Chapter 21 The Evidence For Evolution
- 1.
Natural selection is a _________ that results in a historical record called _________.
Explanation
Natural selection is a process in which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time due to their impact on survival and reproduction. This process leads to changes in the genetic makeup of a population, resulting in the gradual evolution of species. The historical record of these changes is called evolution.Rate this question:
- 2.
The "clear air acts" passed in both America and England caused the ratio of dark to light moths in Biston populations in previously polluted areas to _________.
Explanation
The "clear air acts" passed in both America and England aimed to reduce pollution levels in previously polluted areas. As a result, the air quality improved, leading to a decrease in pollution. This decrease in pollution likely caused a decrease in the ratio of dark to light moths in Biston populations. This is because dark moths, which were better camouflaged in polluted environments, had a higher survival rate compared to light moths. However, with the reduction in pollution, the advantage of dark moths decreased, resulting in a decrease in their population ratio.Rate this question:
- 3.
The "clear air acts" passed in both America and England caused the ratio of dark to light moths in Biston populations in unpolluted areas to _______ _____ ________.
Explanation
The "clear air acts" passed in both America and England aimed to reduce pollution levels, particularly in unpolluted areas. As a result, the ratio of dark to light moths in Biston populations would not be affected and would remain the same. These acts did not have a direct impact on the coloration of moths, so the proportion of dark to light moths would not change.Rate this question:
- 4.
_________ _________ is a term used to describe an evolutionary event in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals as a result of increased air pollution and the process of natural selection by predators.
Explanation
Industrial melanism is a term used to describe an evolutionary event in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals as a result of increased air pollution and the process of natural selection by predators. This phenomenon occurs when industrial pollution, such as soot and smoke, darkens the environment, making lighter individuals more visible to predators. As a result, darker individuals, which are better camouflaged in the polluted environment, have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to an increase in their population. This process is an example of natural selection favoring individuals with traits that provide a survival advantage in a changing environment.Rate this question:
- 5.
_______ are the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms.
Explanation
Fossils are the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms. They provide valuable evidence of past life on Earth and offer insights into the evolution and biodiversity of different species. Fossils can include bones, shells, imprints, or even preserved soft tissues. Through the study of fossils, scientists can reconstruct ancient ecosystems, understand the history of life on our planet, and make connections between different species and their ancestors. Fossils are essential for understanding the geological and biological history of Earth and are often found in sedimentary rocks or preserved in amber or ice.Rate this question:
- 6.
Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly selected crop plants is
- A.
Peas.
- B.
Tomatoes.
- C.
Potatoes.
- D.
Corn.
- E.
Asparagus.
Correct Answer
D. Corn.Explanation
Corn is the correct answer because it has undergone significant artificial selection by humans. Through selective breeding, humans have modified corn plants to have larger and more nutritious kernels. This process of artificial selection is a form of evolution, as it involves the deliberate manipulation of genetic traits over generations. The dramatic changes observed in corn plants provide strong evidence for the power of evolution and the impact that human agriculture can have on the evolution of species.Rate this question:
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- 7.
In the laboratory, fruit flies (Drosophila) were artificially selected for the number of bristles on their bodies. One population (R) was selected for low numbers of bristles, a second population (S) for high numbers of bristles. After 35 generations (about 1 year's time), the two populations R and S were studied. Researchers found
- A.
No change was seen; it's much too soon.
- B.
Some slight increase of bristle numbers was already evident.
- C.
A vast, overlapping range of bristle numbers was seen.
- D.
A slight increase in bristles in S, a slight decrease in R, with a little overlap in the middle ranges.
- E.
A huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever.
Correct Answer
E. A huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever.Explanation
After 35 generations of artificial selection, the researchers found that there was a significant and opposite change in the number of bristles in the two populations. The population selected for high numbers of bristles (S) showed a huge increase in bristle numbers, while the population selected for low numbers of bristles (R) showed a huge decrease. Additionally, there was no overlap in the bristle numbers between the two populations, indicating a clear divergence in the selected trait. This suggests that the artificial selection process was successful in causing a significant change in the bristle numbers of the fruit flies.Rate this question:
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- 8.
A major implication of this study of Drosophila is
- A.
Absolutely no data to prove or disprove the theory of evolution.
- B.
It takes thousands to millions of generations to see evolutionary change, if at all.
