Bio 230 Practice Exam Quiz!

The HPV vaccine, also known as Gardasil, is recommended for the prevention of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and the vaccine helps protect against the most common types of HPV that can lead to cervical cancer. By receiving the vaccine, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer and its associated complications. It is important for individuals, especially young girls, to get vaccinated to prevent this type of cancer.

Nonsteroid hormones just bind to receptors and cause a cascade of enzyme activation that amplify the original hormone and generate a cellular response.

Physical therapy is not a classic treatment for cancer because it primarily focuses on improving mobility, function, and quality of life for individuals with physical impairments or disabilities. While physical therapy may be a supportive therapy for cancer patients to manage side effects or improve physical well-being, it is not considered a primary treatment for cancer itself. Classic treatments for cancer include radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, which directly target and aim to eliminate cancer cells from the body.

Genes contain the instructions for making proteins, which are essential molecules that carry out various functions in our body. These proteins play a crucial role in determining our traits, such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases. Therefore, it is true that genes determine our traits through the proteins they create.

Sperm pass through the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra during ejaculation. However, they do not pass through the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is responsible for storing urine, while the other structures mentioned are involved in the transport and release of sperm.

Cancer involves abnormal genes, some of which may be inherited. This means that certain genetic mutations or alterations can increase the risk of developing cancer. These abnormal genes can be passed down from parents to their offspring, resulting in a higher susceptibility to cancer. It is important to note that not all cancers are inherited, but a family history of certain types of cancer can indicate a genetic predisposition to the disease.

The pancreas is an important organ involved in digestion. It produces and secretes digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and protease, which help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins respectively. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. Additionally, the pancreas also secretes bicarbonate, which helps neutralize the acidity of stomach acid as it enters the small intestine. Therefore, it is true that the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine.

Metastasis is the correct answer because it refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body, leading to the formation of secondary tumors. This process is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths, as it allows cancer cells to invade and damage vital organs and tissues. Neoplasms and benign tumors are not the cause of death from cancer, as they can often be successfully treated or removed. T-cell failure, while it can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of cancer, is not the direct cause of death.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.

Diverticulosis is weakness in the intestinal wall.

Colon polyps are non cancerous growths in the colon.

Lactose intolerance is difficulty digesting milk.

Codominance is the pattern of inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed even though the phenotypes they specify are different, like blood type.

Polygenic inheritance depends on many genes; it's the traits that are determined by more than one gene (or set of alleles), like eye color.

Homozygous refers to an individual who possesses two IDENTICAL alleles for a given gene.

The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It has a large surface area due to its long length and the presence of villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption surface even more. The small intestine contains enzymes and specialized cells that facilitate the breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. This absorption is crucial for providing the body with essential nutrients for energy production, growth, and repair.

SFH and LH stimulate the development of a follicle and the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovary

Primary oocytes are present in females at birth. These primary oocytes are immature eggs that have not yet undergone meiosis. They are arrested in prophase I of meiosis and remain in this state until puberty. At puberty, a small number of primary oocytes are activated each month to continue meiosis and develop into mature eggs. Therefore, it is true that primary oocytes are present in females at birth.

Fimbriae are fingerlike projections at the open end of the oviduct that help move the oocyte into the oviduct.

Corpus luteum are the remains of the ruptured follicle that secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for the possible arrival of a fertilized egg.

A follicle is a primary oocyte and its surrounding nourishing granulosa cells.

An Oocyte is an immature egg cell.

Portions of DNA unwind to allow RNA to make copies of specific genes into a readable transportable code called mRNA.

Aldosterone regulates body water balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

Oxytocin induces uterine contractions and induces ejection of milk from the mammary glands.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) reduces the amount of water lost by the kidneys.

Parathryoid Hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels.

Segmentation refers to muscular contractions that mix the food.
Stretching of muscle will trigger the coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract, but will not, by itself, move food.
Motility is general movement and does not refer specifically to coordinated contractions that move food forward.

The correct order that the hamburger (and fixings!) would pass through as it moves through the digestive tract is mouth-> esophagus-> stomach-> small intestine-> large intestine-> rectum-> anus.

Gametes are haploid cells because they only contain 23 chromosomes.

Benign tumors do not spread and are rarely life threatening.

Malignant tumors can spread into surrounding tissues called metastasis.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for blood filtration and urine production. It consists of a glomerulus, which filters blood, and a tubule, which reabsorbs water and essential nutrients while excreting waste products. The nephron plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and removing waste from the bloodstream.

A surge of LH and FSH results in ovulation.

HCG is secreted from a tissue from the embryo and home-use preganancy test kits work by detecting HCG in urine.

Progesterone is more involed with helping prepare the uterus.

Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to create milk.

Glucagon levels in the blood would INCREASE when when glucose levels in the blood DECREASE.

Somatostatin inhibits both glucagon and insulin.

Basal cell carcinoma is the least malignant and most common type.

Epithelioma is not a type of skin cancer.

Squamous cell carcinoma is more dangerous than basal, but is still effectively treated.

Tobacco is associated with approximately 30% of all cancer deaths. This is because tobacco contains numerous harmful chemicals, including carcinogens, that can damage DNA and lead to the development of cancer. Smoking tobacco is a major risk factor for several types of cancer, including lung, throat, mouth, and bladder cancer. Additionally, secondhand smoke from tobacco can also increase the risk of cancer in non-smokers. Therefore, the association between tobacco and cancer deaths is well-established.

