Conarina Academy Aptitude Test Quiz!
(212).jpg "Conarina Academy Aptitude Test Quiz! - Quiz")
Do you think you can participate in the Conarina Academy? The Conarina School of Maritime Transport Technology or CSMT is in Nigeria, Africa. It is a training program that is internationally recognized as being a maritime commercial or military activity. It is located in a seaport. You have to be capable of handling some problematic training. This quiz will see if you will sink or swim.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Robert is travelling on his cycle and has calculated to reach point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10 kmph, he will reach there at 12 noon if he travels at 15 kmph. At what speed must he travel to reach A at 1 P.M.?
- A.
8 kmph
- B.
11 kmph
- C.
12 kmph
- D.
14 kmph
Correct Answer
C. 12 kmphExplanation
Let the distance travelled by x km.
Then, x - x = 2
10 15
3x - 2x = 60
x = 60 km.
Time taken to travel 60 km at 10 km/hr = 60 hrs = 6 hrs.
10
So, Robert started 6 hours before 2 P.M. i.e., at 8 A.M.
Required speed = 60 kmph. = 12 kmph.
5Rate this question:
-
- 2.
The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits is 36. What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits of the number if the ratio between the digits of the number is 1 : 2 ?
- A.
4
- B.
8
- C.
16
- D.
None of these
Correct Answer
B. 8Explanation
Since the number is greater than the number obtained on reversing the digits, so the ten's digit is greater than the unit's digit.
Let ten's and unit's digits be 2x and x respectively.
Then, (10 x 2x + x) - (10x + 2x) = 36
9x = 36
x = 4.
Required difference = (2x + x) - (2x - x) = 2x = 8.Rate this question:
-
- 3.
Free notebooks were distributed equally among children of a class. The number of notebooks each child got was one-eighth of the number of children. Had the number of children been half, each child would have got 16 notebooks. Total how many notebooks were distributed ?
- A.
256
- B.
432
- C.
512
- D.
640
Correct Answer
C. 512Explanation
Let total number of children be x.
Then, x x 1 x = x x 16 x = 64.
8 2
Number of notebooks = 1 x2 = 1 x 64 x 64 = 512.
8 8Rate this question:
-
- 4.
The smallest number which when diminished by 7, is divisible 12, 16, 18, 21 and 28 is:
- A.
1008
- B.
1015
- C.
1022
- D.
1032
Correct Answer
B. 1015Explanation
Required number = (L.C.M. of 12,16, 18, 21, 28) + 7
= 1008 + 7
= 1015Rate this question:
-
- 5.
Two pipes A and B together can fill a cistern in 4 hours. Had they been opened separately, then B would have taken 6 hours more than A to fill the cistern. How much time will be taken by A to fill the cistern separately?
- A.
1 hour
- B.
2 hours
- C.
6 hours
- D.
8 hours
Correct Answer
C. 6 hoursExplanation
If we let the time taken by pipe A to fill the cistern be x hours, then the time taken by pipe B would be x + 6 hours. Together, they can fill the cistern in 4 hours, so their combined rate of filling is 1/4 of the cistern per hour. Using the formula Rate x Time = Work, we can set up the equation (1/x + 1/(x+6)) x 4 = 1, where 1 is the work needed to fill the cistern. Solving this equation, we find that x = 6 hours. Therefore, pipe A would take 6 hours to fill the cistern separately.Rate this question:
-
- 6.
The miser gazed ...... at the pile of gold coins in front of him.
- A.
Avidly
- B.
Admiringly
- C.
Thoughtfully
- D.
Earnestly
Correct Answer
A. AvidlyExplanation
The word "avidly" means with great enthusiasm or eagerness. In the given sentence, the word "miser" suggests that the person is someone who hoards money and is very interested in it. Therefore, it is likely that the person would gaze at the pile of gold coins with great enthusiasm or eagerness, making "avidly" the most suitable word in this context.Rate this question:
-
- 7.
CORPULENT
- A.
Lean
- B.
Gaunt
- C.
Emaciated
- D.
Obese
Correct Answer
D. ObeseExplanation
The word "corpulent" means excessively overweight or obese. Therefore, the correct answer is "obese" which is synonymous with "corpulent". The other options, lean, gaunt, and emaciated, all mean the opposite of corpulent and refer to being thin or underweight.Rate this question:
-
- 8.