- C.
Dramatic variation may be present within a population, but may not be observable unless strong selection occurs.
- D.
Dramatic mutations may occur within a population under strong selection.
- E.
Although evolutionary change was observed, this would not be expected in higher organisms such as mice.
Correct Answer
C. Dramatic variation may be present within a population, but may not be observable unless strong selection occurs.Explanation
This study of Drosophila suggests that there can be significant variation within a population, but it may not be easily observable unless there is strong selection pressure. This implies that while the variation exists, it may not be readily apparent or visible unless certain environmental factors or selective pressures are present. Therefore, it highlights the importance of considering the role of selection in studying and understanding evolutionary changes in populations.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches in response
- A.
To the available food supply.
- B.
To the available nest building material supplies.
- C.
To the availability of potential mating partners.
- D.
To presence of ectoparasites on their feathers.
- E.
To the need to improve their feather preening abilities.
Correct Answer
A. To the available food supply.Explanation
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time. In the case of Darwin's finches, the shape of their beaks varies in response to the available food supply. This means that individuals with beaks that are better suited for obtaining and consuming the available food sources have a higher chance of survival and reproduction. Over generations, this leads to a population with a higher proportion of individuals with beaks that are well adapted to the specific food resources in their environment.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks. This technique involves
- A.
Fossil dating.
- B.
Successive rock layering.
- C.
Radioactive isotope decay.
- D.
Structural geology.
- E.
Developmental geology.
Correct Answer
C. Radioactive isotope decay.Explanation
Radioactive isotope decay is a technique used in dating rocks and can also be applied to accurately predict the age of fossils occurring in those rocks. Radioactive isotopes, such as carbon-14, decay at a known rate over time. By measuring the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes in a fossil or rock sample, scientists can determine its age. This technique is based on the principle that radioactive isotopes decay at a constant and predictable rate, making it a reliable method for dating geological materials and fossils.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures is
- A.
Called divergence.
- B.
Called convergence.
- C.
Referred to as successive homologies.
- D.
Referred to as descent.
- E.
Also known as natural selection.
Correct Answer
B. Called convergence.Explanation
Convergence refers to the evolution of similar forms in different lineages when they are exposed to the same selective pressures. This means that unrelated organisms develop similar traits or characteristics due to similar environmental conditions or adaptations. It is a result of convergent evolution, where different species independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environments or lifestyles.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Domestication of dogs has led to
- A.
A variety of homologous structures.
- B.
A variety of phenotypes.
- C.
A variety of mutations.
- D.
A variety of analogous breeds.
- E.
Many different species.
Correct Answer
B. A variety of phenotypes.Explanation
The domestication of dogs has resulted in a variety of phenotypes. This is because humans selectively bred dogs for specific traits, such as size, coat color, and behavior, leading to the development of different breeds with distinct physical and behavioral characteristics. These phenotypic variations are the result of genetic variations within the dog population, which have been shaped by artificial selection over thousands of years.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Industrial melanism is a term describing
- A.
A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg? A. 1 half-lives; 5,600 years B. 2 half-lives; 11,200 years C. 3 half-lives; 16,800 years D. 4 half-lives; 22,400 years E. 9 half-lives; 50,400 years A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg? A. 1 half-lives; 5,600 years B. 2 half-lives; 11,200 years C. 3 half-lives; 16,800 years D. 4 half-lives; 22,400 years E. 9 half-lives; 50,400 years the color change induced by living in industrialized areas.
- B.
The darker moths having higher mutation rates because of industrialization.
- C.
the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection.
- D.
The darker moths having higher reproductive success because of their pigmentation.
- E.
The widespread implementation of pollution controls.
Correct Answer
C. the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection. -
- 14.
The evidence for industrial melanism as being due to an increase in the dark allele was provided from field tests carried out by
- A.
Kettlewell.
- B.
Lamarck.
- C.
Darwin.
- D.
Lamarck.
- E.
Wallace.
Correct Answer
A. Kettlewell.Explanation
The correct answer is Kettlewell. Kettlewell conducted field tests that provided evidence for industrial melanism being due to an increase in the dark allele.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches, industrial melanism, and sickle-cell disease are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change.
- A.
Artificial selection
- B.
Coevolution
- C.
Intelligent design
- D.
Founder effect
- E.
