Biology Cell Vocab 2

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy molecule that holds energy for the cell. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell because it is used to store and transfer energy within cells. ATP is produced during cellular respiration and is used in various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules. It consists of a ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups, and the energy is stored in the high-energy bonds between the phosphate groups. When one of the phosphate groups is removed, ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate), releasing energy that can be used by the cell.

The thylakoid is the correct answer because it is the structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Thylakoids are flattened sac-like structures that are stacked together in grana, and they contain the chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy. This light energy is then used to drive the chemical reactions of photosynthesis, ultimately producing glucose and oxygen. Therefore, the thylakoid is the specific structure within chloroplasts where chlorophyll is found.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate molecules. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, and a small amount of ATP is produced. Therefore, the statement that glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP is true.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a low energy molecule that can be converted to a high energy molecule through the addition of a phosphate group. This process, known as phosphorylation, occurs during cellular respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of cells. ADP acts as a precursor to ATP, and when an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP, it forms ATP, which stores and transports energy within cells. Therefore, ADP can be converted to a high energy molecule, making it the correct answer.

The Krebs Cycle and Cellular Respiration are both aerobic processes that require oxygen. During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to produce energy-rich molecules like ATP. Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Both of these processes rely on oxygen to efficiently produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis, on the other hand, is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen, and fermentation is another anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is not available.

Fermentation and glycolysis are both anaerobic processes because they do not require oxygen to occur. In fermentation, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, such as lactic acid or ethanol, without the involvement of oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, where glucose is converted into pyruvate. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is further converted into lactic acid or ethanol, without the need for oxygen. Therefore, both fermentation and glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen.

Light-dependent reactions are the part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight. During these reactions, light energy is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Chlorophyll, a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, captures the light energy and initiates the reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is light-dependent reactions.

Chlorophyll is a pigment that is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. It is primarily found in chloroplasts, which are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. While chlorophyll is indeed involved in photosynthesis, it is not found in most organelles within the cell. It is specifically localized in chloroplasts, making the statement false.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert sunlight into energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Chemosynthesis, on the other hand, is a process used by certain bacteria and archaea to convert inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide or methane, into energy without the need for sunlight. Therefore, the statement "Photosynthesis converts sunlight and chemosynthesis does not" is true.

ATP synthase is the enzyme that adds the third phosphate to convert ADP to ATP. It is responsible for the synthesis of ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. This enzyme is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses the energy generated from the electron transport chain to add the phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP. Therefore, ATP synthase plays a crucial role in the production of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells.

The word "independent" is the correct answer because it accurately describes the light reactions in photosynthesis. These reactions occur independently of other processes and do not require the presence of other molecules or factors. They solely rely on the energy from sunlight to convert it into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.

The Calvin Cycle is the correct answer because it is the process by which photosynthetic organisms use energy to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. This cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves a series of chemical reactions that use ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin Cycle is also known as the light-independent or dark reactions of photosynthesis, as it does not directly require light energy but relies on the products of the light-dependent reactions.

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it is the process by which cells break down food molecules and convert them into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main energy source for cellular activities. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The Calvin cycle, on the other hand, is a part of photosynthesis and is responsible for converting carbon dioxide into glucose. Therefore, cellular respiration is the most appropriate choice for the given statement.

Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which ATP is produced by glycolysis. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, and a small amount of ATP is generated. During fermentation, pyruvate is further metabolized in the absence of oxygen to produce additional ATP and byproducts such as lactic acid or ethanol. Therefore, fermentation relies on the initial process of glycolysis to produce ATP.

This is the Krebs Cycle.

Lactic acid is a product of fermentation, which occurs when glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen. During intense exercise, when oxygen supply to the muscles is limited, the body relies on fermentation to produce energy. Lactic acid is a byproduct of this process and accumulates in the muscles, leading to the burning feeling experienced during muscle cramps.

Photosystem is a term used to describe a series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy. It is responsible for the first step of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. The correct answer options, "photosystem," "Photosystem," "photo system," and "Photo system," all refer to the same concept and are interchangeable.

ATP Synthase and the Electron Transport Chain work together to aid in the conversion of ADP to ATP. The Electron Transport Chain is responsible for transferring electrons from molecules to generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is then used by ATP Synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Therefore, both ATP Synthase and the Electron Transport Chain play crucial roles in the conversion of ADP to ATP.