Chapter 11: Autonomic And Motor Systems
Chapter 11: autonomic and motor systems
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The Autonomic Nervous System Innervates all but one effector organ. Which of the following?
- A.
Skeletal Muscle Cells
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
- D.
Glands
- E.
Adipose Tissue
Correct Answer
A. Skeletal Muscle CellsExplanation
The autonomic nervous system innervates all effector organs except for skeletal muscle cells. This is because skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning it is innervated by the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions such as the contraction of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and the secretion of glands. Adipose tissue is also under the control of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates its metabolism and blood flow.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The ___________ Nervous System functions occur at a subconscious level.
Correct Answer
AutonomicExplanation
The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. These functions occur at a subconscious level, meaning that they are not under conscious control. The autonomic nervous system regulates these processes automatically, without us having to consciously think about them. Therefore, the autonomic nervous system is responsible for subconscious functions in the body.Rate this question:
- 3.
The ANS is aka the _______ ______ __________
Correct Answer
Involuntary Nervous SystemExplanation
The ANS, also known as the Involuntary Nervous System, controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It operates automatically, without conscious control, and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. The ANS consists of two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation and restorative processes. Together, these divisions work to regulate various bodily functions and maintain internal balance.Rate this question:
- 4.
Effector organs of the autonomic nervous system include all of the following except
- A.
The heart muscle
- B.
Smooth muscle in the pupils of the eye
- C.
Respiratory muscles
- D.
Sweat glands
- E.
Salivary glands
Correct Answer
C. Respiratory musclesExplanation
The correct answer is respiratory muscles. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions in the body, such as heart rate, pupil dilation, sweating, and salivation. However, the control of respiratory muscles is not under the autonomic nervous system but rather under the control of the somatic nervous system, which is responsible for voluntary movements.Rate this question:
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- 5.
According to the concept of dual innervation by the autonomic nervous system, if sympathetic activity inhibits pancreatic secretions, then the parasympathetic nervous system should
- A.
Inhibit pancreatic secretions as wel
- B.
Stimulate pancreatic secretions
- C.
Have no effect on pancreatic secretions
Correct Answer
B. Stimulate pancreatic secretionsExplanation
According to the concept of dual innervation by the autonomic nervous system, if sympathetic activity inhibits pancreatic secretions, then the parasympathetic nervous system should stimulate pancreatic secretions. This is because the autonomic nervous system has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic, which often have opposite effects on target organs. In this case, if sympathetic activity inhibits pancreatic secretions, it means that the sympathetic branch is responsible for inhibiting pancreatic function. Therefore, the parasympathetic branch, which has the opposite effect, should stimulate pancreatic secretions.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The adrenal medulla
- A.
Contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons
- B.
Is part of the brainstem
- C.
Releases epinephrine into the blood
- D.
Is part of the parasympathetic nervous system
- E.
Is controlled by the somatic nervous system
Correct Answer
C. Releases epinepHrine into the bloodExplanation
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the blood. This is because the adrenal medulla is a part of the adrenal gland, which is responsible for producing and releasing hormones. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone that is released in response to stress or danger. It helps to prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Therefore, the adrenal medulla plays a crucial role in the body's stress response by releasing epinephrine into the bloodstream.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following receptor types does not activate G proteins?
- A.
Nicotinic cholinergic
- B.
Muscarinic cholinergic
- C.
ᵨ1 adrenergic
- D.
ᵦ1 adrenergic
- E.
ᵦ3 adrenergic
Correct Answer
A. Nicotinic cholinergicExplanation
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which means they directly allow the flow of ions across the cell membrane when activated by acetylcholine. They do not activate G proteins. In contrast, muscarinic cholinergic receptors, ᵨ1 adrenergic receptors, ᵦ1 adrenergic receptors, and ᵦ3 adrenergic receptors are all G protein-coupled receptors, which means they activate G proteins upon binding to their respective ligands.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The origin of motor neurons is the
- A.
Ventral horn of the spinal cord
- B.
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- C.
Lateral horn of the spinal cord
Correct Answer
A. Ventral horn of the spinal cordExplanation
Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, allowing for movement. The origin of these motor neurons is the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This region of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of motor neurons, which then send out their axons to connect with muscles throughout the body. The ventral horn is specifically involved in the control of skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movement. Therefore, the ventral horn of the spinal cord is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following is the location of the cardiovascular regulatory centers?
- A.
Thalamus
- B.
Hypothalamus
- C.
Limbic system
- D.
Pons
- E.
Medulla oblongata
Correct Answer
E. Medulla oblongataExplanation
The cardiovascular regulatory centers are located in the medulla oblongata. This region of the brainstem is responsible for controlling and regulating various cardiovascular functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow. It receives information from various sensors in the body and sends signals to the heart, blood vessels, and other organs to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper functioning of the cardiovascular system.Rate this question:
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- 10.
