Biology 22 - Hallare - Nervous System

Integration refers to the process where the sensory input or afferent nerve gathers information and combines it with existing knowledge and experiences to make decisions about what actions should be taken at each moment. This process allows the brain to analyze and interpret incoming signals from the environment, enabling the individual to respond appropriately. Integration is a crucial aspect of cognitive functioning and helps in coordinating different sensory inputs to generate a cohesive response.

The question asks for one of the two great regulatory systems. The options provided include the nervous system and the endocrine system. Both of these systems play crucial roles in regulating and coordinating the functions of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information quickly, while the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate various bodily processes. Therefore, the correct answer can be any of the options provided, as they all refer to the two great regulatory systems.

The given correct answer is "ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, SIGNALS, ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, SIGNAL." This suggests that the mode of control for the nervous system is through electrical signals. The repetition of "ELECTRICAL SIGNAL" and "SIGNAL" reinforces the idea that electrical signals are the primary means of communication and control within the nervous system.

The correct answer is CNIDARIA. Cnidaria is a phylum that includes organisms such as jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral. These organisms have a simple nervous system consisting of a nerve net that allows for basic sensory perception and coordination of movement. The terms CNIDARIAN and CNIDARIANS are also correct as they refer to individual organisms or multiple organisms belonging to the phylum Cnidaria.

Animals exhibiting the nerve net system are radially symmetrical. This means that their body parts are arranged around a central axis, like spokes on a wheel. The nerve net system is a simple nervous system found in animals such as jellyfish and sea anemones. It consists of a network of neurons spread throughout the body, allowing for decentralized coordination and response to stimuli. This type of symmetry and nervous system arrangement is well-suited for animals that do not have complex movements or specialized sensory organs.

The term "centralization" is used to describe the gathering together of neurons to form control centers. In the context of the nerve ring of a starfish, it refers to the concentration of neurons in a specific area to coordinate and control various functions of the starfish's body. This centralization allows for efficient and coordinated responses to stimuli.

When the body is organized on a longitudinal axis with left and right sides that are mirror images of each other, it is said to have bilateral symmetry. This means that the body can be divided into two equal halves along the midline, and each half will be a mirror image of the other. In terms of the nervous system, this means that the nerves and neural structures on one side of the body will have a corresponding counterpart on the other side. This type of symmetry is commonly found in animals, including humans.

The correct answer is "LADDER-TYPE". This type of nervous system is exhibited by planarians and is characterized by the formation of two parallel nerve cords and the formation of a ganglion in the head region. The term "ladder-type" refers to the arrangement of the nerve cords, which resemble the rungs of a ladder. This type of nervous system allows planarians to coordinate their movements and respond to their environment.

Cephalization refers to the evolutionary process of the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue in the head region of an organism. As brain evolution occurs, there is an increase in the complexity and size of the brain, leading to a higher level of cephalization. This is seen in many organisms, including humans, where the brain has evolved to become the central control center for sensory perception, cognition, and motor functions.

Cephalization refers to the evolutionary process where neural tissue becomes concentrated in the anterior (rostral) end of an organism. This concentration of neural tissue allows for the development of a more complex and centralized nervous system, typically found in organisms with a distinct head region. Cephalization is beneficial as it enables better coordination and control of sensory input and motor output, leading to increased efficiency in processing information and responding to the environment.

Association neurons are also known as interneurons. Interneurons are a type of neuron that primarily function to relay information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. They are responsible for processing and integrating information within the central nervous system. Interneurons play a crucial role in coordinating and modulating signals within the nervous system, allowing for complex information processing and response coordination. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "interneurons" or "interneuron".

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System are both components of the Autonomic Nervous System. The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It consists of two main divisions: the Sympathetic Nervous System, which prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses in times of stress or danger, and the Parasympathetic Nervous System, which promotes relaxation and conserves energy. Therefore, the correct answer is Autonomic Nervous System.

The parasympathetic nervous system exits at the cranio-sacral region in the CNS. This refers to the cranial nerves (originating from the brain) and the sacral nerves (originating from the sacrum). The cranio-sacral region is responsible for regulating rest and digest functions in the body, such as slowing heart rate and increasing digestion.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for rest and digest functions. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the fight or flight response.

The glossopharyngeal cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the pharyngeal muscles, which are important for swallowing and speaking. Additionally, it is also responsible for innervating the parotid gland, which is the largest salivary gland located near the ear. The parotid gland produces saliva, which aids in the digestion process. Therefore, the correct answer is "PAROTID."

