Chapter 4 Quiz 1 (2nd Secondary Biology)

Tea, coffee, and cocoa have a diuretic action due to caffeine. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that affects the kidneys and increases urine production. It works by inhibiting the reabsorption of water by the kidneys, leading to increased urine output. This diuretic effect can cause increased frequency of urination and can also contribute to dehydration if not enough fluids are consumed to compensate for the increased fluid loss.

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Graph C shows the relationship between the rate of sweating and the atmospheric temperature for a person at rest. As the atmospheric temperature increases, the rate of sweating also increases. This suggests that sweating is the body's way of regulating body temperature and cooling down when the environment becomes warmer.

The skin gets its natural color from a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. These melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is the innermost layer of the skin. Therefore, if the epithelial cells found at the base of the inner layer of the epidermis are affected or damaged, it can lead to a loss of natural color in the skin.

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left one due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body. The liver occupies space in the abdominal cavity, pushing the right kidney down and causing it to be positioned lower than the left kidney.

Structure 4 contains cells called melanocytes for secreting melanin.

If the structure responsible for producing oil and moisture in the skin stops working, the skin will become dry.

Uric acid is produced during the breakdown of nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and when they are broken down, one of the byproducts is uric acid. Lipids and carbohydrates do not directly contribute to the production of uric acid.

The best long term solution for kidney failure is a kidney transplant. Kidney dialysis can help temporarily filter waste from the blood, but it is not a permanent solution. A kidney transplant, on the other hand, involves replacing the failed kidney with a healthy one from a donor, providing a long-term solution to kidney failure. Blood transfusion, while it may be necessary in some cases, does not address the underlying issue of kidney failure. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Kidney transplant.

The correct answer is "In the liver but eliminated mostly through kidneys." This is because the liver is responsible for synthesizing urea, the principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans. However, urea is eliminated from the body mostly through the kidneys, which filter it out of the blood and excrete it in urine. While a small amount of urea may also be eliminated through the liver via bile, the majority is eliminated through the kidneys.

The amino group is a toxic chemical group that needs to be removed from food substances and converted into nitrogenous wastes. This is because the amino group contains nitrogen, which can be toxic to the body if it accumulates. The body converts the amino group into urea, a nitrogenous waste product, which is then excreted through urine.

The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. These pyramids are responsible for the production of urine and play a crucial role in the filtration and concentration of waste products in the kidneys. They are located in the inner region of the kidney, surrounded by the renal cortex. The renal pelvis, on the other hand, is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the pyramids and transports it to the ureter. The adipose capsule is a layer of fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the kidneys.

Loss of a large number of nephrons can lead to renal failure. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. When a significant number of nephrons are lost, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, resulting in renal failure. This can lead to a decrease in urine production, accumulation of waste products in the blood, and disruption of various bodily functions.

The given options do not accurately represent the main components of urine in humans. In reality, urine primarily consists of water, urea, electrolytes, and other waste products. None of the options provided in the question correctly identify these main components, hence the correct answer is that there is no correct answer given.

The hypodermis acts as an insulator for the body because it is the innermost layer of the skin and contains adipose tissue, which helps to regulate body temperature by providing insulation. Additionally, the hypodermis also helps to cushion and protect the underlying structures of the body.

The functional excretory unit in human's skin is the sweat gland. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and excreting sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and remove waste products from the body. Hair follicles are not directly involved in excretion, but they do play a role in hair growth. Sweat pores are the openings through which sweat is released onto the skin surface. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external opening of the body. Its main function is to transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. This allows for the elimination of waste products from the body.

The loop of Henle is present inside the medulla of the kidney. The medulla is the innermost region of the kidney, located between the renal cortex and the renal pelvis. It is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the filtrate, helping to concentrate the urine. The loop of Henle is a crucial part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance.

The liquid that collects in Bowman's capsule is the filtrate from the blood. This filtrate is formed by the process of ultrafiltration in the glomerulus, where small molecules such as water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea are filtered out of the blood. However, larger molecules like proteins are not filtered and remain in the blood. Therefore, the liquid in Bowman's capsule is blood plasma minus proteins.