Natural selection
Correct Answer
E. Natural selectionExplanation
The process of natural selection involves the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with traits that are better adapted to their environment. In the case of Darwin's finches, the shape of their beaks varied depending on the type of food available on the different islands they inhabited. Finches with beaks better suited for cracking hard seeds had a higher chance of survival and passing on their genes, leading to an evolutionary change in the population over time. Industrial melanism refers to the increase in dark-colored moths in polluted areas, as they had a better chance of blending in and avoiding predation. Sickle-cell disease is an example of natural selection as carriers of the sickle-cell trait have a higher resistance to malaria, providing a survival advantage in regions where the disease is prevalent.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Today, the fossil record
- A.
Can be dated only with one layer in relation to older layers below and younger layers above, no actual dates can be estimated.
- B.
Can be dated reasonably well only with uranium-238.
- C.
Can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives.
- D.
Can be dated precisely, to within a single year, using radioactive isotopes.
- E.
Can be dated precisely, to within a single year, using DNA hybridization.
Correct Answer
C. Can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives.Explanation
The fossil record can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives. This means that scientists can determine the age of fossils by measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes present in the fossil and comparing it to the known decay rate of that isotope. By doing so, they can estimate the age of the fossil relative to other fossils and geological layers. This method allows for a reasonably accurate estimation of the age of fossils, although it does not provide precise dates to within a single year.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Natural selection has favored the dark form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees moth-eating birds less easily see them. As pollution abated, the light forms were favored because
- A.
They are more cryptic.
- B.
Of migration from more polluted areas.
- C.
Of directional mutation.
- D.
They were preyed on more.
- E.
Of a bottleneck effect.
Correct Answer
A. They are more cryptic.Explanation
The correct answer is that the light forms were favored because they are more cryptic. This means that the light-colored moths were better camouflaged and harder for predators to spot on lighter trees, giving them a survival advantage. As pollution abated and the trees became cleaner, the dark form of the peppered moth became more visible to predators, causing a shift in favor of the lighter form.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Darwin concluded that evolution was at work by studying the shapes of
- A.
Seeds.
- B.
Malarial parasites.
- C.
Peppered moths.
- D.
Hemoglobins.
- E.
Beaks of finches.
Correct Answer
E. Beaks of finches.Explanation
Darwin concluded that evolution was at work by studying the shapes of beaks of finches. This is because he observed that different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had distinct beak shapes that were adapted to different food sources. This variation in beak shape and function demonstrated to Darwin that natural selection was acting on the finch populations, favoring those individuals with beaks that were best suited to their specific environments and food sources. This observation provided strong evidence for the process of evolution and the adaptive nature of species.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Evidence for evolution includes all of the following except
- A.
The fossil record.
- B.
Homologous structures.
- C.
The molecular record.
- D.
Intelligent design.
- E.
Vestigial structures.
Correct Answer
D. Intelligent design.Explanation
The evidence for evolution is supported by various factors such as the fossil record, which provides physical evidence of past life forms. Homologous structures, which are similar body parts found in different species, indicate a common ancestry. The molecular record, which examines DNA and genetic similarities, also supports the idea of evolution. Vestigial structures, which are remnants of organs or structures with no apparent function, provide further evidence. However, intelligent design, which suggests that life is the result of a purposeful creator, is not considered as evidence for evolution.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Evidence for evolution can be obtained by examining presently existing species through studies on each of the following except one. Select the exception.
- A.
Early development
- B.
Vestigial structures
- C.
Patterns of distribution
- D.
Convergence
- E.
Analogous structures
Correct Answer
E. Analogous structuresExplanation
Analogous structures are not a reliable source of evidence for evolution because they are structures that have a similar function but do not share a common ancestor. In contrast, early development, vestigial structures, patterns of distribution, and convergence all provide evidence for evolution. Early development can reveal similarities in embryos of different species, suggesting a common ancestry. Vestigial structures are remnants of once-functional structures in ancestors that are no longer necessary. Patterns of distribution show how species are distributed across different geographical areas, providing insights into their evolutionary history. Convergence occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments or ecological roles.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Progressive changes in fossils of different ages provides one of the strongest lines of evidence for
- A.
Extinction.
- B.
Evolution.
- C.
Coevolution.
- D.
Adaptation.
- E.
