Eastside Prep - Ancient Civilizations And Their Wars

"Monotheism" refers to the belief in one God. This means that individuals who adhere to monotheistic religions, such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, believe in the existence of a single, supreme deity. This belief stands in contrast to polytheism, which is the belief in many gods, and atheism, which is the belief in no god. The term "monotheism" emphasizes the concept of unity and the exclusive worship of a singular divine entity.

Mesopotamia was an ancient region located between two rivers, namely the Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers played a crucial role in the development of Mesopotamian civilization, as they provided a constant water supply for irrigation, transportation, and trade. The fertile land between these rivers allowed for the growth of agriculture, which in turn supported the growth of cities and the establishment of complex societies. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the lifelines of Mesopotamia, shaping its geography, economy, and culture.

The correct answer is triangular. The Nile River empties into the Mediterranean Sea in a triangular shape. This can be observed on maps or satellite images where the river widens as it approaches the coast, forming a delta that resembles a triangle. The triangular shape is created by the sediment carried by the river and deposited at its mouth, creating a fan-like pattern. This delta is an important feature of the Nile and is known as the Nile Delta.

Sumerian houses faced away from crowded streets and instead faced onto courtyards where families ate and children played. This suggests that the statement "Sumerian houses faced away from crowded streets" is true.

The Hyksos, a foreign group that invaded Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, were known for their advanced military technology, including the use of bronze weapons. This gave them an advantage over the Egyptians, who primarily used copper and stone weapons at the time. The Hyksos' use of bronze weapons played a significant role in their successful invasion and subsequent control over Egypt for several centuries.

In ancient Egypt, it was believed that only men could be Pharaohs. However, there were a few exceptions to this rule. One notable example is Hatshepsut, who ruled as Pharaoh during the 18th dynasty. Despite this, the statement "Only men could be Pharaoh in Egypt" is incorrect because there were instances where women held the title and ruled as Pharaohs. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Aton was the ancient Egyptian god of the sun disk. He was considered the ultimate source of light and life, and his worship was promoted by the pharaoh Akhenaten during the Amarna Period. Aton was depicted as a solar disk with rays extending downwards, often ending with hands holding ankhs, the symbol of life. The worship of Aton was unique in that it focused on monotheism, with Aton being the sole deity to be worshipped and revered.

Mesopotamia means "Land Between Two Rivers." This term refers to the region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East, which is known as the cradle of civilization. The fertile land between these rivers allowed for the development of agriculture and the growth of ancient civilizations such as Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria. The term "Land Between Two Rivers" accurately describes the geographical location and significance of Mesopotamia in history.

The word "Babylon" is derived from the Akkadian word "Babilu," which means "Gate of God." This name refers to the ancient city of Babylon, which was considered a religious and cultural center in Mesopotamia. The city was believed to be the gateway between the earthly world and the divine realm, hence the name "Gate of God."

Osiris was killed by his brother Seth. In Egyptian mythology, Osiris was the god of the afterlife and fertility. Seth, his jealous brother, plotted against him and murdered him out of envy and a desire for power. This event led to a series of events, including the resurrection of Osiris by his wife Isis and the subsequent battle between Horus, the son of Osiris, and Seth for control of the throne.

If a man intentionally causes harm to the eye of another person, then his own eye will be intentionally harmed as a form of punishment. This law implies that the punishment should be equal to the harm caused, in this case, eye for an eye. The use of capital "E" in the second blank emphasizes the importance of the eye and the severity of the punishment.

The correct answer is Gilgamesh. The statement mentions that the oldest written story known to the world involves a Great Mesopotamian king and his epic quests. Gilgamesh is a well-known figure in Mesopotamian mythology and is the protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is considered one of the oldest surviving works of literature. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that Gilgamesh is the king mentioned in the question.

Lower Egypt is closer to the Mediterranean because it is located in the northern region of Egypt, while Upper Egypt is in the southern region. The Mediterranean Sea borders the northern coast of Egypt, so Lower Egypt, being in closer proximity to the coast, is naturally closer to the Mediterranean.

Sumer began to weaken because they were constantly at war with each other. This constant state of conflict and warfare would have drained their resources, depleted their population, and hindered their ability to govern effectively. The continuous fighting would have also disrupted trade and economic activities, further contributing to their decline.

A caravan refers to a group of travelers who journey together, typically for safety, convenience, or trade purposes. It can consist of individuals on foot, riding animals, or traveling in vehicles. This term is commonly used to describe groups traveling through deserts or remote areas where support and resources are limited. The answer "A group of travelers" accurately describes the meaning of a caravan.

The object in the picture is called a Stela. A Stela is a stone or wooden slab, typically decorated with inscriptions or carvings, that serves as a monument or marker. In this case, the code of Hammurabi is written on the Stela, indicating its historical significance.

The Nile is approximately 4,000 miles long.