How many motor neurons innervate a single skeletal muscle cell
- A.
0
- B.
1
- C.
Several
- D.
Hundreds
- E.
Millions
Correct Answer
B. 1Explanation
Each skeletal muscle cell is innervated by a single motor neuron. This motor neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the brain or spinal cord to the muscle cell, causing it to contract. This one-to-one connection ensures precise control and coordination of muscle movements.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The motor end plate is
- A.
The specialized synaptic terminal of the motor neuron
- B.
The specialized synaptic terminal of the autonomic postganglionic neurons
- C.
The specialized region of skeletal muscle innervated by a motor neuron
- D.
The specialized region of an effector organ innervated by an autonomic postganglionic neuron
Correct Answer
C. The specialized region of skeletal muscle innervated by a motor neuronExplanation
The motor end plate refers to the specialized region of skeletal muscle that is innervated by a motor neuron. This is where the motor neuron forms a synapse with the muscle fiber, allowing for the transmission of signals from the nervous system to the muscle, leading to contraction. The motor end plate contains numerous acetylcholine receptors, which are responsible for receiving the neurotransmitter acetylcholine released by the motor neuron. This interaction between the motor neuron and the motor end plate is essential for the control and coordination of muscle movement.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Neurotransmitter is released from which portion of a postganglionic neuron?
- A.
Terminal bouton
- B.
Axon terminal
- C.
Varicosity
- D.
Cell body
- E.
Dendrites
Correct Answer
C. VaricosityExplanation
The correct answer is varicosity. A varicosity is a swollen portion along the length of an axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released from a postganglionic neuron. It contains numerous synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters that are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals to the next neuron or target cell.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which branch of the ANS is most active when the body is at rest?
Correct Answer
parasympathetic
PSNExplanation
The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is most active when the body is at rest. This branch is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation, conserving energy, and maintaining homeostasis. It helps to slow down heart rate, decrease blood pressure, stimulate digestion, and promote overall calmness and relaxation in the body. The PSN, which stands for parasympathetic nervous system, is another term for the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.Rate this question:
- 14.
True or False: The communication between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons in the ANS is one-to-one
Correct Answer
False
FExplanation
The statement is false because the communication between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is not one-to-one. Preganglionic neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to ganglia, where they synapse with multiple postganglionic neurons. These postganglionic neurons then relay the signals to various target organs or tissues, allowing for widespread and simultaneous activation or inhibition of multiple effector sites. Therefore, the communication in the ANS is one-to-many rather than one-to-one.Rate this question:
- 15.
Which neurons in the peripheral nervous system are cholinergic?
Correct Answer
parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, sympathetic preganglionic neurons and motor neuronExplanation
Cholinergic neurons are those that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the peripheral nervous system, cholinergic neurons include parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and motor neurons. These neurons play a role in various physiological processes such as regulating heart rate, digestion, and muscle movement.Rate this question:
- 16.
Which neurons in the peripheral nervous system are adrenergic?
Correct Answer
Sympathetic postganglionic neuronsExplanation
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic because they release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline). Adrenergic neurons are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and play a role in the "fight or flight" response. Norepinephrine acts on adrenergic receptors in target tissues, leading to various physiological responses such as increased heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, and increased blood pressure.Rate this question:
- 17.
A decrease in cAMP is associated with what class of adrenergic receptor?
Correct Answer
a2 adrenergicExplanation
A decrease in cAMP is associated with the a2 adrenergic receptor. Adrenergic receptors are classified into alpha and beta subtypes, with the a2 adrenergic receptor belonging to the alpha subtype. Activation of the a2 receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase, leading to a decrease in the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This decrease in cAMP has various physiological effects, such as decreased smooth muscle relaxation, decreased insulin secretion, and decreased release of norepinephrine.Rate this question:
- 18.
Activation of a adrenergic receptors usually produces (excitation/ inhibition)?
Correct Answer
excitationExplanation
Activation of adrenergic receptors usually produces excitation because adrenergic receptors are primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous system response, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. When these receptors are activated, they increase heart rate, blood pressure, and overall arousal, leading to excitation of the body. This response prepares the body for action and allows it to respond to stress or danger.Rate this question:
- 19.
ᵦ2 adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for (epinephrine/ norepineohrine).
Correct Answer
epinephrineExplanation
β2 adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for epinephrine compared to norepinephrine. This means that epinephrine is more likely to bind to and activate β2 adrenergic receptors in the body. This affinity difference is important because it helps explain why epinephrine is often used as a medication to treat conditions such as asthma and bronchospasm, as activation of β2 adrenergic receptors can relax smooth muscles in the airways and improve breathing.Rate this question:
- 20.
The motor end plate has (nicotinic/ muscarinic) cholinergic receptors.
