Closed
Open
Visual
Vestibular (前庭の)
Somatosensory (体知覚の)
Afferent
Efferent
Ankle
Knee
Hip
Shoulder
Elbow
Neck
Wrist
Determines timing, direction and amplitude of correction based on input
System relies on one sense at a time for orientation
For adults the somatosensory system is relied on primarily
Collection of processes that determine temporal sequencing and distribution of contractile activity
Collection of processes that determine temporal sequencing and distribution of contractile activity
Determines timing, direction and amplitude of correction based on input
System relies on one sense at a time for orientation
For adults the somatosensory system is relied on primarily
Provides information concerning relative position of body parts to support surface and each other
Measures orientation of eyes and head in relation to surrounding objects
Role in maintenance of balance
Provides information dealing with gravitational, linear and angular accelerations of the head with respect to inertial space
Minor role when visual and somatosensory systems are operating correctly
Provides information concerning relative position of body parts to support surface and each other
Measures orientation of eyes and head in relation to surrounding objects
Role in maintenance of balance
Provides information dealing with gravitational, linear and angular accelerations of the head with respect to inertial space
Minor role when visual and somatosensory systems are operating correctly
Provides information dealing with gravitational, linear and angular accelerations of the head with respect to inertial space
Minor role when visual and somatosensory systems are operating correctly
Measures orientation of eyes and head in relation to surrounding objects
Role in maintenance of balance
Provides information concerning relative position of body parts to support surface and each other
Shifts CoG by maintaining feet and rotating body at a rigid mass about the ankle joints
Gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior are responsible for torque production about ankle
Anterior/posterior sway is counteracted by gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, respectively
Effective for slow CoG movements when base of support is firm and within LOS
Also effective when CoG is offset from center
Relied upon more heavily when somatosensory loss occurs and forward/backward perturbations are imposed or support surface lengths are altered
Aids in control of motion through initiation of large and rapid motions at the hip with anti-phase rotation of ankle
Effective when CoG is near LOS perimeter and when LOS boundaries are contracted by narrower base of support
Effective when CoG is near LOS perimeter and when LOS boundaries are contracted by narrower base of support
Aids in control of motion through initiation of large and rapid motions at the hip with anti-phase rotation of ankle
Relied upon more heavily when somatosensory loss occurs and forward/backward perturbations are imposed or support surface lengths are altered
Shifts CoG by maintaining feet and rotating body at a rigid mass about the ankle joints
Gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior are responsible for torque production about ankle
Anterior/posterior sway is counteracted by gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, respectively
Effective for slow CoG movements when base of support is firm and within LOS
Also effective when CoG is offset from center
Utilizes three stances
Double, single, tandem on both firm and foam surfaces
Athletes are instructed to remain motionless with hands on hips for 20 seconds
Unnecessary movements and correction of body position are counted as ‘errors’ (max score = 10)
Results are best utilized if compared to baseline data
Functional reach tests
Timed agility tests
Carioca
Hop test
Bass test for dynamic balance
Timed T-band kicks
Timed balance beam walks (eyes open and closed)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Balance (CoB)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Vertical Force (CoF)
Steadiness
Symmetry
Dynamic stability
Utilization of external perturbation
Center of Pressure (CoP)
Center of Balance (CoB)
Static
Semi-dynamic
Dynamic
Functional
Static
Semi-dynamic
Dynamic
Functional
Static
Semi-dynamic
Dynamic
Functional
Static
Semi-dynamic
Dynamic
Functional
Non-ballistic types of drills
Static balance training
Bilateral to unilateral on both involved and uninvolved sides
Utilize multiple surfaces to safely challenge athlete and maintaining motivation
With and without arms/counterbalance
Eyes open and closed
Alterations in various sensory information
ATC can add perturbations
Incorporation of multiaxial devices
Train reflex stabilization and postural orientation
Transition from static to dynamic
Running, jumping and cutting – activities that require the athlete to repetitively lose and gain balance in order to perform activity
Incorporate when sufficient healing has occurred
Semi-dynamic exercised should be introduced in the transition
Involve displacement or perturbation of CoG
Bilateral, unilateral stances or weight transfers involved
Sit-stand exercises, focus on postural
Dynamic and functional types of exercise
Slow to fast, low to high force, controlled to uncontrolled
Dependent on sport athlete is involved in
Start with bilateral jumping drills – straight plane jumping patterns
Advance to diagonal jumping patterns
Increase length and sequences of patterns
Progress to unilateral drills
Pain and fatigue should not be much of a factor
Can also add a vertical component to the drills
Addition of implements
Tubing, foam roll
Final step = functional activity with subconscious dynamic control/balance
Non-ballistic types of drills
Static balance training
Bilateral to unilateral on both involved and uninvolved sides
Utilize multiple surfaces to safely challenge athlete and maintaining motivation
With and without arms/counterbalance
Eyes open and closed
Alterations in various sensory information
ATC can add perturbations
Incorporation of multiaxial devices
Train reflex stabilization and postural orientation
Transition from static to dynamic
Running, jumping and cutting – activities that require the athlete to repetitively lose and gain balance in order to perform activity
Incorporate when sufficient healing has occurred
Semi-dynamic exercised should be introduced in the transition
Involve displacement or perturbation of CoG
Bilateral, unilateral stances or weight transfers involved
Sit-stand exercises, focus on postural
Dynamic and functional types of exercise
Slow to fast, low to high force, controlled to uncontrolled
Dependent on sport athlete is involved in
Start with bilateral jumping drills – straight plane jumping patterns
Advance to diagonal jumping patterns
Increase length and sequences of patterns
Progress to unilateral drills
Pain and fatigue should not be much of a factor
Can also add a vertical component to the drills
Addition of implements
Tubing, foam roll
Final step = functional activity with subconscious dynamic control/balance
Non-ballistic types of drills
Static balance training
Bilateral to unilateral on both involved and uninvolved sides
Utilize multiple surfaces to safely challenge athlete and maintaining motivation
With and without arms/counterbalance
Eyes open and closed
Alterations in various sensory information
ATC can add perturbations
Incorporation of multiaxial devices
Train reflex stabilization and postural orientation
Transition from static to dynamic
Running, jumping and cutting – activities that require the athlete to repetitively lose and gain balance in order to perform activity
Incorporate when sufficient healing has occurred
Semi-dynamic exercised should be introduced in the transition
Involve displacement or perturbation of CoG
Bilateral, unilateral stances or weight transfers involved
Sit-stand exercises, focus on postural
Dynamic and functional types of exercise
Slow to fast, low to high force, controlled to uncontrolled
Dependent on sport athlete is involved in
Start with bilateral jumping drills – straight plane jumping patterns
Advance to diagonal jumping patterns
Increase length and sequences of patterns
Progress to unilateral drills
Pain and fatigue should not be much of a factor
Can also add a vertical component to the drills
Addition of implements
Tubing, foam roll
Final step = functional activity with subconscious dynamic control/balance