Excretory System (Exam Mode) By Rnpedia.Com

Glucosuria is the correct answer because it refers to the presence of glucose in the urine. This condition occurs when the kidneys are unable to reabsorb all of the glucose filtered from the blood, leading to its excretion in the urine. Uremia, ureteritis, and glucose intolerance are unrelated to the presence of glucose in the urine.

Oliguria is the correct answer because it matches the definition of a poor output of urine. Oliguria refers to the condition where the production of urine is significantly reduced, usually less than 400 milliliters per day. This can be caused by various factors such as dehydration, kidney problems, or urinary tract obstruction. Pyuria, Enuresis, and Diuresis do not match the definition of a poor output of urine. Pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine, Enuresis is the involuntary discharge of urine, and Diuresis is the increased production of urine.

HCO3, or bicarbonate, is not considered a component of kidney stones. Kidney stones are typically composed of calcium phosphate, uric acid, or calcium oxalate. Bicarbonate is an important component of the body's acid-base balance and is not typically involved in the formation of kidney stones.

ADH, also known as antidiuretic hormone, has the effect of increasing water re-absorption in the distal convoluted tubule. This means that it helps the body retain water by preventing its loss in urine. By increasing water re-absorption, ADH decreases the urine volume and increases the concentration of urine. This is an important mechanism for maintaining water balance and preventing dehydration.

Urea is found in the highest concentration in urine. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. The concentration of urea in urine is influenced by various factors such as diet, hydration status, and kidney function. Uric acid is also a waste product, but its concentration in urine is generally lower compared to urea. Glucose is not normally present in urine in significant amounts unless there is a medical condition such as diabetes. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism and its concentration in urine can indicate kidney function.

The kidneys are responsible for various functions in the body, including the regulation of blood pressure and the production of hormones. One of these hormones is erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells. The kidneys also release renin, an enzyme involved in regulating blood pressure. Additionally, the kidneys activate Vitamin D, which is important for calcium absorption and bone health. However, the release of Vitamin E is not associated with the role of the kidneys. Vitamin E is primarily obtained through dietary sources and is involved in antioxidant functions in the body.

Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood. The high number of nephrons in each kidney allows for efficient filtration and maintenance of the body's fluid balance.

Chlorthiazide (DIURIL) is not considered a loop diuretic because it belongs to the thiazide diuretic class. Loop diuretics, such as Bumetadine (BUMEX), Furosemide (LASIX), and Ethacrynic Acid (EDECRIN), work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazide diuretics, on the other hand, work by inhibiting the sodium-chloride co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, resulting in increased excretion of sodium, chloride, and water.

A diuretic is a medication that promotes the production of urine, leading to increased urination. This increased urine output can result in a decrease in blood volume, which in turn reduces the amount of blood that the heart pumps out with each beat. This decrease in the amount of blood being pumped by the heart leads to a decrease in cardiac output. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased cardiac output.

The male urethra is divided into three parts: the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the penile urethra. The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland, the membranous urethra is the shortest part and passes through the pelvic floor muscles, and the penile urethra runs through the penis. The term "Vasapore" is not recognized as a part of the male urethra, making it the correct answer.

The middle layer of the urinary bladder is known as the submucous coat. This layer is located between the inner mucous coat and the outer muscular coat. It is made up of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. The submucous coat helps to support and protect the bladder wall, as well as facilitate the expansion and contraction of the bladder during urine storage and elimination.

The descending loop of Henle in the kidney is responsible for reabsorption of water by osmosis. As the filtrate moves down the descending limb, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes increasingly concentrated. This creates an osmotic gradient that allows water to passively diffuse out of the filtrate and into the interstitial fluid. This reabsorption of water helps in concentrating the urine and conserving water in the body.

The renal medulla is composed of tissue called renal pyramids. The renal pyramids are cone-shaped structures located within the renal medulla of the kidney. They contain tubules that collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis. The renal pyramids play a crucial role in the concentration and excretion of urine.

The interlobar vein is not part of the sequence of proper kidney blood flow. The correct sequence starts with the renal artery, which branches into the arciform artery. From there, blood flows into the afferent arteriole, which leads to the glomerulus for filtration. After filtration, blood exits through the efferent arteriole and flows into the arciform vein, which then connects to the interlobar vein. Therefore, the interlobar vein is not in the sequence of proper kidney blood flow.

Capillary loops located in the medulla are known as vasa recta. The vasa recta are a network of blood vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle in the renal medulla. They play a crucial role in maintaining the osmotic gradient in the kidney, allowing for the reabsorption of water and solutes. The vasa recta also help to supply oxygen and nutrients to the surrounding tissues in the medulla.

The release of Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles in the kidneys, which leads to increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure. This increased pressure promotes increased filtration rate by pushing more blood through the glomerulus, resulting in increased urine production.

Juxtaglomerular cells combine with macula densa cells to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located at the junction of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and kidney function. The macula densa cells sense the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the filtrate, and based on this information, they communicate with the juxtaglomerular cells to regulate the release of renin, a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation. Therefore, the correct answer is macula densa.

The distal convoluted tubule in the kidney is responsible for passive secretion of potassium ions. This means that potassium ions are transported from the blood into the tubule without the use of energy. This process helps regulate the levels of potassium in the body by eliminating excess potassium ions through urine.

The micturition reflex center is located in the sacral plexus. The sacral plexus is a network of nerves located in the lower back, specifically in the sacrum region. It is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in the process of urination. When the bladder is full, the sacral plexus sends signals to the muscles in the bladder to contract and the muscles in the urethra to relax, allowing urine to be expelled from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the sacral plexus.

The ascending loop of Henle in the kidney is responsible for the active re-absorption of chloride ions. This process is essential for maintaining the concentration gradient in the kidney, which allows for the re-absorption of water in the later parts of the nephron. By actively re-absorbing chloride ions, the ascending loop of Henle helps to create a hypertonic environment in the kidney, which promotes water re-absorption and helps in the concentration of urine.