Extreme old age when a man behaves like a fool
- A.
Imbecility
- B.
Senility
- C.
Dotage
- D.
Superannuation
Correct Answer
C. DotageExplanation
Dotage refers to extreme old age when a person behaves foolishly. It is a state of mental or physical decline that is often associated with old age. This term is used to describe the period in a person's life when they become weak, forgetful, or mentally impaired due to old age. It is characterized by a loss of cognitive abilities and a decline in physical health. In this context, dotage is the most appropriate term as it specifically refers to the behavior of a person in extreme old age.Rate this question:
-
- 9.
I remember my sister taking me to the museum.
- A.
I remember I was taken to the museum by my sister
- B.
I remember being taken to the museum by my sister.
- C.
I remember myself being taken to the museum by my sister.
- D.
I remember taken to the museum by my sister.
Correct Answer
B. I remember being taken to the museum by my sister.Explanation
The correct answer is "I remember being taken to the museum by my sister." This answer is correct because it uses the correct form of the verb "remember" followed by the gerund "being taken." The phrase "by my sister" correctly indicates that the speaker's sister was the one who took them to the museum.Rate this question:
-
- 10.
Marathon is to race as hibernation is to
- A.
Winter
- B.
Bear
- C.
Dream
- D.
Sleep
Correct Answer
D. SleepExplanation
A marathon is a long race and hibernation is a lengthy period of sleep. The answer is not choice a or b because even though a bear and winter are related to hibernation, neither completes the analogy. (Choice c) is incorrect because sleep and dream are not synonymousRate this question:
-
- 11.
Blueberries cost more than strawberries. Blueberries cost less than raspberries. Raspberries cost more than both strawberries and blueberries. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
- A.
True
- B.
False
- C.
Uncertain
- D.
-
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Because the first two statements are true, raspberries are the most expensive of the three.Rate this question:
-
- 12.
One New York publisher has estimated that 50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States want an anthology that includes the complete works of William Shakespeare. And what accounts for this renewed interest in Shakespeare? As scholars point out, his psychological insights into both male and female characters are amazing even today. This paragraph best supports the statement that
- A.
Shakespeare's characters are more interesting than fictional characters today.
- B.
People even today are interested in Shakespeare's work because of the characters.
- C.
Academic scholars are putting together an anthology of Shakespeare's work.
- D.
New Yorkers have a renewed interested in the work of Shakespeare.
Correct Answer
B. People even today are interested in Shakespeare's work because of the characters.Explanation
The last sentence in the paragraph clearly gives support for the idea that the interest in Shakespeare is due to the development of his characters. Choice a is incorrect because the writer never makes this type of comparison. Choice c is wrong because even though scholars are mentioned in the paragraph, there is no indication that the scholars are compiling the anthology. Choice d is wrong because there is no support to show that most New Yorkers are interested in this work. There is no support for choice e either.Rate this question:
-
- 13.
CMM, EOO, GQQ, _____, KUU
- A.
GRR
- B.
GSS
- C.
ISS
- D.
ITT
Correct Answer
C. ISSExplanation
The first letters are in alphabetical order with a letter skipped in between each segment: C, E, G, I, K. The second and third letters are repeated; they are also in order with a skipped letter: M, O, Q, S, U.Rate this question:
-
- 14.
Study the following line graph and answer the questions. Exports from Three Companies Over the Years (in Rs. crore) For which of the following pairs of years the total exports from the three Companies together are equal?
- A.
1995 and 1998
- B.
1996 and 1998
- C.
1997 and 1998
- D.
1995 and 1996
Correct Answer
D. 1995 and 1996Explanation
Total exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z together, during various years are:
In 1993 = Rs. (30 + 80 + 60) crores = Rs. 170 crores.
In 1994 = Rs. (60 + 40 + 90) crores = Rs. 190 crores.
In 1995 = Rs. (40 + 60 + 120) crores = Rs. 220 crores.
In 1996 = Rs. (70 + 60 + 90) crores = Rs. 220 crores.
In 1997 = Rs. (100 + 80 + 60) crores = Rs. 240 crores.