Mutation.
Correct Answer
B. Evolution.Explanation
The progressive changes in fossils of different ages provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show a gradual transition from simpler to more complex organisms over time, indicating that species have changed and evolved over millions of years. This supports the theory of evolution, which states that all living organisms share a common ancestor and have diversified through natural selection and genetic variation. Extinction, coevolution, adaptation, and mutation are all related to the process of evolution but do not specifically address the evidence provided by the progressive changes in fossils.Rate this question:
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- 22.
The molecular record suggests that a series of evolutionary changes is tied to a progressive accumulation of
- A.
Extinctions.
- B.
Alterations of DNA sequences.
- C.
Modifications of the environment.
- D.
Somatic mutations.
- E.
Structural modifications.
Correct Answer
B. Alterations of DNA sequences.Explanation
The molecular record refers to the study of DNA sequences and how they have changed over time. The suggestion that a series of evolutionary changes is tied to a progressive accumulation of alterations of DNA sequences means that as species evolve, their DNA sequences also change. These alterations can be caused by various factors such as mutations, genetic recombination, or genetic drift. This answer implies that the changes in DNA sequences play a significant role in driving evolution and the accumulation of these alterations is linked to the overall evolutionary process.Rate this question:
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- 23.
In the case of the toothed whales, the fossil record
- A.
Shows they evolved from fish.
- B.
Shows they evolved from swimming dinosaurs.
- C.
Shows they evolved from a land mammal with hooves.
- D.
Has fragmentary evidence that cannot be explained.
- E.
Has no evidence about how they evolved.
Correct Answer
C. Shows they evolved from a land mammal with hooves.Explanation
The correct answer is "shows they evolved from a land mammal with hooves." The explanation for this answer is that the fossil record of toothed whales provides evidence that they evolved from a land mammal with hooves. This is supported by the discovery of transitional fossil species such as Pakicetus and Ambulocetus, which had features of both land mammals and early whales. These fossils show a gradual transition from a terrestrial lifestyle to an aquatic one, indicating the evolutionary process of toothed whales from a land-dwelling ancestor.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of the following features of the humans does not provide evidence for its evolution from other vertebrates?
- A.
Lanugo; fine fur during development
- B.
Gill slits during development
- C.
Long bony tail during development
- D.
Opposable thumb
- E.
Limb bones
Correct Answer
D. Opposable thumbExplanation
The opposable thumb is the correct answer because it is a unique feature of humans that sets them apart from other vertebrates. While other vertebrates may have limb bones and even a long bony tail during development, the opposable thumb is a specialized adaptation that allows humans to grasp and manipulate objects with precision. This feature is not found in other vertebrates and therefore does not provide evidence for human evolution from them.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Structures that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor but may have different appearances and functions are called
- A.
Analogous structures.
- B.
Homologous structures.
- C.
Vestigial structures.
- D.
Embryonic structures.
- E.
Homozygous structures.
Correct Answer
B. Homologous structures.Explanation
Homologous structures are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor but may have different appearances and functions. This means that despite their differences, these structures share a common evolutionary origin. Analogous structures, on the other hand, have similar functions but do not share a common ancestor. Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that were functional in ancestors but are now reduced or non-functional. Embryonic structures refer to the similarities observed in the early stages of development of different organisms. Homozygous structures is not a valid term in biology.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the reasons does not explain why "scientific creationism" cannot be considered a science?
- A.
It is not supported by any empirical observations.
- B.
It does not obtain its principles from observation, as does science.
- C.
Its assumptions lead to no hypotheses that could be tested and possibly disproved.
- D.
The idea of creation by a supernatural agency lies outside the realm of science.
- E.
Only non-scientists believe it.
Correct Answer
E. Only non-scientists believe it.Explanation
The reason "Only non-scientists believe it" does not explain why "scientific creationism" cannot be considered a science because the belief or acceptance of a scientific theory is not determined by the occupation or professional status of the individuals who hold that belief. The scientific method is based on empirical observations, principles derived from observation, and the ability to test and potentially disprove hypotheses, none of which are addressed by the statement "Only non-scientists believe it." Therefore, this reason is not relevant in determining whether "scientific creationism" can be considered a science.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The wings of birds and butterflies are examples of structures that resemble each other and have similar function, but are the result of parallel evolution in separate lineages. These structures are called
- A.
