A&p Chapter 6 Self Quiz - The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

1. Bone resorption involves increased activity of osteoclasts.

True

False

Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down and remove old or damaged bone tissue. Osteoclasts are specialized cells that are responsible for this activity. They secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone, allowing the breakdown and removal of bone tissue. Therefore, increased activity of osteoclasts is indeed involved in bone resorption.

Explanation

Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down and remove old or damaged bone tissue. Osteoclasts are specialized cells that are responsible for this activity. They secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone, allowing the breakdown and removal of bone tissue. Therefore, increased activity of osteoclasts is indeed involved in bone resorption.

2. The formation of bone from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification.

True

False

Endochondral ossification is a process in which bone is formed from cartilage. During this process, cartilage gradually transforms into bone through the deposition of minerals and the replacement of cartilage cells with bone cells. This process is responsible for the formation of most bones in the body, including long bones. Therefore, the statement that the formation of bone from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification is true.

Explanation

Endochondral ossification is a process in which bone is formed from cartilage. During this process, cartilage gradually transforms into bone through the deposition of minerals and the replacement of cartilage cells with bone cells. This process is responsible for the formation of most bones in the body, including long bones. Therefore, the statement that the formation of bone from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification is true.

3. A primary effect of weight-bearing exercise on bones is to

Provide oxygen for bone development.

Increase the demineralization of bone.

Maintain and increase bone mass.

Stimulate the release of sex hormones for bone growth.

Utilize the stored triglycerides from the yellow bone marrow.

Weight-bearing exercise, such as walking or weightlifting, puts stress on the bones, which stimulates the bone cells to become more active. This increased activity leads to the formation of new bone tissue, helping to maintain and increase bone mass. Weight-bearing exercise also helps to strengthen the muscles around the bones, providing additional support and protection. Therefore, the primary effect of weight-bearing exercise on bones is to maintain and increase bone mass.

Explanation

Weight-bearing exercise, such as walking or weightlifting, puts stress on the bones, which stimulates the bone cells to become more active. This increased activity leads to the formation of new bone tissue, helping to maintain and increase bone mass. Weight-bearing exercise also helps to strengthen the muscles around the bones, providing additional support and protection. Therefore, the primary effect of weight-bearing exercise on bones is to maintain and increase bone mass.

4. The growth of bone is controlled primarily by hormones.

True

False

Bone growth is primarily regulated by hormones. Hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones play a crucial role in stimulating bone growth and development. Growth hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, promotes the division and multiplication of bone cells. Sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are responsible for the growth spurt during puberty and the closure of growth plates. These hormones stimulate the production of bone cells and regulate the balance between bone formation and resorption. Therefore, it is correct to say that the growth of bone is controlled primarily by hormones.

Explanation

Bone growth is primarily regulated by hormones. Hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones play a crucial role in stimulating bone growth and development. Growth hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, promotes the division and multiplication of bone cells. Sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are responsible for the growth spurt during puberty and the closure of growth plates. These hormones stimulate the production of bone cells and regulate the balance between bone formation and resorption. Therefore, it is correct to say that the growth of bone is controlled primarily by hormones.

5. Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone

Is composed of numerous osteons (haversian systems)

Is found primarily in the diaphyses of long bones, and compact bone is found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones.

Contains osteons all aligned in the same direction along lines of stress.

Does not contain osteocytes containd in lacunae.

Is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because it is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress. Trabeculae are small, needle-like pieces of bone that form a network within spongy bone. This arrangement provides strength and support to the bone, especially in areas where forces are applied. In contrast, compact bone is composed of osteons, which are cylindrical structures that are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. This arrangement allows compact bone to withstand compressive forces.

Explanation

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because it is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress. Trabeculae are small, needle-like pieces of bone that form a network within spongy bone. This arrangement provides strength and support to the bone, especially in areas where forces are applied. In contrast, compact bone is composed of osteons, which are cylindrical structures that are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. This arrangement allows compact bone to withstand compressive forces.

6. Bone growth in length is called growth, and bone growth in diameter is called growth.

Bone growth in length is called interstitial growth, which occurs at the epiphyseal plates located at the ends of long bones. These plates are made up of cartilage cells that divide and mature, causing the bone to lengthen. On the other hand, bone growth in diameter is called appositional growth. This type of growth occurs on the outer surface of the bone, where new bone tissue is added by osteoblasts, while osteoclasts remove old bone tissue from the inner surface. Together, these two types of growth allow bones to increase in both length and diameter.