In 1998 = Rs. (50 + 100 + 80) crores = Rs. 230 crores.
In 1999 = Rs. (120 + 140 + 100) crores = Rs. 360 crores.
Clearly, the total exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z together are same during the years 1995 and 1996.Rate this question:
-
- 15.
Group the given figures into three classes using each figure only once.
- A.
1,3,9 ; 2,5,6 ; 4,7,8
- B.
1,3,9 ; 2,7,8 ; 4,5,6
- C.
1,2,4 ; 3,5,7 ; 6,8,9
- D.
1,3,6 ; 2,4,8 ; 5,7,9
Correct Answer
A. 1,3,9 ; 2,5,6 ; 4,7,8Explanation
1, 3, 9 have one element placed inside a different element.
2, 5, 6 contain two mutually perpendicular lines dividing the figure into four parts.
4, 7, 8 have two similar elements (unequal in size) attached to each otherRate this question:
-
- 16.
A, B, C, D and E are sitting on a bench. A is sitting next to B, C is sitting next to D, D is not sitting with E who is on the left end of the bench. C is on the second position from the right. A is to the right of B and E. A and C are sitting together. In which position A is sitting ?
- A.
Between B and D
- B.
Between B and C
- C.
Between E and D
- D.
Between C and E
Correct Answer
B. Between B and CExplanation
A is sitting between B and C because A is to the right of B and E, and A and C are sitting together. Since C is on the second position from the right, and D is not sitting with E, it can be deduced that A is sitting between B and C.Rate this question:
-
- 17.
The difference of level between a point below the plane of sight and one above, is the sum of two staff readings and an error would be produced equal to
- A.
The distance between the zero of gradient and the foot of the staff
- B.
Twice the distance between the zero of graduation and the foot of the staff
- C.
Thrice the distance between the zero of graduation and the foot of the staff
- D.
None of the above.
Correct Answer
B. Twice the distance between the zero of graduation and the foot of the staffExplanation
The correct answer is "twice the distance between the zero of graduation and the foot of the staff". This means that the error produced when calculating the difference in level between a point below the plane of sight and one above is equal to twice the distance between the zero of graduation (the starting point on the staff) and the foot of the staff (the bottom of the staff). This error occurs due to the difference in reading between the two staffs.Rate this question:
-
- 18.
Latitude of a place is the angular distance from
- A.
Greenwich to the place
- B.
Equator to the poles
- C.
Equator to the nearer pole
- D.
Equator to the nearer pole along the meridian of the place
- E.
None of these.
Correct Answer
E. None of these.Explanation
The correct answer is "none of these." The latitude of a place is the angular distance from the equator to the place, measured along the meridian of the place. It is not the distance from Greenwich to the place or from the equator to the poles or to the nearer pole.Rate this question:
-
- 19.
Complete the idiom:Art historians regard the Mona Lisa __ one of the greatest works of art.
Correct Answer
asExplanation
The correct answer is "as". In this idiom, "as" is used to compare the Mona Lisa to other great works of art. It indicates that art historians consider the Mona Lisa to be among the greatest works of art.Rate this question:
- 20.
Complete the idiom:He is not so much smart __ cunning.
Correct Answer
asExplanation
The idiom "not so much...as" is used to compare two things, suggesting that one thing is more accurate or appropriate than the other. In this case, the phrase "not so much smart as cunning" implies that the person being described is not primarily intelligent, but rather more deceitful or sly. The word "as" is used to indicate the comparison between the two qualities.Rate this question:
- 21.
Complete the idiom:She is so beautiful __ exquisite.
Correct Answer
as to beExplanation
The correct answer is "as to be." This idiom is used to emphasize the extreme beauty of someone or something. It suggests that the person or object being described is so beautiful that it is almost beyond comprehension or belief. The phrase "as to be" indicates that the level of beauty is so high that it is expected or inevitable.Rate this question:
- 22.
Complete the idiom:Think of it more __ a promise than a threat.
Correct Answer
ofExplanation
The correct answer is "of". In this idiom, "think of it more of a promise than a threat," the word "of" is used to indicate that something should be considered or understood in a certain way. It suggests that the situation being referred to should be viewed as more of a promise rather than a threat, emphasizing the positive or beneficial aspect of it.Rate this question:
- 23.