Correct Answer
nicotinicExplanation
The motor end plate contains nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction and are responsible for transmitting signals from motor neurons to muscle fibers. These receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to muscle contraction. Muscarinic receptors, on the other hand, are found in other parts of the body and are involved in various physiological processes. Therefore, the correct answer is nicotinic.Rate this question:
- 21.
The enzyme that degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is called _________.
Correct Answer
acetylcholinesteraseExplanation
Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in transmitting signals between nerve cells. After acetylcholine has completed its function, it needs to be rapidly degraded to prevent continuous signaling. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetate, which can then be recycled or removed from the synaptic cleft. This ensures that the signaling process is tightly regulated and allows for proper functioning of the nervous system.Rate this question:
- 22.
Name two primary neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer
acetylcholine and norepinephrineExplanation
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two primary neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system. Acetylcholine is involved in various functions such as muscle contraction, memory, and learning. It is released at the neuromuscular junction, where it stimulates muscle contraction. Norepinephrine is involved in the "fight or flight" response, regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and stress response. It is released by sympathetic nerve fibers and acts as a stress hormone. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in transmitting signals between nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system.Rate this question:
- 23.
__________ are neurons that release acetylcholine
Correct Answer
CholinergicExplanation
Cholinergic neurons are a type of neurons that release acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in various functions in the body, including muscle movement, memory, and attention. These neurons are found in different parts of the nervous system, such as the brain and the peripheral nervous system. They play a crucial role in transmitting signals between neurons and are involved in regulating various bodily processes.Rate this question:
- 24.
________ are neurons that release norepinephrine
Correct Answer
AdrengergicExplanation
Adrengergic neurons are responsible for releasing norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the body's "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. Adrengergic neurons are found in various parts of the brain and spinal cord, and their activation can have widespread effects on the body.Rate this question:
- 25.
Name two types of cholinergic receptors
Correct Answer
nicotinic and muscarinicExplanation
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are two types of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are found in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in the neuromuscular junction, and they are activated by nicotine. Muscarinic receptors, on the other hand, are found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, smooth muscles, and glands, and they are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These two types of receptors play different roles in mediating the effects of acetylcholine in the body.Rate this question:
- 26.
Muscle cells innervated by only one motor neuron
Correct Answer
muscle fibersExplanation
Muscle fibers are innervated by only one motor neuron, meaning that each motor neuron is responsible for activating a specific group of muscle fibers. This arrangement allows for precise control and coordination of muscle movements. When the motor neuron is activated, it signals the muscle fibers it innervates to contract, leading to the desired movement. This one-to-one innervation ensures that the muscle fibers receive a direct and specific command from the motor neuron, allowing for efficient and targeted muscle contractions.Rate this question:
- 27.
Motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates
Correct Answer
motor unitExplanation
A motor unit refers to a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor neuron is activated, it stimulates multiple muscle fibers to contract simultaneously. This coordinated contraction allows for precise control and movement of muscles. Each motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle fibers, and the group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron is called a motor unit. Therefore, the correct answer is motor unit.Rate this question:
- 28.
The synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
Correct Answer
neuromusclar junctionExplanation
The correct answer is neuromuscular junction. The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. It is a specialized connection where the motor neuron releases neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which bind to receptors on the skeletal muscle cell and initiate muscle contraction. This junction allows for the transmission of signals from the nervous system to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement.Rate this question:
- 29.
Axon terminals of the motor neuron which store and release acetylcholine
Correct Answer
Terminal BoutonsExplanation
Terminal boutons are structures found at the end of axon terminals of a motor neuron. These boutons store and release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is responsible for transmitting signals between neurons and muscle cells, allowing for muscle contraction and movement. Therefore, the presence of terminal boutons suggests that the motor neuron in question is involved in transmitting signals to muscles, likely controlling voluntary movement.Rate this question:
- 30.
Specialized region of a skeletal muscle fiber's plasma membrane located at the neuromuscular junction
Correct Answer
Motor End PlateExplanation
The motor end plate is a specialized region of a skeletal muscle fiber's plasma membrane located at the neuromuscular junction. It is the site where the motor neuron releases neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, to stimulate muscle contraction. The motor end plate contains a high concentration of acetylcholine receptors, which bind to the neurotransmitter and initiate the muscle action potential. This allows for the transmission of signals from the nervous system to the muscle fiber, leading to muscle contraction.Rate this question:
- 31.
Depolarization of the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle fiber caused by acetylcholine binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Correct Answer
End Plate Potentials
EPPExplanation
When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, it causes depolarization of the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle fiber. This depolarization is known as the end plate potential (EPP). The EPP is a local change in membrane potential that occurs at the neuromuscular junction, where the motor neuron and muscle fiber meet. It is the initial step in the process of muscle contraction, as it triggers the release of calcium ions and the subsequent contraction of the muscle fiber. Therefore, the correct answer is End Plate Potentials (EPP).Rate this question:
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