162. All of the following is not usually found in the urine of a healthy person except ------------- .

Albumin

Glucose

White blood cells

Sodium

Sodium is not usually found in the urine of a healthy person because it is reabsorbed by the kidneys to maintain electrolyte balance in the body. Albumin, glucose, and white blood cells can sometimes be found in the urine of a healthy person, but their presence may indicate an underlying health condition.

Explanation

Sodium is not usually found in the urine of a healthy person because it is reabsorbed by the kidneys to maintain electrolyte balance in the body. Albumin, glucose, and white blood cells can sometimes be found in the urine of a healthy person, but their presence may indicate an underlying health condition.

163. Which of the following exist in the kidney in a number less than the number of Bowman's capsules?

Glomeruli

Loops of Henle

Nephric tubules

Collecting ducts

Collecting ducts exist in the kidney in a number less than the number of Bowman's capsules. The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and concentrating the urine. Each nephron, which includes a Bowman's capsule, has one collecting duct. Therefore, the number of collecting ducts is less than the number of Bowman's capsules present in the kidney.

Explanation

Collecting ducts exist in the kidney in a number less than the number of Bowman's capsules. The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and concentrating the urine. Each nephron, which includes a Bowman's capsule, has one collecting duct. Therefore, the number of collecting ducts is less than the number of Bowman's capsules present in the kidney.

164. After the glomerular filtrate leaves Bowman's capsule, the reabsorption process takes place in nephric tubules. What is the correct statement about the movement of ions and water in this process?

Water and urea move from the bloodstream to the nephric tubules and ions move in the opposite direction.

Water moves from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream and ions move in the same direction.

Water moves from the bloodstream to the nephric tubules and ions move in the same direction.

Water moves from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream and ions move in the opposite direction.

After the glomerular filtrate leaves Bowman's capsule, the reabsorption process occurs in the nephric tubules. In this process, water moves from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream, allowing for the reabsorption of water by the body. At the same time, ions also move in the same direction, from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream. This movement of water and ions helps to maintain the body's fluid balance and regulate the concentration of ions in the blood.

Explanation

After the glomerular filtrate leaves Bowman's capsule, the reabsorption process occurs in the nephric tubules. In this process, water moves from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream, allowing for the reabsorption of water by the body. At the same time, ions also move in the same direction, from the nephric tubules to the bloodstream. This movement of water and ions helps to maintain the body's fluid balance and regulate the concentration of ions in the blood.

165. The following graph illustrates the concentration of urea in the blood of a person over 17 days, if you know that the normal concentration of urea in blood does not exceed 50 milligram /cm³. What do you expect to happen for the curve in the 18^th day?

The concentration of urea increases again.

The concentration of urea decreases, and doesn't increase again.

The concentration of urea will be constant at 50 milligram/cm3.

The concentration of urea decreases, then increases again.

Based on the information given, the graph shows that the concentration of urea in the blood has been increasing over the 17 days. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the trend will continue and the concentration of urea will increase again on the 18th day.

Explanation

Based on the information given, the graph shows that the concentration of urea in the blood has been increasing over the 17 days. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the trend will continue and the concentration of urea will increase again on the 18th day.

166. Which of the following compounds must be found in the purified liquid of the artificial kidney device?

Carbon dioxide

Urea

Glucose

Ammonia

In the artificial kidney device, the purpose is to filter waste products from the blood. Carbon dioxide, urea, and ammonia are waste products that need to be removed, while glucose is a molecule that the body needs to retain. Therefore, glucose must be found in the purified liquid of the artificial kidney device.

Explanation

In the artificial kidney device, the purpose is to filter waste products from the blood. Carbon dioxide, urea, and ammonia are waste products that need to be removed, while glucose is a molecule that the body needs to retain. Therefore, glucose must be found in the purified liquid of the artificial kidney device.

167. Ethanol found in beer and alcoholic beverage is excreted by ......

Lungs

Lungs and kidneys

Lungs, skin and kidneys

Liver and skin

Ethanol, the main type of alcohol found in beer and alcoholic beverages, is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys. When ethanol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then carried to various organs and tissues. Some of the ethanol is metabolized by the liver, but a significant amount is eliminated from the body through exhalation from the lungs, sweating through the skin, and filtration by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is that ethanol is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys.

Explanation

Ethanol, the main type of alcohol found in beer and alcoholic beverages, is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys. When ethanol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then carried to various organs and tissues. Some of the ethanol is metabolized by the liver, but a significant amount is eliminated from the body through exhalation from the lungs, sweating through the skin, and filtration by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is that ethanol is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys.

