Biology Cp - Unit 2

A pH of 7 is considered neutral because it is the midpoint on the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkalinity. Therefore, a pH of 7 means that the substance is neither acidic nor alkaline, making it neutral.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons. This means that isotopes have the same chemical properties but may have different physical properties, such as mass or stability. Zwitterions are molecules with both positive and negative charges, while anions are negatively charged ions. Therefore, the correct answer is isotopes.

A negatively charged ion is called an anion because when an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes negatively charged. This extra electron(s) creates an imbalance in the atom's positive and negative charges, resulting in a net negative charge. Anions are attracted to positively charged ions (cations) and often form ionic bonds in chemical compounds.

The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. This is because the mass number represents the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons determines the element's identity, while the number of neutrons can vary, resulting in different isotopes of the same element. Therefore, the correct answer is that the mass number is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

Noble gases are the correct answer because they are located to the far right of the Periodic Chart of Elements. Noble gases have full valence electron shells, making them the most stable elements. This stability is due to their complete outer electron configuration, which makes them less likely to react with other elements. Therefore, noble gases have little tendency to gain, lose, or share electrons, making them highly unreactive.

Proteins are indeed composed of specific combinations of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and they are joined together through peptide bonds to form long chains. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of proteins. Therefore, it is true that proteins are made up of specific combinations of amino acids.

The negatively charged sub-component of an atom is called an electron. Electrons are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom and have a negative charge. They are responsible for determining the chemical and electrical properties of an atom. Protons, on the other hand, have a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge. Therefore, the correct answer is electron.

The correct answer is -ose. This is because the suffix -ose is commonly found in the names of sugars, such as glucose, maltose, and fructose. The other options, -ase and -use, are not typically used as suffixes for sugar names.

This explanation states that a suspension is a type of mixture where the particles are too large to be evenly distributed. Because of this, the particles will eventually settle out due to gravity unless the mixture is continually stirred or agitated. Therefore, the statement "A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the suspended particles are too large to be evenly distributed, and will eventually settle out due to gravity, unless continually stirred or agitated" is true.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They determine the identity of the element and are responsible for its chemical properties. Therefore, the correct answer is protons.

An atom is the correct answer because it is the fundamental unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting around the nucleus. An atom represents a specific element, as different elements have different numbers of protons in their nuclei. Therefore, an element contains only one type of atom.

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. It depends on the mass and velocity of the object. Potential energy, on the other hand, is the energy that an object possesses due to its position or configuration. It is related to the gravitational or elastic potential of the object. Therefore, the statement that kinetic energy is the energy of motion and potential energy is the energy of relative position is correct.

The statement suggests that a black hole is a phenomenon that is not well understood and has the potential to contradict the natural laws of Conservation of Mass and Conservation of Energy. This implies that the existence and behavior of black holes challenge our current understanding of these fundamental laws of physics. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that black holes are indeed poorly understood and may violate these laws.

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. In the case of Butane, the four carbon atoms are bonded together by covalent bonds, as they share electrons with each other. This type of bond allows the carbon atoms to form a stable molecule with the hydrogen atoms. Transient bonds are temporary and weak, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, which is not the case in Butane. Therefore, the correct answer is covalent.

Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells to produce ATP, the molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. Fiber and proteins are also important for the body, but they do not serve as the primary source of energy like carbohydrates do.

During chemical reactions, energy and mass are not destroyed but rather conserved. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. Similarly, the law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged or converted into different forms. Therefore, energy and mass are not destroyed during chemical reactions, making the statement false.

This statement is true because acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. These hydrogen ions can then bond with other substances, pulling electrons away from them. On the other hand, bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. These hydroxide ions can donate electrons to other substances. Therefore, acids tend to pull electrons off other substances, while bases tend to donate electrons.

An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons is called an ion. Ions are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge. This imbalance in the number of protons and electrons creates an electrically charged particle. Isotopes, on the other hand, are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Deuterium is a specific isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron.

An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Therefore, it is the correct answer for the given question. A noble gas is an element on its own and not a combination of atoms. An isotope refers to different forms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons, but it is still considered a single type of atom.

The electron shell category that has one orbital capable of holding two electrons is the S shell. This shell is the first energy level and contains only one spherical orbital. The S orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons, which follow the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that each electron must have a unique set of quantum numbers, and thus, the S orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.

A positive charged ion is called a cation because it has lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. This occurs when an atom loses electrons during a chemical reaction, leaving behind more protons than electrons. Cations are attracted to negatively charged particles and are often involved in chemical reactions, forming bonds with anions to create neutral compounds.

Lipids, or fats, are a type of molecule that store large amounts of energy in the body. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and have a high energy density. When broken down, lipids release more energy compared to sugars and amino acids. This is because lipids contain more carbon-hydrogen bonds, which store more energy. The body stores excess energy in the form of lipids, which can be used later when needed. Therefore, lipids are an efficient way of storing and accessing energy in the body.

A solution is a type of mixture where a solute is completely dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a homogenous mixture. In a homogenous mixture, the substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Therefore, both statement A and B are true, as they describe different characteristics of mixtures.

The given statement is incorrect. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is not a base, but rather a strong acid. It is produced by the stomach to aid in the digestion of food.

Carbon tends to form 4 covalent bonds with other organic compounds, not 3. This is because carbon has 4 valence electrons and needs 4 more to complete its octet. By sharing electrons with other atoms, carbon can achieve a stable configuration.

A zwitterion is a type of ion that has both a positive and negative charge, usually located at opposite ends of the molecule. This unique arrangement of charges gives zwitterions distinct chemical properties and reactivity. The presence of both positive and negative charges allows zwitterions to interact with different types of molecules and participate in various chemical reactions. This makes them important in biological systems, where they play a role in protein structure and function.