CCNA Security Part 1

The aaa accounting command should be issued from the Global configuration mode in order to configure accounting in AAA. This mode allows the user to make changes to the global configuration of the device, including enabling and configuring AAA accounting. By issuing the command in this mode, the user can specify the accounting parameters and settings that will be applied to all users and services on the device.

Cisco recommends using SNMP version 3 for network management. SNMP version 3 provides enhanced security features such as authentication, encryption, and access control, which makes it more secure compared to previous versions. It also offers improved performance and scalability, making it the preferred choice for managing Cisco networks.

The correct answer is Eradicate. In a worm attack, the phases typically involve Paralyze, Propagate, and Persist. Paralyze refers to the initial stage where the worm compromises the target system. Propagate involves the worm spreading to other systems. Persist refers to the worm establishing a foothold on the compromised system to ensure longevity. Eradicate, on the other hand, does not typically occur in a worm attack as the goal is usually to maintain control and continue spreading rather than eliminating the worm.

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A gatekeeper in VoIP is responsible for controlling and managing the communication between endpoints. It can permit or deny a call attempt based on the available bandwidth of the network. The gatekeeper analyzes the network's capacity and determines if it can handle the call, ensuring that the call quality is not compromised by insufficient bandwidth. Therefore, the gatekeeper is the correct answer as it has the capability to permit or deny a call attempt based on the network's available bandwidth.

A stateful firewall is required to open appropriate UDP ports required for RTP streams. A stateful firewall keeps track of the state of network connections and can make decisions based on the context of the traffic. In the case of RTP streams, which use UDP for real-time communication, the stateful firewall can dynamically open and close the necessary UDP ports based on the ongoing session. This allows the firewall to selectively allow the RTP traffic while still providing security by monitoring the state of the connections.

The answer suggests three best practice recommendations for securing a network: routinely applying patches to operating systems and applications, disabling unneeded services and ports on hosts, and requiring strong passwords with password expiration enabled. These practices help to ensure that the network is protected against potential vulnerabilities, such as outdated software, unnecessary services that could be exploited, and weak passwords. By regularly applying patches, disabling unneeded services and ports, and enforcing strong passwords, the network can be better protected against potential security threats.

SPAN stands for Switch Port Analyzer. It is a Cisco Catalyst switch feature that can be used in an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) solution to send a copy of network traffic to an IDS sensor for analysis. By configuring SPAN on the switch, it allows the IDS sensor to monitor and analyze network traffic without impacting the normal flow of data. This feature is commonly used for network troubleshooting, monitoring, and security analysis purposes.

A flash drive can be used to store configuration files, digital certificates, and copies of the IOS image. Storing configuration files on a flash drive allows for easy backup and transfer of device configurations. Storing digital certificates on a flash drive is useful for secure authentication and encryption purposes. Storing copies of the IOS image on a flash drive enables easy installation or recovery of the operating system on the device.

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Administrative law typically involves the enforcement of regulations by government agencies. This type of law governs the activities of administrative agencies, such as licensing, rule-making, and adjudication. It deals with the legal principles and procedures that govern the actions of these agencies, ensuring that they act within their authority and follow fair procedures. Administrative law plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance between the powers of the government and the rights of individuals affected by their actions.

The correct answer is "Confugure>Additional Tasks>AAA". This option is chosen to enable AAA through the SDM. The other options listed do not specifically mention enabling AAA or are not related to the SDM.

Litigators typically require motive, means, and opportunity to present an effective argument when prosecuting information security violations. Motive refers to the reason or intention behind the violation, means refers to the tools or methods used to commit the violation, and opportunity refers to the chance or circumstances that enabled the violation to occur. By establishing these three elements, litigators can build a strong case demonstrating the intent, capability, and opportunity of the defendant to commit the security violation.

Operations security is the correct answer because it focuses on ensuring that no one employee becomes a pervasive security threat by implementing access controls, monitoring systems, and security awareness training. It also includes measures to ensure that data can be recovered from backups and that information system changes do not compromise the security of the system. Strategic security planning involves developing security policies and objectives, while implementation security refers to the process of putting security measures into place. Disaster recovery focuses on the ability to recover from a disaster or system failure.

Level 4 syslog logging is associated with warnings. Syslog is a standard protocol used for message logging, and it categorizes log messages into different levels. Level 4 is known as the "Warning" level, which indicates that there is a potential issue or problem that needs attention. This level is typically used for non-critical warnings that may affect the system's functionality or performance.

Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) is a Cisco Catalyst switch mechanism that can be used to prevent a man-in-the-middle attack launched against a SIP network. DAI inspects ARP packets and verifies the IP-to-MAC address binding to ensure that it is valid. If an ARP packet is found to be invalid or inconsistent, the switch can take actions such as dropping the packet or generating an alert. By verifying the authenticity of ARP packets, DAI helps to prevent attackers from spoofing IP addresses and performing man-in-the-middle attacks on the network.

The component of the formula that represents the percentage of loss of an asset that is experienced if an anticipated threat occurs is EF. EF stands for Exposure Factor, which is a measure of the percentage of loss that would occur if a specific threat is realized. It represents the extent to which an asset is vulnerable to a particular threat.

A blended threat is a type of threat that combines the characteristics of a worm, virus, and trojan horse. This means that it has the ability to spread like a worm, infect and damage files like a virus, and deceive users like a trojan horse. Blended threats are particularly dangerous because they can exploit multiple vulnerabilities and use different attack vectors to compromise systems and networks. They often use social engineering techniques to trick users into executing malicious code, making them difficult to detect and mitigate.

After the "security authentication failure" command has been issued, an IOS router's default response to multiple failed login attempts is to suspend the login process for 15 seconds after 10 unsuccessful login attempts.

In a 802.1x deployment, a RADIUS server acts as the authentication server. It is responsible for authenticating users and granting or denying access to the network based on the credentials provided by the supplicant. The RADIUS server verifies the user's identity and communicates with the authenticator to allow or block access. The authenticator is the network device that interacts with the supplicant and the RADIUS server, while the method list is a collection of authentication methods used by the server.

Spoofing represents an attack against data confidentiality. Spoofing occurs when an attacker impersonates a legitimate user or system to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. By pretending to be someone or something they are not, the attacker can bypass security measures and gain access to confidential data. This attack compromises the confidentiality of the data, as the attacker can view, modify, or steal sensitive information without detection.

A static packet-filtering firewall analyzes network traffic at the network and transport protocol layers. This means that it examines the headers of packets to determine the source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols. It then uses this information to make decisions on whether to allow or block the packets based on predetermined rules. This type of firewall does not evaluate packets at the application layer or keep track of the communication process through a state table.

During the probe phase of a worm attack, ping scans might be used. Ping scans involve sending ICMP echo requests to multiple IP addresses in order to determine which hosts are online and can be potential targets for the attack. This allows the attacker to identify vulnerable systems and plan the next steps of the attack accordingly.

The correct answer includes three phases of disaster recovery: the emergency response phase, the return to normal operations phase, and the recovery phase. In the emergency response phase, immediate actions are taken to ensure the safety of individuals and minimize further damage. The return to normal operations phase involves restoring essential functions and resuming normal operations. Lastly, the recovery phase focuses on long-term restoration and rebuilding efforts to fully recover from the disaster.

EAPOL messages are typically sent between the supplicant and the authenticator in an IEEE 802.1x deployment. The supplicant is the client device that wants to access the network, and the authenticator is the network device (such as a switch or access point) that controls access to the network. The EAPOL messages are used to establish and authenticate the connection between the supplicant and the authenticator, ensuring secure network access.

The correct answer is Access-Request. In RADIUS authentication, the Access-Request message type is used to request access to a network resource. This message type contains AV (Attribute-Value) pairs that include the username and password for authentication. The RADIUS server will process this request and respond with an Access-Accept or Access-Reject message depending on the authentication outcome. Access-Allow is not a valid RADIUS message type.

GARP stands for Gratuitous ARP, which is a type of message that an attacker might send to a host to convince it that the attacker's MAC address is the host's next-hop MAC address. GARP messages are unsolicited ARP replies that are used to update or announce the MAC address of a device. By sending a GARP message with the attacker's MAC address, the attacker can trick the host into believing that their MAC address is the legitimate next-hop MAC address, allowing them to intercept or manipulate network traffic.

The drawback of implementing Fiber Channel Authentication Protocol (FCAP) is that it relies on an underlying Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This means that organizations implementing FCAP would need to have a PKI in place, which can be complex and costly to set up and maintain. PKI involves managing digital certificates, public and private keys, and certificate authorities, which can introduce additional administrative overhead and potential vulnerabilities if not properly implemented and managed.

The Dynamic Vector Streaming (DVS) engine is a scanning technology that enables signature-based spyware filtering. This means that it is capable of identifying and blocking spyware based on known patterns or signatures. It helps to detect and prevent the installation or execution of spyware, which is a type of malicious software that collects information without the user's consent. By filtering out spyware signatures, the DVS engine enhances the security of the system and protects against potential privacy breaches.

