1.
Which mesodermal layer gives rise to the endocardial heart tubes?
Correct Answer
D. Splanchnic mesoderm
Explanation
The splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to the endocardial heart tubes. The endocardial heart tubes are the precursors to the heart and are formed during embryonic development. The splanchnic mesoderm is one of the three layers of the mesoderm, and it is responsible for forming the cardiovascular system, including the heart. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the somites, which eventually form the skeletal muscles, while the somatic mesoderm forms the dermis of the skin and the musculoskeletal system. The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system.
2.
Which heart chamber does the right horn of the sinus venosus contribute to during development of the fetal heart?
Correct Answer
C. Right atrium
Explanation
During the development of the fetal heart, the right horn of the sinus venosus contributes to the formation of the right atrium.
3.
Which of the following statements concerning the aorticopulmonary septum is INCORRECT?
Correct Answer
C. The aorticopulmonary septum contributes to the formation of the muscular interventricular septum
Explanation
The aorticopulmonary septum does not contribute to the formation of the muscular interventricular septum. The muscular interventricular septum is formed by the growth and fusion of the muscular walls of the ventricles. The aorticopulmonary septum, on the other hand, divides the outflow channel of the ventricles into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. It is largely derived from neural crest cells and undergoes a 180o spiral.
4.
A newborn infant presents with cyanotic heart disease and fails to thrive. On examination of the heart, it was revealed that the aorta arose from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arose from the left ventricle. What is the name given to this type of cardiac malformation?
Correct Answer
B. Transposition of the great vessels
Explanation
The correct answer is transposition of the great vessels. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle. This causes the oxygenated blood to circulate back to the lungs instead of being pumped to the body, leading to cyanosis and failure to thrive in the newborn infant.
5.
Which part of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the pulmonary artery and the aorta?
Correct Answer
E. Truncus arteriosus
Explanation
The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary artery and the aorta. During embryonic development, the truncus arteriosus is a part of the primitive heart tube that eventually divides into two separate arteries, forming the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, while the aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
6.
During formation of the cardiac loop the primitive atrium will move
Correct Answer
B. Posteriorly and superiorly
Explanation
During the formation of the cardiac loop, the primitive atrium moves in a posterior and superior direction. This means that it moves towards the back and towards the top. This movement is part of the complex process of cardiac development and helps to establish the correct positioning and orientation of the heart within the developing embryo.
7.
The left sinus horn becomes the
Correct Answer
A. Coronary sinus
Explanation
The left sinus horn becomes the coronary sinus. This is the correct answer because during embryonic development, the sinus venosus, a structure that forms part of the heart, gives rise to the sinus horns. The left sinus horn specifically becomes the coronary sinus, which is a large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and delivers it to the right atrium. The other options listed do not accurately describe the fate of the left sinus horn during development.
8.
The sinus venarum is
Correct Answer
C. Formed from tissue of the right sinus horn
Explanation
The sinus venarum is formed from tissue of the right sinus horn. This is because the sinus venarum is a smooth-walled portion of the right atrium, which is derived from the right sinus horn during embryonic development. The right sinus horn is one of the three sinus horns that contribute to the formation of the atria in the developing heart. Therefore, the correct answer is that the sinus venarum is formed from tissue of the right sinus horn.
9.
Which of the following statements concerning the partitioning of the atria is CORRECT?
Correct Answer
D. The septum primum forms the valve of the oval foramen
Explanation
The septum primum forms the valve of the oval foramen, which is a correct statement. The septum primum is a thin, membranous structure that grows from the roof of the atrium towards the endocardial cushions. It eventually fuses with the endocardial cushions to form the atrial septum. During development, the septum primum has an opening called the ostium primum, which allows blood to flow from the right to the left atrium. As the septum secundum forms, it grows to overlap the ostium primum, creating a valve-like structure called the valve of the oval foramen. This valve allows blood to flow from the right to the left atrium during fetal development.
10.
True or false? The muscular portion of the interventricular septum develops from growth of the myocardium.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The muscular portion of the interventricular septum develops from the growth of the myocardium. This means that the muscle tissue in the septum is formed as the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart, grows and develops. This process is essential for the proper functioning and structure of the heart, as the interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles and helps to maintain the circulation of blood. Therefore, the statement is true.
11.
Which of the following statements concerning the aorticopulmonary septum is INCORRECT?
Correct Answer
D. The aorticopulmonary septum develops from splanchnic mesoderm
Explanation
formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest
12.
Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to undergo the 180-degree spiral will result in
Correct Answer
B. Transposition of the great vessels
Explanation
The failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to undergo the 180-degree spiral during fetal development leads to the abnormal positioning of the aorta and pulmonary artery. In transposition of the great vessels, the aorta arises from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle, while the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle instead of the right ventricle. This results in a complete reversal of the normal blood flow pattern and leads to severe circulatory problems after birth.
13.
Which of the following statements concerning the development of the atrioventricular valves is CORRECT?
Correct Answer
C. Molding of the atrioventricular valves is caused by the normal turbulent flow of blood through the ventricles
14.
If you were a membranous interventricular septum, which of the following tissues would you NOT need?
Correct Answer
A. Right sinus horn
Explanation
sinous horn associated with the ATRIUM not ventricle
15.
When does the heart start to beat?
Correct Answer
A. At the end of the third week
Explanation
During the third week of development, the heart starts to beat. This is a crucial stage in embryonic development when the heart begins to form and starts contracting. It is an important milestone as it marks the beginning of the circulatory system and the functioning of the heart.
16.
The primitive heart tube develops bulges and constrictions along its anteroposterior axis. Which part of the heart tube delivers oxygenated blood to supply the embryo?
Correct Answer
A. Truncus arteriosus
Explanation
Truncus Arteriosous becomes the AORTA