CCNA 1 Chapter 5

IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in size. This means that they are composed of 32 binary digits, which can be represented as a series of four numbers separated by periods. Each number can range from 0 to 255, resulting in a total of approximately 4.3 billion unique IPv4 addresses. However, due to the increasing number of devices connected to the internet, IPv4 addresses have become scarce, leading to the adoption of IPv6 addresses with a size of 128 bits.

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network protocol that allows a server to automatically assign an IP address to a host. This eliminates the need for manual configuration of IP addresses, making it easier to manage and maintain a network. DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses from a pool of available addresses, ensuring that each host on the network has a unique address. Therefore, DHCP is the correct answer for the type of server that dynamically assigns an IP address to a host.

This type of message is referred to as "unicast" because Yvonne is having a one-to-one conversation with her friend on the phone. Unicast is a communication method where a message is sent from one sender to one specific receiver.

Class B host IP addresses use a default subnet mask of 16 bits. This means that the first 16 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network, while the remaining 16 bits are available for addressing individual hosts within that network.

A Class C IP address has a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which means that the first three octets are reserved for the network address and the last octet is reserved for host addresses. In this case, the last octet can accommodate 256 possible values (0-255), but two of them are reserved for the network address (0) and the broadcast address (255), leaving 254 usable host addresses.

In a unicast packet, the destination IP address is used to specify a specific host. Unicast communication is a one-to-one transmission where a packet is sent from a single source to a single destination. The destination IP address in the packet header is the unique identifier of the intended recipient host.

The subnet mask 255.0.0.0 provides the most host bits because it has only the first octet (8 bits) reserved for the network portion, allowing for a larger number of possible host addresses. The remaining three octets (24 bits) can be used for host addresses, resulting in a larger number of available hosts compared to the other subnet masks listed.

In order for a unicast message to be delivered on an Ethernet network, the MAC and IP addresses that correspond to a specific destination host must be included. This is because Ethernet networks use MAC addresses to identify and deliver messages to specific devices on the network, while IP addresses are used for routing the message to the correct destination host. Including both the MAC and IP addresses ensures that the message is properly addressed and delivered to the intended recipient.

The host portion of an IP address identifies a specific device on a network. IP addresses are divided into two parts: the network portion and the host portion. The network portion identifies the network to which the device is connected, while the host portion identifies the specific device within that network. Therefore, the host portion is the part of the IP address that uniquely identifies a device on a network.

The portion of the IP address 175.124.35.4 that represents the host is 35.4. In an IP address, the host portion refers to the specific device or computer on a network. In this case, the first two numbers (175.124) represent the network, and the last two numbers (35.4) represent the host.

When a PC is taken off the network for repair, its IP address configuration is not permanent. The PC obtains its IP address from a DHCP server, and the address is leased to the PC for a specific period of time. When the lease expires, the IP address is returned to the pool of available addresses for reuse by other devices. Therefore, when the PC is returned from repair, it will need to obtain a new IP address from the DHCP server.

The problem is caused by the workstation and server being on different logical networks. In order for devices to communicate with each other, they must be on the same network. Since the workstation and server are on different logical networks, they are unable to establish a connection, resulting in the inability to ping the server.

The given IP address 172.32.65.13 belongs to the network 172.32.0.0 because the default subnet mask is used. The default subnet mask for a Class B IP address is 255.255.0.0, which means the first two octets (172.32) represent the network portion, and the last two octets (65.13) represent the host portion. Therefore, the host belongs to the network 172.32.0.0.

The most likely IP address to be assigned to the local computer, Host1, is 10.0.0.17. This is because NAT (Network Address Translation) and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) are installed on the Linksys integrated router. NAT allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address, and DHCP is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices on the network. The IP address 10.0.0.17 is within the range of private IP addresses typically used by routers for local network devices.

The destination MAC address in a multicast Ethernet frame is an address that begins with 01-00-5E in hexadecimal. Multicast addresses are used to send data to a group of devices rather than a single destination. The first 6 bits of a multicast MAC address are always set to 01-00-5E, followed by 23 bits that represent the multicast group address. This allows the frame to be received by all devices that are part of the multicast group.

NAT, or Network Address Translation, is a technique used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice versa. One of the purposes of NAT is to prevent external users from detecting the IP addresses used on a network. By hiding the internal IP addresses behind a single public IP address, NAT adds a layer of security by making it difficult for external users to directly access or identify the devices on the network. This helps protect against potential attacks or unauthorized access attempts.

Private IP addresses solve the issue of a finite number of available public IP addresses. This is because private IP addresses are used within a local network and are not directly accessible from the internet. By using private IP addresses, organizations can conserve the limited pool of public IP addresses and allow multiple devices to share a single public IP address when accessing the internet.

Packets that are sent through a Linksys integrated router using NAT need to be translated when they are sent to a destination outside the local network. This is because NAT (Network Address Translation) is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing the packets to be properly routed on the internet. However, packets that are sent between hosts on the same local network do not need to be translated, as they are already on the same network and can communicate using their private IP addresses.

The given IP addresses 10.1.1.1, 172.16.4.4, and 192.168.5.5 are private IP addresses. Private IP addresses are reserved for use within private networks and are not routable on the internet. These addresses are commonly used in home and office networks for internal communication. The IP addresses 172.32.5.2 and 192.167.10.10 are not private IP addresses as they fall outside the range of private IP address ranges.

The host needs to access the ISP and the Internet through the internal IP address of the integrated router that connects to the local network. This is because the router acts as a gateway between the local network and the ISP, and the host must communicate with the router to access the external network. The internal IP address is used for communication within the local network, while the external IP address is used for communication with the ISP and the Internet.

A DHCP Discover message is sent by a client seeking an IP address. The destination IP address for this message is 255.255.255.255, which is a broadcast address, allowing all hosts on the network to receive the message. However, only a DHCP server can reply to this message.