168. Which of the following can be found in the glomerulus of a healthy person but not in the Bowman's capsule?

Sodium

Glucose

Haemoglobin

Potassium

Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In a healthy person, the glomerulus filters waste products and excess substances from the blood, but it does not filter out proteins like haemoglobin. The Bowman's capsule, on the other hand, is responsible for collecting the filtered substances from the glomerulus, and it should not contain proteins like haemoglobin. Therefore, haemoglobin can be found in the glomerulus but not in the Bowman's capsule of a healthy person.

Explanation

Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In a healthy person, the glomerulus filters waste products and excess substances from the blood, but it does not filter out proteins like haemoglobin. The Bowman's capsule, on the other hand, is responsible for collecting the filtered substances from the glomerulus, and it should not contain proteins like haemoglobin. Therefore, haemoglobin can be found in the glomerulus but not in the Bowman's capsule of a healthy person.

169. The graph below expresses the concentration of urea in a person's blood after its release in the hepatic vein during the day. Which of the following persons his health status can be represented by the graph?

A person suffers from Hepatomegaly (liver enlargement)

A person suffers from diabetes mellitus

A person suffers from stones in urinary bladder

A dialysis patient

The graph shows the concentration of urea in the blood after its release in the hepatic vein. Hepatomegaly, or liver enlargement, can affect the liver's ability to metabolize urea, leading to an increase in its concentration in the blood. This is consistent with the graph, which shows a higher concentration of urea over time. Diabetes mellitus and stones in the urinary bladder do not directly affect the liver's ability to metabolize urea. A dialysis patient would not have a graph showing the release of urea in the hepatic vein, as dialysis is a treatment that removes waste products from the blood.

Explanation

The graph shows the concentration of urea in the blood after its release in the hepatic vein. Hepatomegaly, or liver enlargement, can affect the liver's ability to metabolize urea, leading to an increase in its concentration in the blood. This is consistent with the graph, which shows a higher concentration of urea over time. Diabetes mellitus and stones in the urinary bladder do not directly affect the liver's ability to metabolize urea. A dialysis patient would not have a graph showing the release of urea in the hepatic vein, as dialysis is a treatment that removes waste products from the blood.

170. The graph below expresses amount of water lost by the body in different states. Which columns represent the body state during a short running competition?

A

B

C

D

The column D represents the body state during a short running competition because it shows the highest amount of water lost. This indicates that the body is exerting more energy and sweating more during the running competition, leading to a greater loss of water.

Explanation

The column D represents the body state during a short running competition because it shows the highest amount of water lost. This indicates that the body is exerting more energy and sweating more during the running competition, leading to a greater loss of water.

171. Which of the following graphs represents the change in concentration of the thyroid hormone in blood of a patient with kidney failure during its passage in the artificial kidney apparatus?

A

B

C

D

Graph A represents a gradual decrease in concentration of the thyroid hormone in blood over time. This is likely to occur during the passage of blood through an artificial kidney apparatus, as the apparatus is designed to filter waste products and excess substances from the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Explanation

Graph A represents a gradual decrease in concentration of the thyroid hormone in blood over time. This is likely to occur during the passage of blood through an artificial kidney apparatus, as the apparatus is designed to filter waste products and excess substances from the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Chapter 4 Quiz 1 (2nd Secondary Biology)

1. The poisonous soluble materials are transformed into non-soluble ones by the ….

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Which of the following is not a method of removing water from the body?

3. Which of the following is part of more than one organ system?

4. Which of the following structures of the skin is not confirmed to be involved in the regulation of body temperature?

5. Complete the equation to demonstrate the process of deamination: Amino acid → ---------- + organic acid.

6. Which form of the following excretory products is for the adaptation of water conservation?

7. Fennec foxes and rabbits rely on their long ears to dissipate body heat to the surrounding air. Unlike them, humans rely mainly on to cool their body temperature by.......

8. In hot weather the skin blood vessels …..

9. A gradual accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood can lower the blood's pH. Why is it important that carbon dioxide is removed from the body?

10. Why is deamination an important process in the human body?

11. Which of the following correctly differentiates between the main roles of urine and sweat in the human body?

12. The excess salts are removed from the body through the ………

13. Which of the following are the solid organs in the human body which are responsible for the production and excretion of urea?

14. Red or pink urine is due to the presence of ……

15. The artificial kidney contains a fluid which is almost the same as plasma except that it has ……

16. On examining a urine sample of a person, it is noticed an increase in the albumin percentage. What does this mean?

17. When the body temperature rises above normal, .....

18. Which of the following do not filtrate into Bowman's capsule?

19. The diagram provided shows a simplified outline of the ornithine cycle that occurs in the liver. What compound has been replaced by X?

20. Which of the following is true for a patient with liver failure?

21. Which of the following structural units of the nephron will contain the highest amount of glucose in a normal person after eating a food rich in sugars?

