Animal Medicine - Digestion

Absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine because it has a large surface area due to the presence of villi and microvilli. These structures increase the absorption capacity by providing a larger surface area for nutrient absorption. Additionally, the small intestine is lined with specialized cells called enterocytes that have microvilli on their surface, further increasing the absorption area. The small intestine also has a rich blood supply, allowing for efficient transport of absorbed nutrients into the bloodstream.

Proteins are large molecules made up of chains of amino acids. When proteins are broken down, they are broken down into their individual amino acid components. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are essential for various biological processes in the body. They are used for the synthesis of new proteins, as energy sources, and for the production of important molecules such as hormones and enzymes. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids.

Hepatocytes are the correct answer because they are the main functional cells of the liver. These cells are responsible for performing various functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bile. They also play a crucial role in metabolizing drugs and toxins, storing vitamins and minerals, and regulating blood glucose levels. Therefore, hepatocytes are commonly referred to as liver cells.

The hard palate forms the roof of the mouth. It is a bony structure made up of the maxilla and palatine bones. The hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and plays a crucial role in speech production and chewing. It provides a rigid surface against which the tongue can push food during the swallowing process. The hard palate also helps to resonate sound during speech by directing airflow through the oral cavity.

Carbohydrates, specifically polysaccharides, are large complex molecules made up of many monosaccharide units bonded together. During digestion, these polysaccharides are broken down into their individual monosaccharide components. This process occurs through the action of enzymes that break the bonds holding the monosaccharides together, allowing them to be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy.

The pharynx is the common passageway for food and air. It is a muscular tube located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx. When we swallow, the food or liquid passes through the pharynx on its way to the esophagus, while air passes through it on its way to the larynx and then the lungs. The pharynx plays a crucial role in the process of digestion and respiration, making it the correct answer to the question.

The correct answer is portal vein, hepatic artery. The portal vein is responsible for bringing nutrient-rich blood from the intestines and spleen to the liver, while the hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. This dual blood supply ensures that the liver receives both nutrients and oxygen for its proper functioning.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because canine teeth can be referred to as eye teeth, bridle teeth, tusks, or tushes. These terms are used interchangeably to describe the sharp, pointed teeth located in the front of the mouth on either side of the incisors.

Dentine is the main substance of the tooth. It is a hard, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It is located beneath the enamel, which is the outermost layer of the tooth. Dentine is responsible for providing support and strength to the tooth. It is less mineralized than enamel but harder than bone. Dentine contains tiny tubules that house the nerve endings of the tooth, making it sensitive to stimuli such as temperature and pressure.

Filiform papillae do not contain taste buds. These papillae are responsible for providing a rough texture to the tongue and do not play a role in taste perception. The taste buds are mainly found on the fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae, which are responsible for detecting different tastes. Therefore, the correct answer is filiform papillae.

The exocrine part of the pancreas produces amylase, trypsin, and lipase enzymes. Amylase is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, trypsin helps in the digestion of proteins, and lipase aids in the digestion of fats. Sucrase and maltase are enzymes involved in the digestion of sugars, but they are not produced by the exocrine part of the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is amylase, trypsin, and lipase.

Tonsils are circumscribed masses of lymphoid tissue. They are located at the back of the throat and play a role in the immune system by helping to filter out and trap bacteria and viruses that enter through the mouth and nose. Tonsils can become inflamed and infected, leading to conditions such as tonsillitis. In some cases, tonsils may need to be surgically removed if they become chronically infected or cause other health issues.

Deciduous teeth are also known as milk teeth. These are the first set of teeth that develop in humans and are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. They are called deciduous because they are shed or fall out as a child grows, just like the leaves of deciduous trees. Deciduous teeth play a crucial role in the development of the jaw and help in speech development and chewing.

The mandibular gland is known as the salivary gland.

The parietal digestion of food occurs in the stomach, where the food is broken down by stomach acid and enzymes. However, the digestion process is completed in the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for further breaking down the food into smaller molecules and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

Beta cells and alpha cells are the cells in the pancreas responsible for producing the hormones insulin and glucagon, respectively. Insulin is produced by beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is produced by alpha cells and works in opposition to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels. Together, these two hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of glucose in the body.

The eustachian tubes provide a free exchange of air from the pharynx to the middle ear. These tubes are responsible for equalizing the pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. When we swallow or yawn, the eustachian tubes open briefly, allowing air to flow in or out of the middle ear. This helps to maintain proper air pressure, preventing discomfort and potential damage to the eardrum.

The three types of glands found in monogastric stomachs are cardiac, fundic, and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands are located in the cardiac region of the stomach and secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acid. The fundic glands are found in the fundus and body of the stomach and produce gastric juice, which contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid for digestion. The pyloric glands are situated in the pylorus, the lower part of the stomach, and release mucus and hormones to regulate stomach emptying.

The correct answer is T. mucosa, T. submucosa, T. muscularis, T. serosa. The GI tube, also known as the gastrointestinal tract, is composed of four layers. The innermost layer is the T. mucosa, which lines the lumen of the tube and is responsible for absorption and secretion. The T. submucosa is the layer beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. The T. muscularis is the layer responsible for the movement and contraction of the GI tube. Finally, the outermost layer is the T. serosa, which provides protection and support to the GI tract.

The tooth is held in the bony socket by the periodontal ligaments. These ligaments are a group of connective tissues that attach the tooth root to the surrounding bone. They provide support and stability to the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of chewing and biting. The periodontal ligaments also help to cushion the tooth and absorb shock, preventing damage to both the tooth and the surrounding bone.

Kupffer's cells are specialized macrophages found in the liver. They are responsible for removing tissue debris and dead red blood cells from the bloodstream. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and function of the liver by clearing out waste materials and foreign substances.