The Vestibulo-Cochlear nerve, also known as the Auditory nerve, is responsible for both hearing and maintaining a sense of equilibrium. This nerve receives signals from the inner ear and transmits them to the brain, allowing us to hear sounds and also maintain our balance and spatial orientation.

The correct answer is ABDUCENS. The fifth cranial nerve, also known as the abducens nerve, controls the movement of the eye muscles. The term "abducers" is a noun that refers to the muscles responsible for moving the eye outward. "Abducen" is not a correct term, and "abducers" is repeated in the given options.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Cranial nerves are a part of the peripheral nervous system and they emerge from the brain directly. There are a total of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are responsible for various functions such as sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions. Therefore, the correct answer is 12.

The hypoglossal cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the tongue. It originates from the medulla oblongata and provides motor innervation to the muscles that move the tongue during speech, swallowing, and chewing. Therefore, it can be said that the hypoglossal cranial nerve "straps" or connects the muscles of the neck to the tongue, allowing for coordinated movement and function.

The limbic system, which is found in the cerebrum, is responsible for controlling responses to smell, emotion, mood, and memory. It plays a crucial role in regulating and processing these functions, allowing us to experience and remember smells, emotions, and moods. The limbic system includes structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, which work together to coordinate these processes.

The thalamus is a structure found in the diencephalon, which is a part of the brain. It serves as a major sensory relay center, receiving sensory information from various parts of the body and sending it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further processing. Additionally, the thalamus plays a role in influencing mood and movement.

The meninges are three connective tissue membranes composed of the DURA MATTER, ARACHNOID MATTER, and the PIA MATTER.

The Golgi tendon reflex is a protective mechanism that prevents excessive tension from being applied to tendons. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon, and the Golgi tendon organ (located in the tendon) is activated. This organ sends signals to the spinal cord, which then sends inhibitory signals to the contracting muscle, causing it to relax. This reflex helps to prevent damage to tendons and muscles by limiting the amount of tension that can be applied.

The perineurium is a connective tissue layer that surrounds each fascicle of the peripheral nerves. It acts as a protective sheath, providing support and insulation to the nerve fibers within the fascicle. The perineurium also helps maintain the integrity and function of the nerves by regulating the exchange of molecules and ions between the fascicle and its surrounding environment.

The pineal gland controls circadian rhythms, which are the roughly 24-hour cycles in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioral processes of living entities. These rhythms regulate various functions such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature, and metabolism. The pineal gland releases melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate these rhythms. Disruptions in circadian rhythms can lead to sleep disorders, mood disorders, and other health issues.

The pons is a part of the brainstem that helps regulate respiration and acts as a bridge connecting the cerebrum to both sides of the cerebellum. It plays a crucial role in transmitting signals between different parts of the brain and helps coordinate various motor functions. Additionally, the pons is involved in controlling sleep and arousal, as well as relaying sensory information to the thalamus.

The correct answer is SODIUM POTASSIUM because the concentration of sodium ions is higher outside the cell compared to inside, while the concentration of potassium ions is higher inside the cell compared to outside. This concentration gradient results in a more positive environment outside the cell.

An action potential is a term used to describe a wave of depolarization. It refers to the rapid change in electrical potential across a cell membrane, specifically in neurons or muscle cells, when stimulated. This wave of depolarization allows for the transmission of signals along the cell membrane, enabling communication and coordination within the nervous system.

Re-polarization is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which the cell membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization. In this specific scenario, the Na+ channels are closed, preventing the entry of Na+ ions, while the K+ channels open, allowing the exit of K+ ions. This movement of K+ ions out of the cell helps restore the normal concentration gradient, leading to the reestablishment of the resting membrane potential.

The correct answer is the threshold of excitation. This is the point at which the sodium (Na+) channels open in a neuron, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell and causing depolarization. This depolarization leads to the generation of an action potential and the transmission of an electrical signal along the neuron. Excitation refers to the process of activating or stimulating a neuron, which occurs once the threshold of excitation is reached.

When the synaptic cleft is too wide, chemical synapse occurs; as opposed to electrical synapse which is present when the cleft is narrow. In a chemical synapse, the transmission of signals between neurons occurs through the release and diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft. This allows for a slower and more modifiable transmission of information. On the other hand, in an electrical synapse, the transmission of signals occurs through direct electrical connections between neurons, allowing for a faster and more synchronized transmission of information.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential is a temporary change in the electrical potential of a neuron's postsynaptic membrane that makes it more likely to generate an action potential. This potential is characterized by a decrease in the internal negativity of the postsynaptic membrane, making it less polarized and closer to the threshold for firing an action potential. This depolarization allows for the transmission of excitatory signals between neurons, facilitating the communication and integration of information within the nervous system.