The Configuration interceptor is responsible for intercepting all read/write requests to the rc files in UNIX. These rc files contain configuration settings for various applications and services in the UNIX system. By intercepting these requests, the Configuration interceptor can ensure that any changes made to the configuration files are properly managed and controlled, helping to maintain the security and integrity of the system.

The correct answer is preventive, deterrent, and detective. Cisco categorizes security controls into three categories: administrative, physical, and technical. Within these categories, controls can be further classified into preventive controls, which aim to prevent security incidents from occurring; deterrent controls, which discourage potential attackers; and detective controls, which identify and respond to security incidents after they have occurred. These three types of controls work together to provide a comprehensive security framework.

The correct answer is "switch(config-if)#dot1x host-mode multi-host". This command is used to configure a Cisco Catalyst switch port to operate in multiple-host mode. By enabling dot1x host-mode multi-host, the switch port allows multiple devices to authenticate and connect to the network through that port. This is useful in scenarios where multiple devices need to connect to the network through a single switch port, such as in a conference room or a shared workspace.

Extended ACLs are used to filter traffic based on various criteria such as source/destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers. When creating an extended ACL, the number ranges that may be used are 100 - 199 and 2000 - 2699. These number ranges are reserved for extended ACLs and are commonly used in network configurations. The other number ranges mentioned (1 - 99 and 1300 - 1999) are not typically used for extended ACLs.

The command "aaa authentication enable default" should be used to enable AAA authentication to determine if a user can access the privilege command level. This command specifies the default authentication method to be used for enabling privileged commands. By using the "default" keyword, it ensures that the default authentication method is applied. The "local" keyword specifies that the authentication should be performed locally on the device.

The separate voice VLAN in a Cisco IP phone is called the Auxiliary VLAN. This VLAN allows the IP phone to send voice packets while the attached PC can send data traffic in a different VLAN.

Setting connection limits on a firewall can help mitigate worm and other automated attacks by limiting the number of connections that can be established with the network. This prevents an attacker from overwhelming the firewall with a large number of connection requests, which can potentially disrupt the network or compromise its security. By setting connection limits, the firewall can effectively manage and control the number of connections, ensuring that only legitimate and necessary connections are allowed while blocking excessive or suspicious connections. This helps to minimize the risk of automated attacks and maintain the security of the network.

The correct answer is "It specifies the login authorization method list console-in using the local user database on the router." This command is used to configure the router to authenticate users attempting to log in to the console using the local user database. The "aaa authentication login" command is used to specify the authentication method, and in this case, it is set to "local" which means the router will use its own local user database for authentication. The "console-in" parameter specifies the method list to be used for console login.

The two approaches for launching a VLAN hopping attack are switch spoofing and double tagging. Switch spoofing involves sending frames with a fake source MAC address to trick the switch into forwarding the frames to the targeted VLAN. Double tagging, on the other hand, involves adding an additional VLAN tag to the frame, allowing it to bypass the switch's VLAN enforcement mechanisms and gain access to other VLANs. Both methods exploit vulnerabilities in the switch's handling of VLAN tags to gain unauthorized access to different VLANs.

The valid SDM configuration wizards are Security Audit, VPN, and NAT. SDM (Security Device Manager) is a web-based configuration tool for Cisco routers that simplifies the configuration and management of security features. The Security Audit wizard helps in analyzing the security of the router configuration. The VPN wizard assists in setting up virtual private network connections. The NAT wizard is used to configure Network Address Translation, allowing private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses for internet access. Therefore, these three wizards are valid options for SDM configuration.

The correct answer is IronPort M-Series. IronPort M-Series is the name of the e-mail traffic monitoring service that underlies the architecture of IronPort.

LUN masking is implemented at the Host Bus Adapter (HBA) level. The HBA is responsible for connecting the host computer to the storage devices, such as drives and disks. It acts as an interface between the host and the storage devices, allowing the host to access and manage the storage resources. LUN masking is a technique used to control access to logical unit numbers (LUNs) on a storage area network (SAN). By implementing LUN masking at the HBA level, administrators can restrict which LUNs are visible and accessible to specific hosts, improving security and ensuring that only authorized hosts can access certain storage resources.

A LUN (Logical Unit Number) is used by the SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) protocol as a way to differentiate the individual disk drives that make up a target device. SCSI is a popular protocol used for connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, such as hard drives. The LUN is a unique identifier assigned to each disk drive within the target device, allowing the SCSI protocol to address and access specific drives as needed.

CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) and DHCHAP (Diffie-Hellman Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) are the two primary port authentication protocols used with VSANs. CHAP is a widely used authentication protocol that verifies the identity of the remote device by challenging it to provide a secret password. DHCHAP is an extension of CHAP that uses the Diffie-Hellman algorithm to establish a shared secret key between the devices, providing enhanced security for authentication. These protocols ensure secure communication and prevent unauthorized access to the VSAN network.

The Cisco IP phones web access feature is enabled by default, allowing users to access the phone's web interface without any additional configuration. Additionally, this feature can provide IP address information about other servers on the network, allowing users to gather network information conveniently.

The correct answer is VoIP. VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, which is a technology that allows analog voice signals to be converted into digital data packets and transmitted over an IP network. In this scenario, the analog telephony devices are connected to voice gateways, which then convert the analog signals into digital packets and transmit them over the network to the PSTN. This type of network is commonly used for making phone calls over the internet.

Placing the IP address 192.168.15.10 at the bottom of the ACL will result in attacks from this IP address being blocked because of the line that was added. The ACL is processed from top to bottom, and once a matching condition is found, the corresponding action is taken. By placing the IP address at the bottom, it ensures that any traffic from this specific IP address will be blocked before reaching the permit any statement or any other rules in the ACL. Therefore, attacks from this IP address will be effectively blocked.

PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) usually leverages MS-CHAPv2 as its authentication protocol. PEAP is a secure authentication method that provides an encrypted tunnel for authentication between the client and the server. MS-CHAPv2 (Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2) is a widely used authentication protocol that provides mutual authentication and secure password-based authentication. Together, PEAP and MS-CHAPv2 offer a strong and secure authentication mechanism for wireless networks.

Application inspection firewalls are aware of the state of layer 3, layer 4, and layer 5 connections. Layer 3 refers to the network layer, which deals with IP addressing and routing. Layer 4 refers to the transport layer, which manages the transmission of data between end systems. Layer 5 refers to the session layer, which establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions. By being aware of the state of these layers, application inspection firewalls can effectively analyze and control network traffic, ensuring security and proper functioning of the network.

The TACACS+ daemon is a network protocol that is used for authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services. During the authentication process, the TACACS+ daemon can provide the NAS (Network Access Server) with various responses. "Accept" indicates that the authentication was successful and the user is granted access. "Reject" means that the authentication was not successful and access is denied. "Continue" suggests that further authentication steps are required. "Approved" and "Failed" are not valid responses that the TACACS+ daemon might provide during the authentication process.

The correct answer is "sho access-list compiled". This command is used to view the status of turbo ACLs.

The Turbo ACL feature processes ACLs into lookup tables for greater efficiency, which means that it organizes the access control lists into tables that can be quickly referenced, improving the overall performance of the system. Additionally, the Turbo ACL feature leads to reduced latency because the time it takes to match the packet is fixed and consistent, meaning that the system can quickly determine the appropriate action for a packet without causing delays.

The correct answer includes the phases of the system development life cycle (SDLC) which are Operations and Maintenance, Acquisition and development, Initiation and implementation, and Disposition. These phases represent the different stages involved in the development and management of a system, from its initial planning and design to its eventual retirement or replacement.

The supported browsers for use with Cisco Secure ACS are Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 with SP1, Netscape 7.1, and Netscape 7.2. These browsers have been tested and confirmed to be compatible with Cisco Secure ACS. Opera 9.2 and Firefox 2.0 are not listed as supported browsers, so they may not work properly or have not been tested for compatibility.

Fiber Channel zoning refers to the process of partitioning a Fiber Channel fabric into smaller subnets. This allows for the isolation and separation of devices within the fabric, providing enhanced security and performance. By creating smaller subnets, administrators can control access and communication between different devices, improving overall network efficiency. This ensures that only authorized devices can communicate with each other, preventing unauthorized access and potential disruptions.

Cisco Secure ACS 4.0 for Windows provides several features. One of the features is Cisco NAC support, which allows the ACS to integrate with Cisco Network Admission Control for network access control. Another feature is network access profiles, which are used to define access policies for different types of users or devices. Additionally, machine access restrictions are provided, allowing administrators to restrict access based on the characteristics of the connecting machine.

Stateful firewalls are designed to monitor and track the state of network connections. They keep track of the context and state of each connection, allowing only authorized traffic to pass through. However, they may not work well with applications that open multiple connections. This is because stateful firewalls may have difficulty keeping track of and managing multiple connections from the same application, potentially causing performance issues or blocking legitimate traffic.