Bowman's capsule and the distal renal tubule do indeed both lie in the cortical region of the kidney. However, while Bowman's capsule is responsible for the initial filtration of blood and the formation of urine, the distal renal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. Therefore, the first sentence is true, but the second sentence is not true as it incorrectly states that both structures are responsible for the reabsorption process.

If each 10 nephrons drain into one collecting duct, then the number of collecting ducts in the two kidneys can be calculated by dividing the total number of nephrons by 10. Since the answer choices are given in terms of hundreds of thousands and millions, it can be inferred that the total number of nephrons is in the millions. Dividing a number in the millions by 10 would result in a number in the hundreds of thousands. Therefore, the correct answer is Two hundred thousand.

Condition A indicates an increase in water content of urine in a healthy person.

First, filtration occurs in Bowman's capsule, where waste products and excess water are filtered out of the blood. Then, reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules, where useful substances such as glucose and ions are reabsorbed back into the blood. After that, fluid passes through the ureters, which are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Finally, urine enters the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. Therefore, the correct sequence is C, B, A, D.

The figure represents the functional unit of the kidney, which is the nephron. Structure (1) is the Bowman's capsule, structure (2) is the glomerulus (a network of blood capillaries), structure (3) is the renal artery, and structure (4) is the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is "Blood capillaries / Bowman's capsule / renal artery / loop of Henley."

The kidneys examine the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute every 4 minutes.

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body. They remove excess H+ ions from the body, which helps in making the blood less acidic and maintaining blood pH within normal limits. Additionally, they reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the urine back into the blood, which also helps in reducing blood acidity. However, regulating the osmotic pressure of blood is not directly related to the kidneys' role in acid-base balance. Therefore, the correct answer is regulating the osmotic pressure of blood.

During urination, the urinary bladder contracts to expel urine, while the sphincter muscle relaxes to allow the urine to flow out. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it states that both the urinary bladder and the sphincter muscle contract during urination.

Each kidney contains about 1,000,000 uriniferous tubules. The uriniferous tubules consist of the first coiled tubule, the loop of Henle, and the second coiled tubule. These tubules are responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes that occur in the kidneys, allowing for the formation of urine. The large number of tubules in each kidney highlights the efficiency and capacity of the kidneys to filter and process waste products from the blood.

Excretion is the process of eliminating waste materials, toxic substances, and excess substances from organisms. This is important for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the body. By removing toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and excess substances, excretion helps to ensure the proper functioning of cells and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of them."

The correct answer is 6400L because the average adult heart pumps about 5 liters of blood per minute. In a day, there are 24 hours, which is equal to 1440 minutes. Therefore, the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per day is 5 liters/minute x 1440 minutes/day = 7200 liters/day.

The correct answer is 3 because the kidney examines approximately 3 liters of plasma per day.

If there is no tubular reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidney, the useful materials that were filtered out of the blood would not be reabsorbed back into the capillaries. Instead, they would be eliminated from the body through urine. This would result in the loss of important substances that the body needs for various processes.

When the fluid intake is low, the body tries to conserve water by producing concentrated urine. This is because the kidneys reabsorb more water from the tubular fluid, resulting in less water being excreted in the urine. As a result, the urine becomes more concentrated with waste products and less diluted with water.

If fibrosis of the human kidney occurs and a great number of nephrons do not work, this leads to an increase in the percentage of urea in the blood. Urea is a waste product that is normally filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, they are unable to effectively remove urea from the blood, causing its concentration to increase. This can lead to a condition called uremia, which is characterized by high levels of urea in the blood.

Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubules always lie within the renal cortex. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, which contains the glomeruli (where filtration occurs) and the convoluted tubules (where reabsorption and secretion occur). The renal pelvis is the innermost part of the kidney, where urine collects before it is transported to the bladder. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney, which contains the renal pyramids and the loop of Henle. Therefore, the correct answer is renal cortex.

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine. The plasma membrane of the kidney cells allows urea to pass through and be eliminated from the body. Fibers, cellulose, and nitrogen are not waste products and do not leave the body through the plasma membrane.