Analogous structures.
- B.
Homologous structures.
- C.
Vestigial structures.
- D.
Embryonic structures.
- E.
Homozygous structures.
Correct Answer
A. Analogous structures.Explanation
The wings of birds and butterflies are examples of structures that resemble each other and have similar function, but they have evolved independently in separate lineages. This means that they are not inherited from a common ancestor, but rather have evolved separately to serve a similar purpose. Therefore, these structures are called analogous structures.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is not a vestigial trait in humans?
- A.
Ear-wiggling muscles
- B.
Muscles that make body hairs stand on end
- C.
Fingers
- D.
Appendix
- E.
Wisdom teeth
Correct Answer
C. FingersExplanation
Fingers are not considered a vestigial trait in humans because they serve a functional purpose in daily activities such as gripping, grasping, and manipulating objects. Vestigial traits are remnants of evolutionary adaptations that no longer serve a purpose or have lost their original function. In contrast, fingers are essential for various tasks and are actively used by humans in their everyday lives.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which of the following does not illustrate shared ancestry by anatomical comparison studies?
- A.
Same structure has evolved to carry out different function
- B.
Structure loses its function altogether
- C.
Different structures evolve in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressures
- D.
Structure becomes vestigial
- E.
Structures found to be homologous
Correct Answer
C. Different structures evolve in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressuresExplanation
Different structures evolving in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressures does not illustrate shared ancestry by anatomical comparison studies. This scenario suggests convergent evolution, where unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures. Shared ancestry is typically inferred when structures are found to be homologous, meaning they share a common evolutionary origin. Other options, such as the same structure evolving to carry out different functions or a structure becoming vestigial, can also indicate shared ancestry through the process of divergent evolution.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Many organisms possess structures that have no apparent function, but they resemble structures of presumed ancestors. This is the study of
- A.
The fossil record
- B.
The molecular record
- C.
Homology
- D.
Development
- E.
Vestigial structures
Correct Answer
E. Vestigial structuresExplanation
Vestigial structures are organs or structures in organisms that have lost or reduced their original function through evolution. These structures may have been functional in ancestral species but are no longer necessary in the current organism. They serve as remnants of evolutionary history and provide evidence of common ancestry between different species. Therefore, the presence of structures with no apparent function but resembling those of presumed ancestors is a characteristic of vestigial structures.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called
- A.
The fossil record.
- B.
Homology.
- C.
Convergent evolution.
- D.
Divergent evolution.
- E.
Adaptation.
Correct Answer
C. Convergent evolution.Explanation
Convergent evolution refers to the phenomenon where different geographical areas have similar-looking plant and animal communities, even though the individual species are not closely related. This similarity in appearance is a result of similar environmental pressures and selective forces acting on different species, leading to the development of similar adaptations and traits independently. The fossil record is a separate concept that refers to the preserved remains of past organisms. Homology refers to shared traits due to common ancestry, while divergent evolution is the process where closely related species evolve different traits. Adaptation refers to the process of species adjusting to their environment.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
- A.
Australian marsupials and placental mammals of other continents
- B.
Analogous organs of horses, antelopes, and deer
- C.
Homologous organs of apes and humans
- D.
Skull bones of vertebrates
- E.
All of the species in a genus of placental mammals
Correct Answer
A. Australian marsupials and placental mammals of other continentsExplanation
Australian marsupials and placental mammals of other continents is an example of convergent evolution. Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits or characteristics due to similar environmental pressures. In this case, Australian marsupials and placental mammals have independently evolved similar features, such as pouches for carrying their young, in response to similar ecological niches and selective pressures.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The evolution of different forms in the same lineage when exposed to different selective pressures is called
- A.
Convergence.
- B.
Homology.
- C.
Phylogeny.
- D.
Analogy.
- E.
Divergence.
Correct Answer
E. Divergence.Explanation
Divergence refers to the process in which different forms or traits evolve within the same lineage due to exposure to different selective pressures. This results in the development of distinct characteristics and adaptations, leading to the divergence of species from a common ancestor. Convergence, on the other hand, refers to the development of similar traits or forms in unrelated species due to similar selective pressures. Homology refers to the presence of similar traits in different species due to a shared ancestry. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships between different species. Analogy refers to the development of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar functions, but not due to a shared ancestry.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The "scientific creationism" view includes all of the following beliefs except
- A.