The MALLEUS, also known as the hammer, is a small bone in the middle ear that is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. It is part of a chain of three tiny bones, including the incus and stapes, that amplify and transmit sound waves. The MALLEUS plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by converting sound waves into mechanical vibrations that can be detected by the inner ear.

The cochlea is responsible for the transmission of pressure waves. These pressure waves are generated by sound waves entering the ear and are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The cochlea contains tiny hair cells that vibrate in response to the pressure waves, sending signals to the auditory nerve. This process allows us to perceive and interpret different sounds.

Proprioceptors are receptors that are found within the muscles, joints, and tendons. They are responsible for providing information about body position, movement, and muscle tension to the central nervous system. These receptors play a crucial role in coordinating movements and maintaining balance and posture.

Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect and respond to chemical stimuli in the environment. These receptors are specialized to detect specific molecules or ions, allowing organisms to sense and respond to changes in their surroundings. Chemoreceptors are found in various organisms, including humans, and play a crucial role in processes such as taste, smell, and the detection of harmful substances. They are responsible for converting chemical signals into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system, enabling organisms to perceive and react to their chemical environment.

The correct answer is "CENTRAL" because the statement "Integrating and command center" is a characteristic of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing information, coordinating responses, and controlling bodily functions. The peripheral nervous system, on the other hand, consists of the nerves that extend from the central nervous system to the rest of the body, transmitting signals to and from the central nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for preparing the body to respond to emergencies or stressful situations. It activates the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and releasing stress hormones like adrenaline. This physiological response helps the body to deal with potential threats and allows for quick action. The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), on the other hand, is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation. It helps to conserve energy, slow heart rate, and promote digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is SNS.

The given correct answer is "CENTRAL." The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system, on the other hand, consists of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the various parts of the body, including the limbs and organs.

The correct answer is "PERIPHERAL" because visceral organs are part of the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord, and it is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system and controlling the motor functions of the body.

The correct answer is PSNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System). The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulating sex structures. It is a division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest, relaxation, and digestion. During sexual arousal, the PSNS activates and increases blood flow to the genital area, leading to erection in males and increased lubrication in females. It also controls the release of hormones involved in sexual function.

Echinoderms exhibit a radially symmetrical nervous system. This means that their nervous system is arranged in a circular or radial pattern, with nerve cells extending in different directions from a central point. This allows for efficient communication and coordination of sensory and motor functions throughout the body of echinoderms.

The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is the resting division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and relaxation. When the PSNS is activated, it slows down heart rate, increases digestion and salivation, and promotes overall calmness in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is PSNS.

The correct answer is PSNS because the parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the PSNS, inhibits the heart. This means that it slows down the heart rate and reduces its activity. The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, does the opposite and stimulates the heart, increasing its rate and activity.

Annelids, such as earthworms, do have a ventral nerve cord with numerous ganglia. This nerve cord runs along the underside of their body and is responsible for coordinating their movements and sensory functions. The ganglia are clusters of nerve cells that serve as the processing centers for sensory information and motor control. Therefore, the statement that annelids have a ventral nerve cord with numerous ganglia is true.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) helps in coping by activating the body's fight or flight response, which prepares the body to respond to stressful situations. It increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, and releases stress hormones. This response helps individuals cope with perceived threats or challenges. The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), on the other hand, is responsible for the body's rest and digest response, promoting relaxation and conserving energy. While both systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis, the SNS is specifically associated with coping mechanisms.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which involves the body preparing for action. It increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, and inhibits non-essential functions such as digestion. However, it also relaxes the bladder by inhibiting the detrusor muscle, which allows for the storage of urine. Therefore, the correct answer is SNS.

Arthropods do not have a ventral nerve chord and giant nerve fibers. Instead, they have a ventral nerve cord, which is a solid double nerve cord that runs along the ventral side of their body. This nerve cord is composed of a series of ganglia, or nerve cell clusters, which are connected by smaller nerves. While some arthropods may have larger nerves called giant axons, they do not have giant nerve fibers. Therefore, the statement is false.

Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms, do have a nerve net, but they also possess an integrating center called the cerebral ganglia. The cerebral ganglia serve as a primitive brain-like structure that helps in coordinating and processing sensory information. Therefore, the statement that Platyhelminthes have a nerve net but no integrating center is false.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is the correct answer because the statement mentions that the preganglionic fiber arises from the upper section of the cord. This is a characteristic of the SNS, where the preganglionic fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) has preganglionic fibers that arise from the lower section of the cord, specifically the cranial and sacral regions. Therefore, based on the information provided, the correct answer is SNS.