Excretory substances are filtered from the blood to the artificial kidney through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the artificial kidney, the excretory substances in the blood, such as waste products and excess ions, move across a semipermeable membrane to the dialysate solution, which has a lower concentration of these substances. This movement occurs due to the concentration gradient between the blood and the dialysate, allowing the excretory substances to be removed from the blood through diffusion.

In a renal failure patient, the blood moves from the artery to the artificial kidney. This is because arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the various organs and tissues in the body. In the case of a renal failure patient, the blood needs to be filtered and purified by the artificial kidney, so it is necessary for the blood to be transported from the artery to the artificial kidney for this process to occur.

Ammonia is a harmful catabolic product of protein in humans. When proteins are broken down during metabolism, they release nitrogen-containing compounds. Ammonia is one of these compounds and is highly toxic to the body. It is converted into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys. If the liver or kidneys are not functioning properly, ammonia levels can build up in the body, leading to serious health issues. Therefore, ammonia is considered a harmful byproduct of protein catabolism in humans.

Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop are both structures found in the kidney. They are part of the nephron, which is responsible for the filtration and excretion of waste products from the blood. Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus in Bowman's capsule and then reabsorbed and concentrated in the Henle's loop. Therefore, the presence of urea is common in both Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop in a healthy person.

The collecting ducts merge into the renal pelvis. The collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes from the urine, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. They receive urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine before it is passed into the ureter.

The liver is responsible for many metabolic functions, including the synthesis and breakdown of urea. Urea is produced in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion. The liver does not directly pour urea into the blood, but it is involved in its production and subsequent transport to the kidneys.

Based on the given information, it is stated that person A is in summer.

Nails are characterized by all of the following except being pigmented structures. Nails are actually modified types of skin, they contain the tough protein keratin, and once they emerge, the cell structure is not living. However, nails do not have pigmentation, which is why they appear colorless or translucent.

The disappearance of blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubules will not lead to any of the given options. The filtration process in the kidneys occurs in the glomerulus, not in the capillaries surrounding the tubules. The blood returning to the arteries is not dependent on the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Absorption of minerals occurs in the renal tubules, but it is not the only function of the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Therefore, none of the given options accurately describe the effect of the disappearance of these capillaries.

The zero concentration of (X) in each of the renal tubules and the collecting duct suggests that the substance (X) is efficiently being reabsorbed. If there was a disturbance in the reabsorption process, there would be a noticeable concentration of (X) in the tubules and collecting duct. Therefore, the zero concentration indicates that the reabsorption process is efficient.

Structure A contains the highest concentration of mineral salts.

If the ratio of glucose in the renal artery is much more than its ratio in the renal vein, it suggests that there is a disturbance in the process that occurs in the renal tubules. The renal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. If there is a higher concentration of glucose in the renal artery compared to the renal vein, it indicates that the renal tubules are not effectively reabsorbing glucose, leading to an imbalance in the glucose levels.

The concentration stability of the substance (Z) in the renal artery and glomerular filtrate indicates that filtration is occurring. The fact that the concentration of substance (Z) remains stable in the renal tubules suggests that reabsorption is not occurring. Therefore, the correct answer is that filtration occurs but reabsorption does not occur.

The correct matching of concentrations of Urea in group (A) with its proper structure in group (B) is RA 30 / GF 30 / Urine 2000 / RV 20. This means that the concentration of Urea in the renal artery (RA) is 30 mg/100ml, in the glomerular filtrate (GF) is 30 mg/100ml, in the urine is 2000 mg/100ml, and in the renal vein (RV) is 20 mg/100ml.

The correct answer is RA 740 / GF Zero / Urine Zero / RV 740. This is because the concentration of proteins is highest in the renal artery (RA) and renal vein (RV), which are the blood vessels that supply and drain the kidney. The glomerular filtrate (GF), which is the fluid that is filtered out of the blood in the kidney, does not contain any proteins. The urine, which is the final product that is excreted from the body, also does not contain any proteins. Therefore, the concentration of proteins is zero in both the glomerular filtrate and the urine.