Biblical account of the origin of the earth is literally true.
- B.
The earth is much younger than most scientists believe.
- C.
All species of organisms were individually created.
- D.
The organisms did not change from their original appearance.
- E.
Extinct species are replaced with new ones.
Correct Answer
E. Extinct species are replaced with new ones.Explanation
The "scientific creationism" view includes the beliefs that the biblical account of the origin of the earth is literally true, that the earth is much younger than most scientists believe, that all species of organisms were individually created, and that the organisms did not change from their original appearance. However, it does not include the belief that extinct species are replaced with new ones.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Marsupials are a very ancestral form of mammal, evolving before placental mammals over 70 million years ago. Today Australian marsupials can be compared to placental mammals on other continents. When you compare Australian marsupials to placental mammals today
- A.
The marsupials are all very primitive, having changed very little during the last 70 million years.
- B.
The marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches.
- C.
The marsupials have evolved much more rapidly than placental mammals and are more highly adapted.
- D.
The marsupial fossils look remarkably similar to the placental mammals of today.
- E.
Living marsupials are little changed from the earliest marsupial fossil forms.
Correct Answer
B. The marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches.Explanation
The correct answer is that the marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches. This suggests that despite evolving earlier, marsupials have been able to fill similar ecological roles as placental mammals, indicating convergent evolution. This similarity in adaptation implies that both groups have faced similar selective pressures and have independently evolved similar traits to survive in their respective environments.Rate this question:
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- 36.
It could be said that today's Australian marsupials and today's placental mammals have
- A.
Undergone divergent evolution.
- B.
Undergone selective advantage.
- C.
Undergone heterozygote advantage.
- D.
Undergone convergent evolution.
- E.
Developed homologous structures.
Correct Answer
D. Undergone convergent evolution.Explanation
Today's Australian marsupials and placental mammals have undergone convergent evolution. Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar characteristics or adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. In this case, both marsupials and placental mammals in Australia have evolved similar traits, such as pouches for carrying their young, due to similar ecological niches and selective pressures. This is an example of convergent evolution because these species are not closely related, but have independently evolved similar features.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp.) is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last one hundred years. Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings. Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true?
- A.
The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests.
- B.
The dark forms are distasteful to birds and are thus safe in polluted forests.
- C.
The light forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests.
- D.
Birds prey on the dark and light forms equally and neither morph has an advantage.
- E.
Dark forms emigrate from nonpolluted forests to polluted forests.
Correct Answer
A. The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests.Explanation
In nonpolluted forests, the dark forms of the peppered moths are selected against. This means that they are less likely to survive and reproduce compared to the light forms. This could be due to factors such as camouflage, where the dark forms are more easily spotted by predators in nonpolluted environments. As a result, the proportion of dark forms in the population decreases over time.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Which statement best describes the correlation between beak depths of Geospiza fortis on the Galápagos island Daphne major and the dryness of the environment?
- A.
Birds with large beaks are favored during a wet year.
- B.
Birds with small beaks are favored in dry years.
- C.
Birds with large beaks are favored during dry years.
- D.
Birds with either size beak (large or small) are favored equally.
Correct Answer
C. Birds with large beaks are favored during dry years.Explanation
During dry years, the environment on the Galápagos island Daphne major becomes more arid and food sources may become scarce. Birds with large beaks have an advantage during these times as they are better equipped to crack open and access the limited food resources available. This allows them to survive and reproduce more successfully compared to birds with smaller beaks. Therefore, birds with large beaks are favored during dry years.Rate this question:
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- 39.
The pattern of wet years and dry years shown will probably move the population toward
- A.
All having larger beaks.
- B.
All having smaller beaks.
- C.
Having intermediate size beaks.
- D.
Having two, distinct populations.
- E.
Maintaining abundant variation is beak depth in one population.
Correct Answer
E. Maintaining abundant variation is beak depth in one population.Explanation
The pattern of wet years and dry years will likely result in natural selection favoring individuals with different beak sizes depending on the prevailing conditions. In wet years, individuals with larger beaks may have an advantage in accessing abundant food resources, while in dry years, individuals with smaller beaks may be better able to feed on scarce food sources. This alternating selection pressure will maintain abundant variation in beak depth within one population, as different beak sizes will be favored in different years.Rate this question:
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- 40.