22. What is the structure in the kidney represented by label 1,2 & 3 respectively?

23. About 80% of kidney stones can pass out through urinary system by drinking …...

24. In Hydra and Amoeba, ammonia is the main nitrogenous waste. Lizards, snakes, birds and insects excrete mostly uric acid but crocodiles and alligators excrete mainly ammonia though they are reptiles. On the basis of this we can generalize that:-

25. What ultimately happens to the urea produced in the ornithine cycle?

26. The volume of urine was examined in a group of people during fasting in winter, during fasting in summer, and on a spring day without fasting. What should we expect to find? Note that V = volume of urine.

27. Which of the following graphs represents the amount of expelled substances from a normal person in the fifth of January?

28. Presence of large amounts of mitochondria in the tubule cells of nephrons suggests that the nephron is involved in the process of …….

29. Hemodialysis (artificial kidney) rids your body of harmful wastes. What else does hemodialysis remove?

30. Immuno-suppressant drugs are taken ______.

31. The kidneys receive about ….. % of the cardiac output daily.

32. What happens when kidneys stop filtering?

33. People with pre-existing kidney disease are not allowed to eat too much of ……..

34. An important function the liver has in the human body is to carry out the deamination of amino acids. What happens to an amino acid undergoing deamination?

35. The hollow space at the center of kidney where urine is collected after its formation is called …..

36. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. The concentrations of the two substances (X) and (Y) in each of the renal artery and the glomerular filtrate indicate that .....

37. Which of the following food substances produces urea when being digested?

38. Acne (حب الشباب)is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Hair follicles are found in the …….

39. Which of the following best explains excretion?

40. Which of the following structures help in regulating body temperature?

41. The liver excretes ……

42. Excess amino acids in mammals undergo protein catabolism in the liver, producing (X) as the main end product which is then transported to the kidney to be excreted. Which of the following blood vessels contains the lowest concentration of (X)?

43. Which of the following structures share in regulating body temperature?

44. According to their location in the skin structure, which of the following is anomalous?

45. Which of the following skin structures extend through both the dermis and epidermis?

46. The main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine is ……

47. The function of each of the structures (6) and (2) depend on the presence of the structure …….

48. The following table illustrates a urine analysis for some of the urine contents in August 2019 for four persons having the same age and weight. Which of the four persons had been eating a diet rich in legumes before the urine analysis?

49. The softness of the structure (2) depends on the structure …… while the structure …….. causes it to stand erect.

50. Which of the following is not true about collecting ducts?

51. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances during their passage along different parts of the nephron. Which of the following agrees with the increase of (Z) concentration in the collecting duct?

52. The following table represents the contents of one of the body fluids in a healthy person. Which of the structures (A), (B), (C) or (D) contains this fluid?

53. If circle (A) represents the liver, circle (B) represents the kidney while circle (C) represents the skin, then what are the excretory substances represented by (X) and (Y) respectively?

54. What happens if a sudden change in the surrounding temperature takes place from warm to cold?

55. The skin loses its natural colour in the absence of ….

56. The following table illustrates the concentration of some substances (X), (Y) and (Z) during their passage along different parts of the nephron. What are (X), (Y) and (Z) respectively?

57. The circles shown below represent different excretory organs, where each two organs share a common excretory product. What do the circles (1), (2), (3) and (4) represent respectively?

58. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left one?

59. Which structure contains cells called melanocytes for secreting melanin?

60. In which of the following are the largest amounts of nitrogen excreted from a mammalian body?

61. The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesized ……

62. Which of the following is a toxic chemical group has to be removed from food substances and converted into nitrogenous wastes?

63. The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called _______.

64. Loss of large number of nephrons, may lead to ……..

65. Which graph represents the approximate proper concentration of red blood cells in each of the following structures: Renal artery (Ra), Glomerular filtrate (Gl), Renal vein (Rv) and Urine (Ur)?

66. What makes up the shaft of a hair?

67. For excretion, animals with impermeable skin use …….

68. The functional excretory unit in human's skin is the …..

69. The figure below represents a section in an important organ in the human's body. What are the structure (1), (2), (3) and (4) respectively?

70. What is the function of the urethra?

71. The loop of Henle is present inside the ….. of the kidney

72. A person who has control of urination can consciously and voluntarily decide whether to release the urine from the bladder or to hold it for a while. When the decision is made to urinate, the ........

73. Blood being pumped to the kidneys and then filtered by nephrons is an example of two systems working together, ........

74. Damaging the nerve ending in a finger leads to ...…

75. The average volume of blood passes through the kidney per minute is about …..

76. The liver (one of the excretory organs) breaks down the excess of……. forming ……..

77. Which vessel carries blood to the kidneys?

121. If you know that the kidneys remove excess H⁺ ions from the body and excrete them in the urine and reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3^- ions from the urine back to the blood. By this process, the kidneys help in all of the following except .....