Complete the idiom:Mom and dad gave the same punishment to me __ to you.
Correct Answer
asExplanation
The correct answer is "as". In this idiom, "as" is used to compare the punishment given to the speaker with the punishment given to the person they are addressing. It implies that both individuals received the same level or type of punishment.Rate this question:
- 24.
Complete the idiom:The commercials were obviously targeted __ teenage boys.
Correct Answer
atExplanation
The commercials were obviously targeted towards teenage boys. This means that the commercials were specifically designed and aimed at capturing the attention and interest of teenage boys.Rate this question:
- 25.
Complete the idiom:The time he has spent impersonating Elvis is estimated __ longer than the time Elvis himself spent performing.
Correct Answer
to beExplanation
The correct answer is "to be." This is because the idiom "to be estimated" is used to indicate that a particular amount or value is calculated or approximated. In this context, it means that the time he has spent impersonating Elvis is believed or calculated to be longer than the time Elvis himself spent performing.Rate this question:
- 26.
Complete the idiom:My pasta sauce is far superior __ my mother-in-law's.
Correct Answer
toExplanation
The correct answer is "to". This is because the phrase "far superior" indicates that the pasta sauce is of a much higher quality or better than the mother-in-law's sauce. The word "to" is used to compare two things and indicate that one is better or superior to the other. In this case, it suggests that the speaker's pasta sauce is much better than their mother-in-law's sauce.Rate this question:
- 27.
Complete the idiom:Many people credit Christopher Columbus __ the discovery of America, but Native Americans were here first.
Correct Answer
withExplanation
Christopher Columbus is often credited with the discovery of America, but it is important to acknowledge that Native Americans were already present in America before Columbus arrived. The word "with" in the idiom suggests that Columbus is being given recognition or acknowledgment for the discovery, even though others were there before him.Rate this question:
- 28.
Complete the idiom:I can distinguish day __ night.
Correct Answer
fromExplanation
The correct answer for completing the idiom "I can distinguish day __ night" is "from". This is because the word "from" is used to indicate a distinction or difference between two things, in this case, day and night. It suggests that the speaker is able to tell the difference between day and night.Rate this question:
- 29.
Complete the idiom:She is not only beautiful, __ smart.
Correct Answer
but alsoExplanation
This is a completion of the idiom "She is not only beautiful, but also smart." The phrase "but also" is used to add another quality or characteristic to the subject. In this case, it emphasizes that the person being described is not just beautiful, but also intelligent.Rate this question:
- 30.
Complete the idiom:The chimpanzee is much more intelligent __ the orangutan.
Correct Answer
thanExplanation
The given answer "than" completes the idiom "The chimpanzee is much more intelligent than the orangutan." This idiom is used to compare the intelligence levels of two different animals, stating that the chimpanzee is more intelligent than the orangutan. "Than" is a comparative conjunction used to introduce the second element in a comparison, indicating that one thing is greater, smaller, better, etc., than another. In this case, it is used to show the higher level of intelligence possessed by the chimpanzee in comparison to the orangutan.Rate this question:
- 31.
Even + Odd = ?
- A.
Even
- B.
Odd
Correct Answer
B. OddExplanation
When an even number is added to an odd number, the result is always an odd number. This is because even numbers can be represented as 2n (where n is an integer), and odd numbers can be represented as 2n+1. When we add an even number (2n) to an odd number (2n+1), we get (2n + 2n + 1) which simplifies to 4n + 1, which is an odd number. Therefore, the answer to the given equation "Even + Odd" is always an odd number.Rate this question:
-
- 32.
Odd + Odd = ?
- A.
Even
- B.
Odd
Correct Answer
A. EvenExplanation
When two odd numbers are added together, the sum will always be an even number. This is because odd numbers can be represented as 2n+1, where n is an integer. Adding two odd numbers together would result in (2n+1) + (2m+1), which simplifies to 2(n+m+1). Since n, m, and 1 are all integers, the sum is always divisible by 2, making it an even number. Therefore, the correct answer is Even.Rate this question:
-
- 33.
(Even)(Even) = ?
- A.
Even
- B.
