.
Amplification
Monoclonal
Transmembranal
Receptor
Messenger
Synapse.
Junction.
Channel.
Desmosome.
Vesicle.
CAMP
Ca++ions
Diacyl glycerol (DAG)
Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
Phospholipase C
Signal amplification.
Signal transduction.
Intracellular receptors binding to DNA.
Signaling to other cells.
Cell junctions.
Direct contact.
Intracellular signaling.
Paracrine signaling.
Endocrine signaling.
Synaptic signaling.
Direct contact.
Endocrine signals.
Paracrine signals.
Synaptic signals.
Hormones
Internal receptors
Genes
Neurotransmitters
Lipids
Chromosomes.
Vesicles.
Target cells.
Skin cells.
Surface cells.
Neurotransmitters.
Peptide hormones.
Cell surface receptors.
Growth factor proteins.
Genes.
Their amino acid chains wind back and forth across the membrane.
They close in response to binding of the signal molecule.
A pore exists in the center of the protein.
The pore connects the extracellular fluid with the cytoplasm.
The pore is big enough for ions to pass through it.
G-protein-coupled receptors.
Gated ion channels.
Enzymatic receptors.
Second messenger receptors.
G proteins provide a link between the receptor and effector protein.
G proteins can propagate the signal by either the G~ or the G(by) components.
G proteins are heterotrimeric.
Associated G proteins become active by exchanging GTP and GDP.
Activated G protein diffuses away from the receptor.
Sodium, potassium ions
Amino acids, proteins
Steroids, lipids
Sugars, starches
CAMP, calcium ions
Enzymatic receptors.
Gated ion channels.
Signal amplification.
G-protein-coupled receptors.
Cell junctions.
Gated ion channels.
Enzymatic receptors.
G-protein-coupled receptors.
Cell surface markers.
Tight junctions.
Gap junctions.
Diffusion spheres.
Desmosomes.
Adherens junctions.
Desmosomes.
Tight junctions.
Plasmodesmata.
The cellulose matrix.
Adhering junctions.
Prohibits binding of a signal molecule.
Prohibits ions from entering the cell via active transport.
Causes ions to move in the opposite direction of the ion gradient.
Prohibits second messenger signaling.
They are composed of hydrophilic proteins.
They all must bind to a molecule to be activated.
They all result in creation of an ion channel.
They include the activation of a G protein.
Phosphate groups are efficient second messengers.
Protein kinase and phosphatases are abundant in most cells.
The hydolysis of bound GTP results in GDP and Pi.
The addition or removal of a phosphate group can expose or hide potential binding sites in proteins.
MAP kinase
MAP kinase kinase
MAP kinase kinase kinase
MAP phosphatase
Paracrine signaling
Direct contact
Endoctine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Paracrine signaling
Direct contact
Endoctine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Paracrine signaling
Direct contact
Endoctine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Paracrine signaling
Direct contact
Endoctine signaling
Synaptic signaling
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