The correct answer is B. The Mediterranean Sea is represented by the letter B.

Lake Victoria is considered the source of the Nile because it is the largest lake in Africa and the second-largest freshwater lake in the world. The Nile River starts from Lake Victoria and flows northward through several countries before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The lake is located in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya, and its waters contribute significantly to the flow of the Nile.

The Babylonians conquered Sumer.

Scribes played a crucial role in ancient civilizations by keeping records for the king. They were responsible for documenting important information such as laws, treaties, and administrative matters. These records were vital for maintaining order, ensuring accountability, and preserving historical events. Scribes were highly skilled in writing and were trusted with the task of accurately recording and preserving the king's words and actions. Their role as record-keepers helped in the smooth functioning of the government and the preservation of historical knowledge.

The Hyksos used chariots to travel to and take control of Egypt. The Hyksos were a group of foreign invaders who ruled Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. They introduced new military technology, including the use of chariots, which gave them a significant advantage in warfare. The Hyksos were eventually expelled from Egypt by the native Egyptians, but their brief rule had a lasting impact on Egyptian society and military tactics.

The statement is true because the Nile River is indeed almost as long as the Mississippi River. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has a length of about 6,650 kilometers (4,130 miles), while the Mississippi River is the second-longest river in North America and has a length of about 6,275 kilometers (3,902 miles). The difference in length between the two rivers is relatively small, making the statement true.

Rameses II could be called the Great Pharaoh of the New Kingdom because he was one of the most powerful and influential pharaohs of ancient Egypt. He reigned for a record-breaking 66 years and during his reign, Egypt reached its peak in terms of military power, territorial expansion, and architectural achievements. Rameses II is also known for his numerous building projects, including the famous temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Luxor. His long and prosperous rule solidified his status as one of the greatest pharaohs of the New Kingdom.

During the Neolithic Age, which was characterized by the development of agriculture and settled communities, there was an increasing gender-based division of labor. This means that men and women began to have different roles and responsibilities within their societies. Men typically focused on activities such as hunting and herding, while women were more involved in tasks related to agriculture, such as planting and harvesting crops. This division of labor was a significant change from earlier periods and had a lasting impact on gender roles and societal structures.

An archer is someone who uses a bow and arrows. This person is skilled in the art of shooting arrows accurately at a target. Archery has been practiced for centuries and has been used for hunting, warfare, and sport. The correct answer is "One who uses a bow and arrows."

The letter "C" represents Upper Egypt.

The correct answer is Fertile Crescent, Mediterranean Sea, fertile. Mesopotamia was part of a larger region called the Fertile Crescent, which stretched from the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea down to the Persian Gulf. This region had fertile soil and was where many civilizations started.

The statement is true because Sumerian city streets were indeed narrow, making it difficult for carts to pass through. This can be attributed to the fact that the city streets were designed for pedestrian traffic rather than for vehicles. The narrow streets were a common feature in ancient cities, including those in Sumer, due to various reasons such as limited space, security concerns, and the need for shade in the hot climate.

Polytheism is the belief in many gods. This belief system acknowledges the existence of multiple deities, each with their own distinct powers and characteristics. Unlike monotheism, which believes in a single god, polytheism recognizes and worships multiple gods. This can be seen in various ancient mythologies and religions, such as Greek mythology, Hinduism, and ancient Egyptian religion.

In Sumer, the Gods were worshiped in temples called Ziggurats. Ziggurats were large, stepped structures that served as religious centers and were believed to be the dwelling places of the Gods. They were made of mud bricks and had multiple levels, with each level dedicated to a specific deity. The Ziggurats were considered sacred and were the focal point of religious rituals and ceremonies in ancient Sumer.

B.C.E. stands for Before the Christian Era, which refers to the time period before the birth of Jesus Christ. This term is used as an alternative to B.C. (Before Christ) to be more inclusive and neutral, as it does not assume a Christian perspective. It is commonly used in academic and historical contexts to denote dates and events that occurred prior to the Christian era.

The correct answer is The code of Hammurabi. The 282 Babylonian laws were developed by their king, Hammurabi, and were known as the code of Hammurabi. This code was one of the earliest known legal systems and was inscribed on a stone monument for all to see. It covered a wide range of topics, including crime, property, and family law, and was intended to bring justice and order to the Babylonian society. The code of Hammurabi is an important historical document that provides insights into the legal and social practices of ancient Mesopotamia.

The statement indicates that despite the defeat of the Chaldeans by the Persians, the city of Babylon was not destroyed. This suggests that the Persians did not completely annihilate the city, sparing it from destruction. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct.

The Egyptians called their kings "Pharaoh". This term was used to refer to the rulers of ancient Egypt and it means "great house" or "palace". The title of Pharaoh represented the king's authority and divine status, as they were believed to be the earthly embodiment of the gods. The pharaohs held immense power and were considered the ultimate rulers of Egypt, both in a political and religious sense.

