Block 5 Neuro Blood Supply And Diencephalon MCQ's
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- 1.
Which thalamic nucleus would be primarily responsible for processing input associated with activation of pacinian corpuscles in your left hand?
- A.
Left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
- B.
Left pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus
- C.
Left ventroposteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus
- D.
Right lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- E.
Right ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus
- F.
Right ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus
Correct Answer
E. Right ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamusExplanation
The pacinian corpuscles are responsible for detecting vibrations and pressure in the skin. The VPL nucleus of the thalamus receives sensory input from the body, including proprioception and touch. Since the activation of pacinian corpuscles in the left hand would be considered touch sensation, the VPL nucleus on the right side would be primarily responsible for processing this input.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A 47-year old female is referred to a local clinic because of polyuria linked to excessive thirst/drinking. She denies any family history of diabetes. A CT (computed tomography) scan reveals an infarcted area in a region of the diencephalon. You suspect a lesion in which structure?
- A.
Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus
- B.
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
- C.
Ventro-postero lateral nucleus of thalamus
- D.
Habenular nucleus of epithalamus
- E.
Arcuate nucleus of thalamus
- F.
Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
Correct Answer
F. Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamusExplanation
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating thirst and water balance in the body. Damage to this structure can lead to excessive thirst and drinking, as seen in the patient's symptoms of polyuria and excessive thirst. The infarcted area in the diencephalon, as revealed by the CT scan, suggests a lesion in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, further supporting this explanation.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Your patient had a stroke affecting the thalamus. After an MRI, the neurologist advised you that the "limbic" thalamus had been affected. Which of the following thalamic nuclei has both afferent and efferent limbic connections?
- A.
Anterior nucleus
- B.
Pulvinar
- C.
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
- D.
Ventral lateral nucleus
- E.
Medial geniculate nucleus
Correct Answer
A. Anterior nucleusExplanation
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus has both afferent and efferent limbic connections. It receives inputs from various limbic structures, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, and sends outputs to the cingulate gyrus and other limbic regions. These connections play a crucial role in emotional processing, memory, and behavior. Therefore, damage to the limbic thalamus, specifically the anterior nucleus, can result in impairments in these functions.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Your grandmother always drinks her coffee while it is still steaming hot. The temperature perception that she feels on her tongue is relayed directly to the thalamus by which of the following neurons?
- A.
Main (principal/chief) sensory nucleus of V (trigeminal)
- B.
Nucleus cuneatus
- C.
Spinal nucleus of V (trigeminal)
- D.
Trigeminal ganglion
- E.
VPM (Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus)
Correct Answer
C. Spinal nucleus of V (trigeminal)Explanation
The correct answer is the Spinal nucleus of V (trigeminal). The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face, including temperature perception, to the brain. The Spinal nucleus of V specifically relays this information to the thalamus, which then processes and interprets the sensory input. Since the question mentions the perception of temperature on the tongue, it is likely that the trigeminal nerve, specifically the Spinal nucleus of V, is involved in relaying this information.Rate this question:
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- 5.
As a researcher you are doing axonal tracing studies in the thalamus. You decide to inject an anterograde tracer into the VL (ventral lateral) and VA (ventral anterior) nuclei of the thalamus. What is the major output of these nuclei?
- A.
Primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2)
- B.
Primary motor cortex (4)
- C.
Primary visual cortex (17)
- D.
Cingulate gyrus and other limbic regions
- E.
Primary auditory cortex (41,42)
Correct Answer
B. Primary motor cortex (4)Explanation
The ventral anterior nucleus receives neuronal inputs from the basal ganglia which includes the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. It also has inputs from the cerebellum it sends out neuronal input to the supplementary motor cortex AND to primary motor cortex.Rate this question:
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- 6.
As a principal investigator with a team of scientists, you are determined to create a method by which individuals could elect to surgically alter their hypothalamus to control their weight. Which hypothalamic nucleus would cause starvation if it was lesioned or destroyed?
- A.
Paraventricular nucleus
- B.
Mammillary body
- C.
Ventromedial nucleus
- D.
Lateral nucleus
- E.
Posterior nucleus
Correct Answer
D. Lateral nucleusExplanation
If the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is lesioned or destroyed, it would cause starvation. The lateral nucleus is responsible for stimulating hunger and increasing food intake. When this nucleus is damaged, it disrupts the normal regulation of appetite and leads to a decrease in food consumption, ultimately resulting in starvation.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Your friend in your advanced genetics class is always falling asleep during lecture. At first you thought that she just wasn't sleeping at night or that the lecture had to be extremely boring for her. However! you then notice that she sometimes she falls asleep during group activities as well. Which hypothalamic nucleus may be related to her problem?