Odd
Correct Answer
A. EvenExplanation
When we multiply two even numbers, the result is always an even number. Therefore, the product of (Even)(Even) will also be an even number.Rate this question:
-
- 34.
(Even)(Odd)
- A.
Even
- B.
Odd
Correct Answer
A. Even -
- 35.
(Odd)(Odd) = ?
- A.
Even
- B.
Odd
Correct Answer
B. OddExplanation
When multiplying two odd numbers together, the result will always be an odd number. This is because odd numbers can be represented as 2n+1, where n is an integer. So when we multiply two odd numbers (2n+1) and (2m+1) together, we get 4nm + 2n + 2m + 1, which can be simplified to 2(2nm + n + m) + 1. Since 2nm + n + m is an integer, the result is an odd number. Therefore, the answer to the given question is odd.Rate this question:
-
- 36.
A, B and C jointly thought of engaging themselves in a business venture. It was agreed that A would invest NGN 6500 for 6 months, B, NGN 8400 for 5 months and C, NGN 10,000 for 3 months. A wants to be the working member for which, he was to receive 5% of the profits. The profit earned was NGN 7400. Calculate the share of B in the profit.
- A.
NGN 1900
- B.
NGN 2660
- C.
NGN 2800
- D.
NGN 2840
Correct Answer
B. NGN 2660Explanation
For managing, A received = 5% of NGN 7400 = NGN 370.
Balance = NGN (7400 - 370) = NGN 7030.
Ratio of their investments = (6500 x 6) : (8400 x 5) : (10000 x 3)
= 39000 : 42000 : 30000
= 13 : 14 : 10
B's share = NGN. 7030 x 14 = NGN. 2660.
37Rate this question:
-
- 37.
Since the beginning of historyP :have managed to catchQ :the Eskimos and Red IndiansR :by a very difficult methodS :a few specimens of this aquatic animal The Proper sequence should be:
- A.
QRPS
- B.
SQPR
- C.
SQRP
- D.
QPSR
Correct Answer
D. QPSRExplanation
The given passage talks about how the Eskimos and Red Indians have managed to catch a few specimens of an aquatic animal by a difficult method. Based on this information, the proper sequence should be QPSR. This is because catching the specimens (Q) would come before managing to catch them (P). Then, the mention of the Eskimos and Red Indians (S) would be appropriate. Finally, the difficulty of the method (R) would be mentioned last.Rate this question:
-
- 38.
Statement: Should Nigeria encourage exports, when most things are insufficient for internal use itself?Arguments:
- Yes. We have to earn foreign exchange to pay for our imports.
- No. Even selective encouragement would lead to shortages.
- A.
Only argument I is strong
- B.
Only argument II is strong
- C.
Either I or II is strong
- D.
Neither I nor II is strong
Correct Answer
A. Only argument I is strongExplanation
Clearly, Nigeria can export only the surplus and that which can be saved after fulfilling its own needs, to pay for its imports. Encouragement to export cannot lead to shortages as it shall provide the resources for imports. So, only argument I holds.Rate this question:
- 39.
The following pie-chart shows the percentage distribution of the expenditure incurred in publishing a book. Study the pie-chart and the answer the questions based on it.Various Expenditures (in percentage) Incurred in Publishing a Book 1. If for a certain quantity of books, the publisher has to pay NGN 30,600 as printing cost, then what will be amount of royalty to be paid for these books?
- A.
NGN. 19,450
- B.
NGN. 21,200
- C.
NGN. 22,950
- D.
NGN. 26,150
Correct Answer
C. NGN. 22,950Explanation
Based on the given pie chart, the printing cost accounts for 30% of the total expenditure. Therefore, if the publisher has to pay NGN 30,600 as printing cost, the total expenditure for the books would be NGN 30,600 divided by 30% (0.30). This equals NGN 102,000. The royalty cost accounts for 22.5% of the total expenditure, so the amount of royalty to be paid for these books would be 22.5% of NGN 102,000, which is NGN 22,950.Rate this question:
-
- 40.
The process in which an adjective can be converted into a noun. e.g. The beauty(adj-noun) of this world is ephemeral.