Constipation is the accumulation of stool in the colon, which can cause the bladder to not empty well. This can lead to symptoms such as difficulty in urination or incomplete emptying of the bladder. However, frequent bowel movements are not typically associated with constipation.

The glomerular filtrate is isotonic with respect to blood plasma, meaning that it has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. This is important for maintaining the balance of ions and other substances in the body. If the glomerular filtrate were hypotonic, it would have a lower concentration of solutes than blood plasma, and if it were hypertonic, it would have a higher concentration. The concentration of albumin, a protein, is actually higher in blood plasma than in the glomerular filtrate.

The liver is considered as the biggest gland in the body that plays an important role in digestion, excretion, and metabolism. It produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver also filters toxins and waste products from the blood, detoxifies harmful substances, and metabolizes drugs and alcohol. Additionally, it stores vitamins and minerals, produces blood-clotting proteins, and regulates blood sugar levels. Overall, the liver is a vital organ that performs multiple functions essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

The first statement is true because the efferent arterioles do form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. The second statement is also true because the efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood.

Amoeba is a unicellular organism that lacks specialized excretory organs. Instead, it excretes waste products through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In amoeba, waste materials such as carbon dioxide and ammonia diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding environment. This process allows for the removal of metabolic waste products and helps maintain the balance of solutes within the cell. Therefore, diffusion is the correct process of excretion in amoeba.

Dilation of the afferent arterioles would increase the glomerular filtration rate. Afferent arterioles are responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus, where filtration occurs. When these arterioles dilate, it allows more blood to flow into the glomerulus, increasing the pressure and filtration rate. This can result in a higher volume of filtrate being produced by the kidneys. Conversely, constriction in the afferent arterioles or dilation of the efferent arterioles would decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease, on the other hand, is a condition that impairs kidney function and can lead to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

When we sweat profusely after vigorous physical activity, our body produces sweat to cool down. When we sit under a fan, the air movement increases the rate of evaporation of sweat from our skin. This increased evaporation helps to dissipate the heat from our body more efficiently, leading to a decrease in body temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is that the rate of evaporation of sweat increases.

The glomerular filtrate is formed in the kidneys through the process of filtration. During this process, substances such as water, glucose, and mineral salts are filtered out of the blood and into the glomerular filtrate. However, large proteins and blood cells are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and therefore are not present in the glomerular filtrate. Therefore, the correct answer is that the glomerular filtrate is free of large proteins and blood cells.

Decreased urine volumes can be found in all of the conditions mentioned: acute nephritis, vomiting, and diarrhea. Acute nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys that can lead to reduced urine production. Vomiting can cause dehydration and a decrease in urine output. Diarrhea can also result in dehydration and a decrease in urine volume. Therefore, all of these conditions can cause a decrease in urine volumes.

When you put your hand in a plastic bag tied around the wrist, the conditions inside the bag would not cause the sebaceous glands to become more active. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which is an oily substance that helps lubricate and protect the skin. The conditions inside the bag, such as increased temperature and lack of evaporation, may cause sweat glands to extract more sweat from the surrounding blood capillaries and sweat to remain on the surface of the skin without evaporation. However, these conditions would not directly affect the activity of the sebaceous glands.

While high blood pressure can indeed damage blood vessels in the kidneys and cause kidney failure, the statement that high blood pressure causes the nephrons to receive an excess supply of oxygen and can lead to oxygen toxicity is incorrect. High blood pressure does not affect the oxygen supply to the nephrons. Therefore, this statement is not related to the kidney function and blood pressure.

Fat is not excreted in sweat or urine, so it must be excreted through another means. Since fat is a component of the body's energy storage system, it is broken down and released as carbon dioxide during the process of expiration, or breathing out. This is why expiration is the correct answer.

Chamomile is the only option that does not have a diuretic effect. Diuretics are substances that increase urine production and promote the excretion of water and electrolytes from the body. Hibiscus, green tea, and parsley all have diuretic effects, meaning they can increase urine production. However, chamomile has an anti-diuretic effect, meaning it helps to reduce urine production and retain water in the body.