- A.
Dorsomedial nucleus
- B.
Paraventricular nucleus
- C.
Anterior nucleus
- D.
Arcuate nucleus
- E.
Ventromedial nucleus
Correct Answer
A. Dorsomedial nucleusExplanation
The Dorsomedial nucleus may be related to her problem because it is involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness. This nucleus is part of the hypothalamus, which plays a crucial role in controlling sleep and wake cycles. If there is a dysfunction or imbalance in the Dorsomedial nucleus, it could lead to excessive sleepiness or difficulty staying awake, as observed in the friend falling asleep during lectures and group activities.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following regions of the hypothalamus contains nuclei important for learning and memory circuits?
- A.
Preoptic Area
- B.
Posterior Area
- C.
Tuberal Region
- D.
Anterior Area
- E.
Lateral Area
Correct Answer
B. Posterior AreaExplanation
The posterior area of the hypothalamus contains nuclei that are important for learning and memory circuits. These nuclei play a role in the consolidation and retrieval of memories.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The thalamus is involved in the sensory relay of many modalities to the cortex. Which sensory modality does not utilize the thalamus in any significant manner?
- A.
Pain
- B.
Olfaction
- C.
Light Touch
- D.
Proprioception
- E.
Vibratory Sense
Correct Answer
B. OlfactionExplanation
Olfaction is the correct answer because the sense of smell does not rely heavily on the thalamus for sensory relay to the cortex. Unlike other sensory modalities such as pain, light touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense, which all involve the thalamus in relaying sensory information to the cortex, olfaction bypasses the thalamus and sends signals directly to the olfactory cortex. This direct pathway allows for a faster and more direct processing of smells, which is why smells can evoke strong emotional and memory responses.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following grouping of nuclei of the hypothalamus all regulate feeding behaviors?
- A.
Dorsomedial nucleus, lateral nucleus, ventromedial nucleus
- B.
Dorsomedial nucleus, lateral nucleus, anterior nucleus
- C.
Arcuate nucleus! lateral nucleus, paraventricular nucleus
- D.
Arcuate nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior nucleus
- E.
Ventromedial nucleus, posterior nucleus, paraventricular nucleus
Correct Answer
A. Dorsomedial nucleus, lateral nucleus, ventromedial nucleusExplanation
The nuclei of the hypothalamus that regulate feeding behaviors are the dorsomedial nucleus, lateral nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus. These specific nuclei are involved in the control of hunger and satiety, as well as the regulation of food intake and energy balance. They receive input from various hormonal and neural signals related to appetite and play a crucial role in the overall regulation of feeding behaviors.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A 55-year old male was admitted to the hospital after suffering from a stroke. He later succumbed. The diagram below represents a cross section from his lower pons obtained at autopsy. The dark shaded area presents a lesion resulting from an embolus in which artery?
- A.
Anterior cerebral artery
- B.
Middle cerebral artery
- C.
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- D.
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
- E.
Paramedian branch of basilar artery
Correct Answer
E. Paramedian branch of basilar arteryExplanation
The dark shaded area in the diagram represents a lesion resulting from an embolus. The location of the lesion in the lower pons suggests that the artery affected is a branch of the basilar artery. Among the given options, the only artery that is a branch of the basilar artery is the paramedian branch. Therefore, the correct answer is the paramedian branch of the basilar artery.Rate this question:
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- 12.
An infarct involving the hypothalamus would most likely result from occlusion of the?
- A.
Anterior spinal artery
- B.
Vertebral artery
- C.
Anterior cerebral artery
- D.
Perforating arteries associated with the Circle of Willis
- E.
Posterior cerebral artery
Correct Answer
C. Anterior cerebral arteryExplanation
An infarct involving the hypothalamus would most likely result from occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes, corpus callosum, and the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus. Therefore, occlusion of this artery would lead to a lack of blood supply to the hypothalamus, resulting in an infarct in this region.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A neurological examination of a 51-year old woman indicated that she had a loss of pain and temperature sense on the right side of her body, a decreased sense of taste on the left side and hoarseness of voice when speaking. She also complained of dizziness and nausea. Which of the following arteries may be occluded in this patient?
- A.
Posterior Cerebral Artery
- B.
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AlCA)
- C.
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
- D.
Anterior Spinal Artery
- E.
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Correct Answer
C. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)Explanation
The symptoms described in the patient suggest a lesion in the brainstem, specifically in the lateral medulla. This is known as lateral medullary syndrome or Wallenberg syndrome. The PICA supplies blood to the lateral medulla, and occlusion of this artery can lead to the symptoms observed in the patient, including loss of pain and temperature sense on the right side of the body (contralateral to the lesion), decreased sense of taste on the left side, hoarseness of voice, dizziness, and nausea. Therefore, the occlusion of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms.Rate this question:
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- 14.