A friend is trying to understand the concept of convergent evolution. Which one of the following statements best describes this concept?
- A.
Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in the same area become reproductively isolated.
- B.
Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in different areas become reestablished and are able to reproduce.
- C.
Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in the same area are competing for the same resource thus causing one to evolve away from the other.
- D.
Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics.
Correct Answer
D. Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics.Explanation
Convergent evolution refers to the process in which two species living in different areas develop similar traits or characteristics due to natural selection. This happens because both species are exposed to similar environmental pressures and therefore evolve in a similar way to adapt to their respective habitats. This concept does not involve reproductive isolation or competition for resources, but rather focuses on the independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated species.Rate this question:
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- 41.
A biologist seeing a sign describing evolution as "just a theory" would think that
- A.
Evolution is a theory that is supported with a tremendous amount of evidence.
- B.
Evolution is just a collection of facts without a central theme and this is not a theory.
- C.
Evolution is what Darwin proposed to account for all the changes he observed in the finches so it is a hypothesis, not a theory.
- D.
Evolution occurred in the past, but it is not occurring in the present, so it cannot be a theory.
Correct Answer
A. Evolution is a theory that is supported with a tremendous amount of evidence.Explanation
The biologist would think that evolution is a theory that is supported with a tremendous amount of evidence because the term "theory" in scientific context does not mean a guess or speculation, but rather a well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon that is based on a large body of evidence. In the case of evolution, there is a vast amount of evidence from various scientific disciplines such as paleontology, genetics, and comparative anatomy that support the theory of evolution. Therefore, the biologist would understand that evolution is not just a random collection of facts, but a comprehensive and well-supported scientific theory.Rate this question:
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- 42.
You see a sign on a door that reads "Homologous Structures Inside." You go in and find
- A.
Structures of animals that appear to have evolved from different parts of their bodies.
- B.
Structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.
- C.
Structures of animals that have the same appearances and functions but obviously no common ancestor.
- D.
Structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but different ancestors.
Correct Answer
B. Structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.Explanation
The correct answer is structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor. This is because homologous structures are similar structures found in different species that indicate a common ancestry. These structures may have different functions and appearances in different species, but they share a similar underlying structure, suggesting a shared evolutionary history.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?
- A.
It gives the general ages of rock strata. (± 1 million years).
- B.
It gives exact ages of rock strata. (± 1 year).
- C.
It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the younger the rock the more radioactive decay.
- D.
It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay.
- E.
It does not work well with fossil remains that have not absorbed radiation.
Correct Answer
D. It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay.Explanation
Radioactive dating techniques measure the degree of radioactive decay in a material to determine its age. The statement that is true is that it uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, and the older the rock, the more radioactive decay has occurred. This is because radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate over time, so the more decay that has occurred, the older the material is. This technique is commonly used to date materials from the distant past.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Which one of the following observations was not important in the studies done on the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) by Peter and Rosemary Grant to verify Darwin's selection hypothesis?
- A.
Considerable variation existed in the bill size and shape in this finch.
- B.
During the 30-year period of the study, the dryness of climate varied considerably.
- C.
The medium ground finch showed assortive mating according to bill size and shape.
- D.
Bill shape (depth) varied with the dryness of the year.
- E.
Offspring were similar to parents in bill size and shape.
Correct Answer
C. The medium ground finch showed assortive mating according to bill size and shape.Explanation
The observation that the medium ground finch showed assortive mating according to bill size and shape was not important in the studies done by Peter and Rosemary Grant to verify Darwin's selection hypothesis. This is because assortive mating does not directly contribute to the understanding of natural selection and its effect on the evolution of the species. The other observations, such as the considerable variation in bill size and shape, the variation in climate, the variation in bill shape with the dryness of the year, and the similarity of offspring to parents in bill size and shape, are all relevant to studying natural selection and its impact on the finch population.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Note: In this study, equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later. According to the industrial melanism hypothesis, which of the following results is unexpected?
- A.
More marked dark moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands.
- B.
Fewer marked light moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands.
- C.
Fewer marked dark moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands.
- D.
More marked light moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands.
- E.
Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths.