Peptic ulcers are commonly caused by a bacterial infection known as Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium infects the lining of the stomach and small intestine, leading to the development of ulcers. Antibiotics are effective in treating this bacterial infection, eliminating the bacteria and allowing the ulcers to heal. Therefore, the statement that most peptic ulcers are due to a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics is true.

The liver also produces bile.

The production of red blood cells is the kidney's job.

The statement is false because it is not considered unsafe for a living individual to donate a kidney to another person. In fact, kidney transplantation from living donors is a well-established procedure and is considered a safe and effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. Stringent medical evaluations are conducted to ensure the donor's health and well-being before the transplantation takes place.

Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by glands in the endocrine system and are released into the bloodstream to target specific cells or tissues. These target cells have specific receptors that are designed to recognize and respond to the hormones. Therefore, hormones only affect certain cells that have the appropriate receptors for that particular hormone.

The immune system can help to defend against cancer cells because cancer cells may stop displaying normal "self" proteins on the cell surface. This is known as immune evasion, where cancer cells can modify their surface proteins to avoid detection by the immune system. By not displaying normal "self" proteins, cancer cells can evade recognition by immune cells such as T cells, allowing them to proliferate and spread. The immune system's ability to recognize and target cells displaying abnormal proteins is crucial in identifying and eliminating cancer cells.

Sperm released in the vagina must swim to the oviducts.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. It is caused by the abnormal growth of skin cells, usually due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Skin cancer can occur on any part of the body but is most commonly found on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and legs. It is important to protect the skin from excessive sun exposure and to regularly check for any changes or abnormalities in moles or skin growths.

Chemotherapy are drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells and they primarily act on cancer cells, but they also damage or kill many normal cells that divide rapidly, like bone marrow cells and cells lining the digestive tract.

PKU is an inherited disease caused by a homozygous recessive condition, meaning that both copies of the gene responsible for the condition are mutated. This condition leads to the accumulation of excessive amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine in the body. This accumulation can cause serious mental retardation shortly after birth. The other options are incorrect: PKU can be treated through dietary restrictions, it can be detected through newborn screening, and it is not more prevalent than cystic fibrosis.

Sperm count below 60 million per ejaculation are considered infertile.

Identical twin form from 1 egg and 1 sperm separating to form 2 babies.

Fraternal twins form from 2 eggs being released and 2 sperm successfully fertilizing each egg.

The liver produces bile and performs various functions associated with processing and storing food.

The stomach stores and mixes food, begins chemical digestion of protein by enzymes and acid, and regulates delivery to the small intestine.

The salivary glands help us taste food, moistens food, digests starch and lysozymes that are present inhibits bacteria.

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid.

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile and although it is part of the digestive system, it is not part of the digestive tract.

The cells of a benign tumor do not break free of the main cell mass.

Benign tumors may never become cancerous, those are melignant tumors.

All tumors arise because of abnormalities in cell division.

The liver is the largest organ in the body. It is located in the upper right side of the abdomen and is responsible for many important functions such as detoxification, metabolism of nutrients, production of bile, and storage of vitamins and minerals. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

The kidneys regulate the production of red blood cells.

The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrient in food.

The large intestine absorbs the last of the water and nutrients.

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

The mucosa is the layer of the digestive tract that is in direct contact with the digestive tract contents. It lines the inner surface of the digestive tract and is responsible for absorbing nutrients and secreting digestive enzymes. The mucosa contains specialized cells and glands that aid in the digestion and absorption of food. It also acts as a protective barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream.

Magnetism is a form of treatment in which there is injecting of metallic beads, coated with a chemotherapy drug, into the patients bloodstream and placing a powerful magnet at the cancer site to localize the drug.

Benign tumors have the other characteristics.

When there is an increase in calcium levels, most likely Calcitonin would be released to lower calcium levels.

Prolactin affects the mammary glands into stimulating the development of mammary gland cells and the production of milk.

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects the bone, digestive tract and kidneys into actually RAISING blood calcium levels.

Aldosterone affects the kidneys into regulating body water balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

Dysplasia is structural changes in a cell.

The sensation of heart burn is a result of the sphincter malfunctioning (not closing) and allowing backflow of acidic stomach fluid into the esophagus.

Dental carries refer to cavities in the teeth. Cavities are areas of tooth decay that develop when the enamel, the outer protective layer of the teeth, is damaged and bacteria start to erode the tooth. This can result in holes or cavities in the tooth structure. Therefore, "cavities" is the correct answer as it accurately describes dental carries.

Remember metastasis is the last stage of true cancer development and they can only come from a malignant tumor. Benign tumors only go throw hyperplasia (cell dividing more rapidly than normal), but never become dysplasia (cells changing form).

Artificial Insemination- donated sperm or concentrated sperm from a husband with low sperm count are placed in the vagina by a physician.

In Vitro Fertilization-sperm and egg are mixed in a test tube and the fertilized egg is placed in the female's uterus.

GIFT- eggs and sperm are immediately injected into the fallopian tubes.

ZIFT-egg is fertilized then placed in the fallopian tube to allow the natural process of it finding it's way to the uterus.