Cell Organelles Warm Up: 2

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is mainly present in animal and plant cells. SER is a network of membrane-bound tubules and sacs that lack ribosomes on their surface. It plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium ion storage. While bacteria do have a simpler version of the endoplasmic reticulum called the reticuloplasm, it does not have a smooth or rough distinction like in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the correct answer is animal and plant cells.

Chromoplasts are plastids found in plant cells, specifically in fruits and flowers. They are responsible for the synthesis and storage of pigments, such as carotenoids, which give color to these plant structures. Therefore, chromoplasts are mainly present in plant cells, making the correct answer "Plant only".

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells, specifically in the centrosome. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle fibers. However, centrioles are not present in bacteria or plant cells. Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, including centrioles, while plant cells have a different structure called a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) instead of centrioles. Therefore, the correct answer is "Animal only."

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is mainly present in animal and plant cells. RER is a network of membranes that is studded with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance. It is involved in protein synthesis and processing. Animal and plant cells both have RER because they both need to produce proteins for various cellular functions. Bacteria, on the other hand, do not have RER as they lack membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal and Plant.

Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells, which means they have a nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls its activities. Bacteria cells, on the other hand, are prokaryotic cells and do not have a nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal and Plant, as both of these cell types have a nucleus.

Ribosomes are present in all types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "Animal, Bacteria and Plant" as it includes all three types of cells.

Pili, or pilus (singular), are thread-like structures found on the surface of bacteria. They are used for various functions such as attachment to surfaces, movement, and transfer of genetic material between bacteria. Pili are not present in animal or plant cells, as they are exclusive to bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bacteria only."

The Golgi apparatus is present in both animal and plant cells. It is an organelle involved in the sorting, modifying, and packaging of proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell. This organelle is not found in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, as they lack membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal and Plant.

Capsules are mainly present in bacteria only. Capsules are a protective layer that surrounds the bacterial cell wall. They are composed of polysaccharides or proteins and provide the bacteria with protection against host immune responses and environmental stresses. Capsules also play a role in bacterial adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation. While some eukaryotic organisms may have similar structures, capsules are predominantly found in bacteria.

Glyoxysomes are specialized organelles found in plant cells. They are not present in animal cells or bacterial cells. Glyoxysomes are involved in lipid metabolism and are particularly important in plants during seed germination. They contain enzymes that convert stored lipids into carbohydrates, which can then be used as an energy source for the growing plant. Therefore, the correct answer is "Plant only".

The plasma membrane is present in animal, bacteria, and plant cells. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and separates it from its environment. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to exit. In animal cells, the plasma membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell. In bacteria cells, the plasma membrane is located just beneath the cell wall. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is found beneath the cell wall and is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape and regulating water balance.

Plasmodesmata are small channels that connect plant cells, allowing for the transport of nutrients, water, and signals between cells. They are unique to plant cells and are not present in animal or bacterial cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "Plant only."

Endospores are specialized structures that are formed by some bacteria as a means of survival in unfavorable conditions. These structures are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing the bacteria to remain dormant and protected until conditions become favorable again. Endospores are not present in animal or plant cells, but are unique to certain bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bacteria only".

Vacuoles are mainly present in animal and plant cells. Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for various functions such as storage of water, nutrients, and waste materials, maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells, and regulating cell size. While some bacteria may have small vacuoles, they are much more prominent and diverse in animal and plant cells. Therefore, the correct answer is animal and plant.

Mitochondria are present in animal, bacteria, and plant cells. This is because mitochondria are organelles that are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. While mitochondria are commonly found in eukaryotic cells, they can also be found in certain prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal, Bacteria, and Plant.

Membrane-bound organelles are present in eukaryotic cells, which include both animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not have membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal and Plant.

Centrosomes are organelles found in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules and facilitating the separation of chromosomes. Bacteria do not have centrosomes, as they are prokaryotic cells that lack membrane-bound organelles. Similarly, plant cells also do not possess centrosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is "Animal only."

The correct answer is Bacteria only. Nucleoids are present in prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria. Eukaryotic cells, such as those found in animals and plants, have a true nucleus instead of a nucleoid.

Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that are used for movement in cells. They are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but the question specifically states "prokaryotic cells". Prokaryotic cells include bacteria, while eukaryotic cells include plants and animals. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bacteria only" as flagella are present in prokaryotic cells, which are represented by bacteria.

The cell wall is present in both bacteria and plant cells. Bacteria have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan, which provides support and protection. Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose, which gives them structural support and protection. Animal cells do not have a cell wall, instead they have a flexible cell membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is Bacteria and Plant.

The cell envelope is a structure found in prokaryotic cells, specifically in bacteria. It consists of the cell membrane and the cell wall, which provide support and protection to the cell. In eukaryotic cells, such as animal and plant cells, the cell envelope is not present. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bacteria only."

Cristae are mainly present in animal and plant cells. Cristae are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area available for cellular respiration, which produces energy for the cell. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not have mitochondria and therefore do not have cristae.

Microvilli are small, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of a cell. They are mainly found in animal cells. Bacteria do not possess microvilli, as they have a different cell structure. Similarly, plants do not have microvilli, as they have a rigid cell wall and other specialized structures like chloroplasts. Therefore, the correct answer is "Animal only" as microvilli are exclusive to animal cells.

Cilia are present in both animal and bacterial cells. Cilia are short, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of the cell and are involved in various functions such as movement and sensory perception. In animal cells, cilia are found in certain specialized cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract or the fallopian tubes. In bacterial cells, cilia-like structures called flagella are present, which enable the bacteria to move. Therefore, the correct answer is Animal and Bacteria.

Tonoplasts are present in animal and plant cells. The tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds the vacuole in plant and animal cells. It helps maintain the osmotic balance of the cell by regulating the movement of water, ions, and other molecules into and out of the vacuole. In plant cells, the tonoplast also plays a role in storing nutrients and maintaining turgor pressure. In animal cells, the tonoplast is involved in various cellular processes, including endocytosis and exocytosis. Therefore, the presence of tonoplasts is characteristic of both animal and plant cells.