Anatomy II - Plenary

Explanation
The pericardium is a protective sac that surrounds the heart. It is composed of two layers, the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer and is made up of tough connective tissue, providing structural support and preventing overstretching of the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is pericardium fibrosum, which refers to the fibrous pericardium.

Explanation
The 3rd layer of the pericardium is known as the lamina parietalis of the pericardium serosum. The pericardium is a protective sac that surrounds the heart, and it is composed of multiple layers. The lamina parietalis is the outer layer of the pericardium serosum, which is the serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity. This layer helps to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures, allowing the heart to beat smoothly and efficiently.

Explanation
The correct answer is "deep/protected." This answer suggests that arteries (and veins) are located deep within the body and are protected by surrounding tissues or structures. This is important because arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body, and they need to be well-protected to prevent damage or injury. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and they also benefit from being deep and protected to ensure proper blood flow and circulation.

Explanation
The given answer suggests that the aorta is located on the left side of the body, while the vein is located on the right side. This is likely referring to the aorta, the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and the vein, which carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The positioning of these structures on opposite sides of the body is a characteristic of the circulatory system.

Explanation
The correct answer suggests that there are many more veins compared to the number of arteries. This implies that veins are more abundant in the given context.

Explanation
The given answer correctly identifies the veins in the specified locations. In the neck, the external jugular vein is present. In the front leg (FL), the cephalic vein is found. In the hind leg (HL), the lateral saphenous vein (parva) is present.

Explanation
The given answer explains the pathway of blood flow starting from the left subclavian artery. It mentions that the left subclavian artery branches into the axillary artery and then into the brachialis artery. Additionally, it states that the truncus costocervicalis branches into the cervicalis profuna and vertebralis thoracica, which further branches into the scapularis dorsalis, vertebralis (which passes through the transverse process up to the foramen magnum), thoracic interna, and cervicalis superficialis. This explanation provides a clear and detailed description of the blood flow pathway.

Explanation
The correct answer is "aa intercostales dors" because the question is asking for the arteries that are off the thoracic aorta. The intercostal arteries are branches of the thoracic aorta that supply blood to the intercostal spaces, while the lumbar arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the lower back and abdominal wall. Therefore, the intercostal arteries are the correct answer as they are the arteries that originate from the thoracic aorta.

Explanation
The correct answer is unpaired because the abdominal aorta gives rise to multiple branches that are not present on both sides of the body. These branches include the coeliac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, and caudal mesenteric artery. On the other hand, the paired branches of the abdominal aorta include the lumbar arteries, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, circumflex iliac artery, and the external and internal iliac arteries.

Explanation
The correct answer is v cava caudalis because it is the vein that brings blood to the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body. The other veins mentioned, v portae, v azygos dext and sin, and v cava cranialis, do not have this specific function of bringing blood to the liver before it is distributed elsewhere in the body.

Explanation
The correct answer is "fac. auricularis". This is because the given information describes the structures and features of the heart, including the groove "sulcus interventricularis paraconalis (conus arteriosus)", the "v cordis magna", and the AV (atrioventricular) valves, which consist of the bicuspid valve and the valves of the atrioventricular septum and parietal walls. Additionally, the presence of the "m papillaris subauricularis" and "m papillaris subatrialis" further supports the correct answer.

Explanation
The correct answer is "fac atrialis" because it is the first term listed in the given options that matches the provided information. The other options do not appear in the given text.

Explanation
The correct answer explains the positions of the interventricular tuberculum, sinus coronary, fossa ovalis, sulcus, and crista terminalis in relation to other anatomical structures. It states that the interventricular tuberculum is located between the caudal and cranial vena cava, the sinus coronary and fossa ovalis are located caudal to the caudal vena cava, and the sulcus and crista terminalis are located between the right atrium and right auricle.

Explanation
The correct answer is Truncus costocervicalis. This is because the question is asking for an artery that is similar to a vertebra thoracica, and the Truncus costocervicalis fits this description. The Truncus costocervicalis is formed by the combination of the a vertebralis, a cervicalis profunda, a scapularis dorsalis, and a intercostalis superior. These arteries all originate from a common source.

Explanation
The given answer states that in both the eq (equine) and can (canine), the Truncus brachiocephalicus gives rise to the A. brachiocephalicus in the first branch and the A. subclavian sinister in the second branch. This means that in both species, the Truncus brachiocephalicus is responsible for supplying blood to the head and neck region.

Explanation
The correct answer states that the common carotid artery has two parts, the external (outside the face) and internal (inside the skull) carotid artery. These two parts are connected through the carotid foramen. Additionally, there are left and right common carotid arteries. The term "truncus bicaroticus" is not applicable in this context. The heart and the brachiocephalic artery are not relevant to the question.

Explanation
The given answer suggests that the "Vagina vasorum cervicalium" is associated with the "v jugularis interna," "a carotid common," and the "tr vagosympaticus." This implies that the "Vagina vasorum cervicalium" is a structure or a pathway that is connected to these three components. However, without additional context or information, it is difficult to determine the exact nature or function of the "Vagina vasorum cervicalium."