Correct Answer
E. Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths.Explanation
According to the industrial melanism hypothesis, the presence of pollution in woodlands leads to an increase in the frequency of dark-colored moths, as they are better camouflaged against the darkened environment. Therefore, it is expected that more marked dark moths would be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. Similarly, fewer marked light moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. However, the unexpected result is that fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths. This suggests that the pollution is not solely responsible for the increase in dark-colored moths, as there should be a larger population of unmarked dark moths present in polluted woodlands.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following seems to be least important in understanding the basis for industrial melanism?
- A.
Abundance of lichens on trees
- B.
Greater crypticity of the dark moths on trees in polluted woodlands
- C.
Darkening of bark surfaces by pollutants
- D.
Greater crypticity of the light moths on trees in unpolluted woodlands
- E.
Differential predation by birds
Correct Answer
A. Abundance of lichens on treesExplanation
The abundance of lichens on trees seems to be least important in understanding the basis for industrial melanism because lichens do not directly affect the coloration of moths. Industrial melanism refers to the phenomenon where dark-colored moths become more prevalent in polluted areas due to their increased camouflage on darkened bark surfaces. The greater crypticity of the dark moths in polluted woodlands and the light moths in unpolluted woodlands, as well as the darkening of bark surfaces by pollutants, are all factors that contribute to the understanding of industrial melanism. Additionally, differential predation by birds plays a role in the selection of moth coloration.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Which one of the following "alternate" hypotheses might also explain industrial melanism?
- A.
Dark moths are more resistant to the toxic effects of pollution than light moths.
- B.
Dark moths emigrate out of polluted areas to escape the pollution.
- C.
Pollution kills important tree species that peppered moths depend on for egg laying.
- D.
Because dark moths absorb more heat they are more active and better able to avoid bird predation.
- E.
Birds used the marks that Kettlewell placed on the moths when he released them to help them find and capture the moths.
Correct Answer
A. Dark moths are more resistant to the toxic effects of pollution than light moths.Explanation
An alternate hypothesis that could explain industrial melanism is that dark moths are more resistant to the toxic effects of pollution than light moths. This suggests that the dark coloration of the moths may provide some sort of protection against the harmful effects of pollution, allowing them to survive and reproduce better in polluted environments compared to light moths. This hypothesis implies that natural selection may favor dark moths in polluted areas, leading to an increase in their population over time.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following statements discussed in the textbook about experiments using artificial selection to change the number of bristles in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is false?
- A.
Bristle number is likely determined by multiple genes.
- B.
Some experiments used directional selection.
- C.
Some experiments used disruptive selection.
- D.
Large changes in bristle number took place within 35 generations.
- E.
At the end of the experiment, the resulting flies were unable to interbreed with wild type flies.
Correct Answer
E. At the end of the experiment, the resulting flies were unable to interbreed with wild type flies.Explanation
The given answer is false because the statement mentioned in the answer is not discussed in the textbook. The textbook does not mention anything about the resulting flies being unable to interbreed with wild type flies at the end of the experiment.Rate this question:
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- 49.
In comparing artificial and natural selection, which of the following statements is true?
- A.
Artificial selection is slower than natural selection.
- B.
Artificial selection is reversible; natural selection is not.
- C.
Artificial selection can produce maladaptive structures, natural selection cannot.
- D.
Artificial selection cannot produce changes as large as changes produced by natural selection.
- E.
In artificial selection, the magnitude of the selection pressure can be varied; in natural selection, it cannot.
Correct Answer
C. Artificial selection can produce maladaptive structures, natural selection cannot. -
- 50.
A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?
- A.
1 half-lives; 5,600 years
- B.
2 half-lives; 11,200 years
- C.
3 half-lives; 16,800 years
- D.
4 half-lives; 22,400 years
- E.
9 half-lives; 50,400 years
Correct Answer
C. 3 half-lives; 16,800 yearsExplanation
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years, which means that after 5,600 years, half of the carbon-14 in the rock will have decayed. Therefore, after the first half-life, the amount of carbon-14 in the rock will be reduced to 9 mg. After the second half-life, it will be reduced to 4.5 mg, and after the third half-life, it will be reduced to less than 4 mg. Therefore, it will take 3 half-lives, which is equal to 16,800 years, for the carbon-14 in the rock to decay to less than 4 mg.Rate this question:
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.jpg "The pattern of wet years and dry years shown will probably move the population toward")
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