Explanation

Bone growth in length is called interstitial growth, which occurs at the epiphyseal plates located at the ends of long bones. These plates are made up of cartilage cells that divide and mature, causing the bone to lengthen. On the other hand, bone growth in diameter is called appositional growth. This type of growth occurs on the outer surface of the bone, where new bone tissue is added by osteoblasts, while osteoclasts remove old bone tissue from the inner surface. Together, these two types of growth allow bones to increase in both length and diameter.

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7. Place in order the steps involved in the repair of a bone fracture. 1. osteoblast production of trabeculae and bony callus formation 2. formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture 3. resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone 4. migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site 5. bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocarilaginous callus.

2, 4, 5, 1, 3

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

1, 2, 5, 4, 3

2, 5, 1, 3, 4

5, 2, 4, 1, 3

The correct order of steps involved in the repair of a bone fracture is as follows:
1. Formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture (2)
2. Migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site (4)
3. Bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocarilaginous callus (5)
4. Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bony callus formation (1)
5. Resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone (3)

Explanation

The correct order of steps involved in the repair of a bone fracture is as follows:
1. Formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture (2)
2. Migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site (4)
3. Bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocarilaginous callus (5)
4. Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bony callus formation (1)
5. Resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone (3)

8. The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's , while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide bone with .

The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's hardness, while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide bone with tensile strength. This means that the mineral salts give bone its ability to resist compression and withstand forces, making it hard. On the other hand, the collagen fibers and organic molecules give bone its ability to resist stretching and bending, making it strong and able to withstand tension.

Explanation

The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's hardness, while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide bone with tensile strength. This means that the mineral salts give bone its ability to resist compression and withstand forces, making it hard. On the other hand, the collagen fibers and organic molecules give bone its ability to resist stretching and bending, making it strong and able to withstand tension.

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9. Match the following:

column-like layer of maturing chondrocytes

layer of small, scattered chondrocytess anchoring the epiphyseal plate to the bone

layer of actively dividing chondrocytes

region of dead chondrocytes

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10. Place in order the steps involved in endochondral ossification. 1. Nutrient artery invades the perichondruim 2. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify 4. Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses 5. Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center.

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

3, 1, 5, 4, 2

1, 3, 5, 2, 4

1, 2, 3, 5, 4

2, 5, 4, 3, 1

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Explanation

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11. Match the following:

space within the shaft of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow

triglyceride storage tissue

hemopoietic tissue

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones where they form a joint

proximal and distal ends of bones

the long, cylindrical main portion of the bone; the shaft

in a growing bone, the region that contains the epiphyseal plate

the tough covering that surrounds the bone surface wherever cartilage is not present

a layer of hyaline cartilage in the area between the shaft and end of a growing bone

membrane lining the medullary cavity

a remnant of the active epiphyseal plate; a sign that the bone has stopped growing in length

bundles of collagen fibers that attach periosteum to bone

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12. Match the following:

a broken bone in which one end of the fractured bone is driven into the other end

a condition of porous bones characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures

splintered bone, with smaller fragments lying between main fragments

a broken bone that does not break through the skin

a partial break in a bone in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

a broken bone that protrudes throught the skin

microscopic bone breaks resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact

a degeneration of articular cartilage allowing the bony ends to touch; worsens due to friction between the bones

condition characterized by failure of new bone formed by remodeling to calcify in adults

an infection of bone

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13. Match the following:

small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

tiny canals that penetrate compact bone; carry blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum

areas between osteons; gragments of old osteons

cells that secrete the components required to build bone

microscopic unit of compact bone tissue

interconnected, tiny canals filled with extracellular fluid; connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal

canals that extend longitudinally through the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves to the central canal

large cells derived from numerous monocytes; involved in resorption by release of lysosomal enzymes and acids

irregular lattice of thin columns of bone found in spongy bone tissue

rings of hard calcified matrix found just beneath the periosteum and lining the medullary cavity

mature cells that maintain the daily metablolism of bone

an opening in the shaft of the bone allowing an artery to pass into the bone

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme

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14. Place in order the steps involved in intramembranous ossification. 1. Bony matrices fuse to form trabeculae 2. Clusters of osteoblasts form a center of ossification that secretes the organic extracellular matrix. 3. Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone's surface. 4. Periosteum develops on the bone's periphery. 5. The extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts.

2, 4, 5, 1, 3

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

1, 2, 5, 4, 3

2, 5, 1, 4, 3

5, 1, 3, 4, 2

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Explanation

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15. Match the following:

decreases blood calcium levels by accelerating calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting osteoclasts

required for collagen synthesis

during childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; production stimulated by human growth hormone

involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length

required for protein synthesis

active form of vitamin D; raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract

raises blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption

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