As a physician you are viewing an angiogram, which illustrates the occlusion of the Anterior Cerebral Artery supplying the right hemisphere. Because of this information, you know that the patient will have a deficit in which of the following?
- A.
Motor and sensory function in the right lower limb
- B.
Motor and sensory function in the left lower limb
- C.
Motor and sensory function in the right upper limb
- D.
Motor and sensory function in the left upper limb
- E.
Motor and sensory function in the upper and lower limbs
Correct Answer
B. Motor and sensory function in the left lower limbExplanation
Based on the information given, the occlusion of the Anterior Cerebral Artery supplying the right hemisphere would result in a deficit in motor and sensory function in the left lower limb. This is because the Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies blood to the motor and sensory areas of the brain that control the opposite side of the body. Therefore, if the right hemisphere is affected, it will lead to deficits in the left side of the body, including the left lower limb.Rate this question:
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- 15.
An occlusion of which artery would result in a loss of voluntary motor function and an oculomotor nerve palsy?
- A.
Anterior cerebral artery
- B.
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- C.
Posterior communicating artery
- D.
Middle cerebral artery
- E.
Posterior cerebral artery
Correct Answer
E. Posterior cerebral arteryExplanation
An occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery would result in a loss of voluntary motor function and an oculomotor nerve palsy. The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for processing visual information, and the oculomotor nerve controls eye movement. Therefore, a blockage in this artery would lead to a loss of voluntary motor function and an oculomotor nerve palsy.Rate this question:
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- 16.
A patient has a severe stroke in the artery marked in the below angiogram. As the physician you know (i) the name of the artery and (ii) the region of the body which will present with motor and somatosensory deficits.
- A.
Anterior Cerebral Artery -Deficits to left lower limb
- B.
Anterior Cerebral Artery -Deficits to right lower limb
- C.
Middle Cerebral Artery -Deficits to right upper limb
- D.
Middle Cerebral Artery -Deficits to left upper limb
Correct Answer
C. Middle Cerebral Artery -Deficits to right upper limbExplanation
The correct answer is Middle Cerebral Artery - Deficits to right upper limb. This is because the middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the motor and sensory areas of the brain that control movement and sensation in the upper limb. Therefore, a severe stroke in the middle cerebral artery would result in deficits in the right upper limb.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is an arterial branch of the vertebral system supplying the brain?
- A.
Anterior cerebral artery
- B.
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- C.
Posterior communicating artery
- D.
Middle cerebral artery
- E.
Anterior communicating artery
Correct Answer
B. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)Explanation
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is an arterial branch of the vertebral system that supplies the brain. It is responsible for providing blood to the inferior surface of the cerebellum, as well as portions of the medulla and the posterior part of the brainstem. The other options listed are also arteries that supply blood to the brain, but they are not branches of the vertebral system. The anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery are branches of the internal carotid artery, while the posterior communicating artery and anterior communicating artery are branches of the circle of Willis.Rate this question:
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- 18.
A 49-year old man keeps complaining of a loss of taste, a loss of pain and temperature on the left side below his neck, hoarseness of voice and he is also exhibiting a slight ataxia. You believe that which of the following has occurred?
- A.
A small stroke in the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- B.
A small stroke in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- C.
A small stroke in the right superior cerebellar artery
- D.
A small stroke in the left superior cerebellar artery
- E.
A small stroke in the right posterior cerebral artery
- F.
A small stroke in the left posterior cerebraI artery
Correct Answer
A. A small stroke in the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)Explanation
The symptoms described in the question, including loss of taste, loss of pain and temperature on the left side below the neck, hoarseness of voice, and slight ataxia, are consistent with a small stroke in the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The PICA supplies blood to the lateral medulla, which controls sensory and motor functions in the head and neck. A stroke in this artery can result in a variety of symptoms, including those described in the question.Rate this question:
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- 19.
You are caring for a patient who has suffered a stroke and has issues comprehending any spoken language. Branches of what artery do you know have been compromised?
- A.
Posterior cerebral artery
- B.
Middle cerebral artery
- C.
Anterior cerebral artery
- D.
Striate arteries
- E.
Anterior choroidal artery
Correct Answer
B. Middle cerebral arteryExplanation
The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the areas responsible for language comprehension. Since the patient has difficulty comprehending spoken language, it suggests that the branches of the middle cerebral artery have been compromised.Rate this question:
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.JPG "A patient has a severe stroke in the artery marked in the below angiogram. As the physician you know (i) the name of the artery and (ii) the region of the body which will present with motor and somatosensory deficits.")
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