If the sebaceous glands fail to work, it will not lead to capillary and vascular fragility. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which helps to moisturize the skin and hair. Without the production of sebum, the skin may become dry and the hair may become brittle. However, capillary and vascular fragility are not directly affected by the functioning of the sebaceous glands.

The excretory system regulates the blood volume by eliminating excess water. This is because the excretory system, specifically the kidneys, filter the blood and remove waste products, including excess water, through the formation of urine. By eliminating excess water, the excretory system helps maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body, which in turn regulates the blood volume.

Uric acid is the least toxic form among the given excretory substances. This is because it is relatively insoluble in water and can be easily eliminated from the body in the form of a paste or solid waste. In contrast, ammonia is highly toxic and requires a lot of water for dilution, while urea and carbon dioxide are less toxic than ammonia but still require more water for elimination compared to uric acid. Therefore, uric acid is the least toxic and requires the least amount of water for excretion.

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Ethanol, the main type of alcohol found in beer and alcoholic beverages, is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys. When ethanol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then carried to various organs and tissues. Some of the ethanol is metabolized by the liver, but a significant amount is eliminated from the body through exhalation from the lungs, sweating through the skin, and filtration by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is that ethanol is excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidneys.

A normal human being typically produces 1 - 2 liters of urine per day. This is considered to be within the normal range of urine output for a healthy individual.

The correct answer is Renal columns of Bertini. In the diagram, the structures (A) that are formed by the extension of the renal cortex into the medulla are the renal columns of Bertini. These columns are composed of connective tissue and they separate the renal pyramids. The renal pyramids and renal corpuscles are not formed by the extension of the renal cortex, and the loops of Henle are part of the nephrons located within the renal pyramids. Therefore, the most accurate answer is Renal columns of Bertini.

Shedding skin is not a method of removing water from the body. Shedding skin refers to the process of the outer layer of skin being replaced by new skin cells, which does not involve the removal of water. Sweating, urinating, and exhaling are all mechanisms by which the body eliminates excess water and waste products.

The correct answer is "The more cells respire, the higher the CO2 concentration in the blood." This is because during respiration, cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. As more cells respire, there is an increase in the production of carbon dioxide, leading to a higher concentration of CO2 in the blood.

Both the liver and the lungs are part of more than one organ system. The liver is part of the digestive system, where it produces bile to aid in digestion, and also the circulatory system, where it filters toxins from the blood. The lungs are part of the respiratory system, where they exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing, and also the circulatory system, where they oxygenate the blood. Therefore, both the liver and the lungs are involved in multiple organ systems.

Melanin-producing cells, also known as melanocytes, are responsible for producing the pigment melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. However, they are not directly involved in the regulation of body temperature. Sweat glands play a major role in thermoregulation by producing sweat, which cools the body when it evaporates. Sensory nerve endings detect changes in temperature and transmit signals to the brain for appropriate responses. Blood capillaries help regulate body temperature by constricting or dilating to control blood flow and heat exchange.

An increase in the albumin percentage in a urine sample indicates a disturbance in the function of Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is responsible for filtering waste products, including albumin, from the blood into the urine. If there is a disturbance in its function, it may allow albumin to pass through into the urine, leading to an increase in the albumin percentage. This can be indicative of kidney damage or disease.

The column D represents the body state during a short running competition because it shows the highest amount of water lost. This indicates that the body is exerting more energy and sweating more during the running competition, leading to a greater loss of water.

During the process of deamination, an amino acid is converted into ammonia and an organic acid. This process occurs in the liver and is an important step in the metabolism of amino acids. The ammonia produced can then be further metabolized into urea and excreted by the body. Ammonia is a toxic compound and needs to be converted into a less toxic form before it can be safely eliminated.

Ammonia is generally excreted through gills in aquatic organisms. Gills are specialized organs that allow for the exchange of gases and waste products between the organism and its environment. In aquatic environments, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and needs to be eliminated to maintain proper physiological balance. Gills have a large surface area and are rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient removal of ammonia from the body and its release into the surrounding water.