Osiris was the god of the underworld and vegetation in ancient Egyptian mythology. He was believed to be the ruler of the afterlife and the judge of the dead. As the god of vegetation, he was associated with the annual flooding of the Nile River, which brought fertility to the land. Osiris was also known as the god of resurrection and rebirth, symbolizing the cycle of life and death. His story of being killed by his brother Set and then resurrected by his wife Isis was central to Egyptian religious beliefs and rituals.

The Hebrews were monotheistic, meaning they believed in and worshipped only one God. This is evident in their religious texts, such as the Hebrew Bible, which emphasizes the exclusive worship of Yahweh. Additionally, the Hebrews' rejection of other gods and their adherence to the Ten Commandments, which prohibit the worship of idols, further support their monotheistic beliefs.

Mesopotamia is an ancient region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which is now in present-day Iraq. The correct answer is Iraq because it is the only option that corresponds to the geographical area of Mesopotamia. Sudan, Afghanistan, Libya, and India are not located in this region.

The correct answer describes an empire as an area that encompasses multiple territories and people, all under the control of a single government. This definition captures the essence of an empire, which typically extends its influence and authority over a vast and diverse range of regions and populations. The other options, such as an area with large buildings or a nation where people own slaves, do not adequately capture the comprehensive nature of an empire.

Bazaars were special Babylonian markets where people could shop for Indian cotton cloth and Egyptian spices. Bazaars were known for their diverse range of goods and were popular trading hubs in ancient Babylon. They provided a platform for the exchange of various commodities, including textiles and spices, from different regions, making them unique and significant in facilitating trade and commerce.

Nebuchadnezzar II is considered the greatest king of the new Babylon because of his significant accomplishments and contributions to the empire. He ruled for 43 years and is known for his military campaigns, including the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the First Temple. Nebuchadnezzar II also played a crucial role in the expansion and beautification of Babylon, constructing magnificent structures such as the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. His reign marked a period of prosperity and power for the Babylonian Empire, solidifying his status as the greatest king.

Cyrus led the successful Persian invasion and defeat of the Babylonians in 539 B.C.E.

The correct order of events in Egypt is as follows: The Old Kingdom begins, followed by the New Kingdom, during which the Nubian Dynasty rules Egypt. After that, the Meroitic Period occurs in Kush. This sequence represents the historical timeline of Egypt, starting from its early civilization in the Old Kingdom, the rise of the powerful New Kingdom, the influence of Nubian rulers in Egypt, and finally, the Meroitic Period in the neighboring region of Kush.

The statement is false because the Nile River flows northward from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Egyptians developed ponds to prevent the devastation to their farms caused by drought. Ponds are artificial bodies of water that can store and retain water during periods of low rainfall. By creating ponds, the Egyptians were able to collect and store water, ensuring a steady supply for their farms even during dry spells. This helped to prevent the devastation of crops and ensured the survival of their agricultural practices in times of drought.

The Canaanites developed the first alphabet. The Canaanite alphabet, also known as the Phoenician alphabet, was the first known alphabet system and was developed around 1200 BCE. It consisted of 22 consonant letters and did not include vowels. This alphabet system was later adopted and adapted by other civilizations, including the Greeks and the Romans, who added vowels to the system. The Canaanite alphabet was a significant development in the history of writing and had a lasting impact on the development of alphabets worldwide.

The Hebrews are the people who lived and moved from Mesopotamia and had a covenant with the God Yahweh. This is evident from historical and biblical accounts that describe the Hebrews' migration from Mesopotamia, their establishment in Canaan, and their religious beliefs and practices centered around Yahweh. The Persians, Babylonians, Medes, and Akkadians may have had their own historical significance, but they are not specifically associated with the covenant with Yahweh as the Hebrews are.

Mesopotamia is often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization" because it is considered one of the earliest civilizations in human history. It was located in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in what is now modern-day Iraq. Mesopotamia is known for its advancements in agriculture, writing, law, and architecture, which laid the foundation for many future civilizations. The term "Cradle of Civilization" highlights the significance and influence of Mesopotamia in the development of human civilization.

A major advantage of having a farm-based culture that yielded surplus food is that people could stop farming and begin doing other things, like building a city. When a society has enough food surplus, it allows individuals to specialize in other occupations and activities beyond agriculture. This specialization leads to the development of cities, where people can engage in trade, crafts, governance, and other non-agricultural pursuits. The surplus food provides the foundation for the growth and development of a more complex society.

Ziggurats were ancient Mesopotamian temple towers that were believed to be the dwelling places of the gods. It was commonly believed that these structures served as a connection between heaven and earth, allowing the gods to descend to the mortal realm. The belief in gods using ziggurats as ladders to descend to earth was an integral part of ancient Mesopotamian religious beliefs and practices. Therefore, the statement that it was believed that the gods used ziggurats as ladders to descend to earth is true.