The correct answer includes stateful firewall, IPS, VRF-aware firewall, and VPN as considered IOS security features. A stateful firewall is a security device that monitors and controls network traffic based on the state of the connection. IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) is a security technology that actively monitors network traffic to detect and prevent potential threats. VRF-aware firewall is a feature that allows the firewall to operate in a Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) environment, providing enhanced security for virtual networks. VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a secure network connection that allows users to access private networks over a public network, such as the internet.

Hardening your application software involves applying patches and security fixes. Patches are updates released by software vendors to fix vulnerabilities and improve the functionality of their applications. Applying these patches ensures that your application is up to date and protected against known security vulnerabilities. Similarly, applying security fixes involves implementing measures to address any security flaws or weaknesses in the software. This helps in strengthening the security of the application and reducing the risk of unauthorized access or attacks. Upgrading firmware, on the other hand, refers to updating the software that controls the hardware devices, which is not directly related to hardening the application software.

Migrating from a traditional telephony network to a VoIP network offers several advantages. Firstly, it reduces recurring expenses as VoIP calls are typically cheaper than traditional phone calls, especially for long-distance or international calls. Secondly, a VoIP network provides advanced functionality such as call forwarding, voicemail, and video conferencing, which enhances communication capabilities. Lastly, VoIP networks offer adaptability as they can be easily integrated with other communication systems and devices, allowing for seamless connectivity across different platforms.

RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) and SRTP (Secure Real-time Transport Protocol) are the two protocols that can be used to carry voice media packets. RTP is commonly used for transmitting audio and video over IP networks, providing end-to-end delivery services for real-time data. SRTP, on the other hand, is an extension of RTP that adds encryption, authentication, and integrity features, making it suitable for secure communication of voice packets. Both protocols are widely used in Voice over IP (VoIP) applications to ensure reliable and secure transmission of voice data.

Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) and DHCP snooping are two Cisco Catalyst features that can be used to mitigate man-in-the-middle attacks. DAI helps prevent ARP spoofing attacks by validating ARP packets and ensuring that the IP addresses in the ARP packets match the MAC addresses. DHCP snooping, on the other hand, protects against rogue DHCP servers by inspecting DHCP messages and only allowing trusted DHCP servers to provide IP addresses to clients. By implementing these features, network administrators can enhance the security of their network and prevent unauthorized access and interception of network traffic.

The Cisco NAC device provides features such as authentication and authorization, which help ensure that only authorized users gain access to the enterprise and endpoint systems. It also offers quarantining of noncompliant applications, which helps isolate and restrict access to applications that do not meet the security requirements.

Network containment is provided by IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) and NAC (Network Admission Control) elements of Cisco Self-Defending Network. IPS helps in detecting and preventing network attacks by monitoring and analyzing network traffic. NAC ensures that only authorized and compliant devices can access the network, thereby containing any potential threats.

When an operating system call to the kernel by an application violates the security policy, the Cisco Security Agent generates an alert and sends it to the Management Center for Cisco Security Agent. Additionally, an appropriate error message is passed back to the application to inform it about the violation.

Fiber Channel, SCSI, and iSCSI are all examples of SAN (Storage Area Network) transport technologies. Fiber Channel is a high-speed network technology that allows for the transfer of data between servers and storage devices. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of standards for connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, including storage devices. iSCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface) is a protocol that enables the transmission of SCSI commands over IP networks, making it possible to connect to remote storage devices over a network. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drives into a single logical unit for improved performance, reliability, or both.

The correct answer is Snooping, Spoofing, and DoS. These three options are all classes of SAN (Storage Area Network) attacks. Snooping refers to unauthorized access to data on the network, while Spoofing involves impersonating another entity to gain access. DoS (Denial of Service) attacks aim to overwhelm a system or network, rendering it unavailable to users. Viruses and worms, although they can cause harm, are not specifically classified as SAN attacks.

An application layer firewall has the advantage of authenticating individuals, not just devices. This means that it can verify the identity of the user accessing the network, adding an extra layer of security. Additionally, an application layer firewall makes it more challenging to spoof and carry out Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. By analyzing the application layer of network traffic, it can detect and prevent malicious activities, reducing the risk of such attacks.

The given answer is correct because it includes three network evaluation techniques. Using Cisco SDM to perform a network posture validation is a technique that assesses the security posture of a network. Using password-cracking utilities is a technique used to test the strength of passwords in a network. Performing virus scans is a technique used to detect and remove any viruses or malware present in a network. These techniques help in evaluating the security and performance of a network.