Graph A represents a gradual decrease in concentration of the thyroid hormone in blood over time. This is likely to occur during the passage of blood through an artificial kidney apparatus, as the apparatus is designed to filter waste products and excess substances from the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

After protein digestion, the amino acids are transported from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the liver. In the liver, the excess amino acids are metabolized and detoxified. The amino group is removed from the amino acids and converted into ammonia. However, ammonia is toxic to the body, so it is further converted into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely transported to the kidneys for excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is urea.

Uric acid is the form of excretory product that is for the adaptation of water conservation. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced by the breakdown of purines, which are found in nucleic acids. Unlike ammonia and urea, which are highly soluble in water and require a large amount of water for excretion, uric acid is relatively insoluble and can be excreted in a more concentrated form, reducing water loss. This adaptation is particularly important for animals that live in arid environments or have limited access to water. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is not an excretory product but a waste product of cellular respiration.

Humans rely mainly on secreting a watery substance on the surface of their skin to cool their body temperature. This substance is known as sweat, and when it evaporates from the skin, it helps to dissipate heat and lower body temperature. Unlike fennec foxes and rabbits, who rely on their long ears to dissipate heat, humans have evolved the ability to sweat as a more efficient way to cool down.

Vitamin C that is absorbed from the small intestine is primarily excreted from the body through the urine. The kidneys filter out excess vitamin C from the bloodstream and eliminate it through urine. This is why consuming excessive amounts of vitamin C can result in the urine appearing more yellow or orange in color. The other options - stool, exhaled air, and bile juice - are not the primary routes for excreting vitamin C from the body.

When carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers the blood's pH. A decrease in pH can affect enzyme activity because enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body. They have specific pH ranges in which they function optimally. If the pH decreases, it can disrupt the enzyme's structure and function, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. This can have a negative impact on various metabolic processes in the body.

Deamination is an important process in the human body because it breaks down amino acids that cannot be stored. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and the body constantly receives a supply of amino acids from the diet. However, excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and must be eliminated. Deamination allows for the removal of the amino group from the amino acid, converting it into ammonia. The ammonia is then further processed and converted into urea, which is excreted in urine. This process helps to maintain a balance of amino acids in the body and prevent the buildup of toxic levels of ammonia.

Water soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, are excreted from the body through urine. These vitamins are not stored in the body and any excess amounts are typically filtered out by the kidneys and eliminated through urine. Sweat and feces can also contain small amounts of water soluble vitamins, but the primary route of excretion is through urine.

Urine plays a crucial role in excreting nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the body. Nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and ammonia, are produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and need to be eliminated to maintain proper bodily functions. Additionally, excess water is also excreted through urine to maintain the body's water balance. On the other hand, sweat primarily functions to regulate body temperature. When the body gets too hot, sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin and helps cool down the body.

The correct answer is "None of the answers is correct" because none of the organs listed (mouth, sweat, anus) are responsible for getting rid of gases released during food digestion. The correct excretory organ responsible for getting rid of these wastes is the lungs.

The blood capillaries bring wastes to the kidney. This is because the kidney is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them as urine. The blood capillaries carry the waste-filled blood to the kidney, where the waste products are removed and eliminated from the body.

The kidney is responsible for removing excess salts from the body. It filters the blood and removes waste products, including salts, through the production of urine. The urine carries the excess salts out of the body, helping to maintain the balance of electrolytes and prevent the buildup of harmful substances. The liver, lungs, and skin also play roles in waste removal, but they are not specifically involved in removing excess salts.

The dropping of the curve over 17 days indicates the performing of dialysis. Dialysis is a medical procedure that helps to remove waste products, including urea, from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. The graph shows a decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood over time, suggesting that dialysis is being performed to remove the excess urea and maintain a normal concentration.

The liver and the kidneys are the solid organs responsible for the production and excretion of urea. The liver produces urea as a waste product during the metabolism of proteins. It then releases the urea into the bloodstream, which is filtered by the kidneys. The kidneys remove urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine. The bladder is not involved in the production or excretion of urea.