Correct Answer
NominalisationExplanation
Nominalisation refers to the process of converting an adjective into a noun. In the given example, the adjective "beauty" is transformed into the noun "beauty" through the addition of the suffix "-ness". This allows the adjective to function as a noun in the sentence. Nominalisation is a common linguistic technique used to create nouns from other word forms, enabling more varied and expressive language use.Rate this question:
- 41.
The complete name of the vice president of Nigeria is Professor Yemi ...............
Correct Answer
OsinbajoExplanation
The complete name of the vice president of Nigeria is Professor Yemi Osinbajo.Rate this question:
- 42.
Mrs Ngozi Okonjo Iweala hails from ............... local government area.
Correct Answer
Aniocha SouthExplanation
Mrs Ngozi Okonjo Iweala hails from Aniocha South local government area.Rate this question:
- 43.
A rush of joy, happiness, mirth as a result of drug use.
Correct Answer
EuphoriaExplanation
Euphoria refers to a feeling of extreme joy, happiness, and mirth. It is often associated with the use of drugs, as certain substances can induce a state of euphoria. This answer accurately describes the rush of positive emotions that can be experienced as a result of drug use.Rate this question:
- 44.
Media that reflect nude men and women is referred to as ...................
Correct Answer
PornographyExplanation
The term "pornography" refers to media that portrays explicit sexual content, including images or videos of nude men and women. It is a form of adult entertainment that is intended to sexually arouse the audience.Rate this question:
- 45.
Senator Ighoyota Amori is the senator representing ...........................................
Correct Answer
Delta CentralExplanation
Senator Ighoyota Amori is the senator representing Delta Central.Rate this question:
- 46.
The Newly Inaugurated Deputy Senate President is Sen.
Correct Answer
Ike EkweremaduExplanation
Ike Ekweremadu has been elected as the newly inaugurated Deputy Senate President.Rate this question:
- 47.
Conarina Academy is located in ........-........., Delta State.
Correct Answer
Oria-AbrakaExplanation
Conarina Academy is located in Oria-Abraka, Delta State.Rate this question:
- 48.
Correct this sentence:The man is old to the extremity
Correct Answer
The man is extremely oldExplanation
The given sentence "The man is old to the extremity" is incorrect in terms of grammar and usage. The correct answer "The man is extremely old" provides a more appropriate and concise way to convey the same meaning. The use of the word "extremely" effectively emphasizes the advanced age of the man.Rate this question:
- 49.
A connection of servers which work together as a web to save, produce and process information for end users
Correct Answer
internetExplanation
The given answer "internet" accurately describes a connection of servers that work together as a web to save, produce, and process information for end users. The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that allows for the exchange of data and information across the world. It enables users to access various online services, websites, and resources, making it an essential tool for communication, research, and entertainment.Rate this question:
- 50.
A language of contact spoken in Nigeria mainly in the South South and is increasingly eradicating native languages.
Correct Answer
PidginExplanation
Pidgin is a language of contact spoken in Nigeria, primarily in the South South region. It is gaining popularity and is gradually replacing native languages in the area. Pidgin is a simplified form of English that has evolved over time, incorporating elements from various local languages. It serves as a means of communication among people with different native languages, allowing them to understand and interact with each other. Due to its practicality and ease of use, Pidgin is becoming more prevalent, leading to the decline of traditional native languages in Nigeria.Rate this question:
Quiz Review Timeline +
Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.
-
Current Version
-
Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Jun 01, 2015Quiz Created by
Conarina
- Academic Quizzes
- Adult Learning Quizzes
- Blended Learning Quizzes
- Career Quizzes
- Coaching Quizzes
- College Quizzes
- Communication Quizzes
- Curriculum Quizzes
- Distance Learning Quizzes
- E Learning Quizzes
- Early Childhood Education Quizzes
- GCSE Quizzes
- Grade Quizzes
- Kindergarten Quizzes
- Knowledge Quizzes
- Literacy Quizzes
- Online Assessment Quizzes
- Online Exam Quizzes
- Online Test Quizzes
- Physical Education Quizzes
- Qualification Quizzes
- Religious Education Quizzes
- School Quizzes
- Special Education Quizzes
- Student Quizzes
- Study Quizzes
- Subject Quizzes
- Teaching Quizzes
- Theory Quizzes
- Thesis Quizzes
- University Quizzes
Back to top