Anatomy II Quiz 1
We hope you’ve been studying up on what you’ve learned on Anatomy so far, because it’s time to see if you’ve been paying attention in class. What have you learned about elements like the nervous system and the different hormones? Find out in this Anatomy II Quiz 1!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
All of the follwing are true of the nervous system except that it does not
- A.
Communicate by the release of neurotransmitters
- B.
Function independently
- C.
Respond with motor output
- D.
Respond to rapidly to stimuli
- E.
Responds specifically to stimuli
Correct Answer
B. Function independentlyExplanation
The nervous system is responsible for coordinating and controlling the body's activities. It communicates through the release of neurotransmitters, responds with motor output, responds rapidly to stimuli, and responds specifically to stimuli. However, it does not function independently as it relies on various organs and systems to carry out its functions.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Endocrine cells
- A.
Release their secretions directly into body fluids
- B.
Are a type of nerve cells
- C.
Are modified connective-tissue cells
- D.
Release their secreations into epithelial surface
- E.
Contains new vesicles
Correct Answer
A. Release their secretions directly into body fluidsExplanation
Endocrine cells release their secretions directly into body fluids, such as blood or lymph, which allows the hormones they produce to be transported throughout the body. This is in contrast to exocrine cells, which release their secretions onto epithelial surfaces, such as the skin or digestive tract. The direct release into body fluids allows the hormones to reach their target cells and initiate physiological responses.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Peptide hormones are
- A.
Composed of amino acids
- B.
Chemically related to cholesterol
- C.
Derived from the amino acid tyrpsine
- D.
Prodices by the suprarenal glands
- E.
Lipids
Correct Answer
A. Composed of amino acidsExplanation
Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. These hormones are made up of chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. This structure allows them to interact with specific receptors in target cells and initiate various physiological responses in the body. Peptide hormones play important roles in regulating various processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. They are distinct from other types of hormones, such as steroid hormones, which are chemically related to cholesterol.Rate this question:
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- 4.
All of the following are true of steriod hormones except that they
- A.
Are derived from cholesterol
- B.
Are produced by reproductive glands
- C.
Are produced by the suprarenal glands
- D.
Are lipids
- E.
Bind to receptors within the cell
Correct Answer
C. Are produced by the suprarenal glandsExplanation
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, produced by reproductive glands, are lipids, and bind to receptors within the cell. However, they are not produced by the suprarenal glands. The correct answer is that they are not produced by the suprarenal glands.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Extracelluar membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
- A.
Catecholamines
- B.
Peptide hormones
- C.
Eicosanoids
- D.
Thyroid
- E.
A,b,and c
Correct Answer
E. A,b,and cExplanation
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids. These hormones are unable to pass through the cell membrane and therefore bind to receptors on the cell surface. This binding triggers a signal cascade within the cell, leading to various cellular responses. Thyroid hormones, on the other hand, are able to pass through the cell membrane and therefore use intracellular receptors to exert their effects. Therefore, the correct answer is a, b, and c.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Steriod hormones
- A.
Are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma
- B.
Cannot diffuse through the cell membranes
- C.
Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
- D.
Are proteins
- E.
Remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time
Correct Answer
C. Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cellsExplanation
Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. This is because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules that can easily diffuse through the cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptors located in the nucleus. This hormone-receptor complex then acts as a transcription factor, directly influencing gene expression and protein synthesis. This binding and activation of receptors in the nucleus is essential for the biological effects of steroid hormones.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. these categories include
- A.
Amino acid derivatives
- B.
Peptides
- C.
Eicosanoids
- D.
Steriods
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above" because hormones can indeed be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. Amino acid derivatives, peptides, eicosanoids, and steroids are all examples of different types of hormones. Amino acid derivatives are hormones derived from amino acids, peptides are hormones made up of chains of amino acids, eicosanoids are hormones derived from fatty acids, and steroids are hormones derived from cholesterol. Therefore, all of these categories are valid classifications for hormones.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect
- A.
Quantities of enzymes
- B.
Synthesis of enzymes
- C.
Activities of enyzmyes
- D.
Gating ion channel
- E.
Any of the above
Correct Answer
E. Any of the aboveExplanation
Hormonal actions on cells can affect quantities of enzymes, synthesis of enzymes, and activities of enzymes. This means that hormones can regulate the production, release, and function of enzymes in cells. Hormones can either increase or decrease the amount of enzymes present, stimulate or inhibit the synthesis of enzymes, and enhance or suppress the activities of enzymes. Therefore, the correct answer is "any of the above".Rate this question:
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- 9.
The most complex endocrine responses involve the
- A.
Pancreas
- B.
Suprerenal glands
- C.
Hypothalamus
- D.
Thymus gland
- E.
Thyroid gland
Correct Answer
C. HypothalamusExplanation
The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating various endocrine functions in the body. It controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the functions of other endocrine glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the body's response to stress, temperature, hunger, and thirst. Its complex interactions with other endocrine glands make it the most involved and intricate component of the endocrine system.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
- A.
Blood level of an ion like potassim
- B.
Blood level of glucose
- C.
Nervous stimuli
- D.
Blood level of hormone
- E.
Any of the above
Correct Answer
E. Any of the aboveExplanation
Hormone release may be controlled by any of the factors mentioned. The blood level of an ion like potassium, the blood level of glucose, and nervous stimuli can all influence hormone release. Additionally, the blood level of hormones themselves can also regulate hormone release. Therefore, any of these factors can play a role in controlling hormone release.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Changes in bloos osmotic pressure would most affect the secreation of
- A.
Oxytocin
- B.
TSH
- C.
LH
- D.
ADH
- E.
ACTH
Correct Answer
D. ADHExplanation
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). ADH helps regulate the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. When blood osmotic pressure increases, indicating dehydration or high salt concentration, ADH is released to increase water reabsorption and decrease urine output, conserving water in the body. Conversely, when blood osmotic pressure decreases, indicating overhydration or low salt concentration, ADH secretion is inhibited, leading to increased urine output and water loss. Therefore, changes in blood osmotic pressure have a direct impact on the secretion of ADH.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Regulatory factors that control secration of adenohpophyseal hormones are released by neurons at the _______ of the hypothalamus
- A.
Supraoptic nuclei
- B.
Geniculate bodies
- C.
Infundibulum
- D.
Paraventicular nuclei
- E.
Median eminence
Correct Answer
E. Median eminenceExplanation
The regulatory factors that control secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones are released by neurons at the median eminence of the hypothalamus. The median eminence is a specialized region where hypothalamic neurons release hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which carries them to the anterior pituitary gland. From there, these regulatory factors stimulate or inhibit the secretion of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary, ultimately controlling the release of adenohypophyseal hormones into the bloodstream.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The hypothamlamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by
- A.
Altering ion concentraions and pH in the anterior pituitary
- B.
Secreating releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
- C.
Indirect osmotic control
- D.
Direct neural stimulation
- E.
Gap synaptic junctions
Correct Answer
B. Secreating releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal systemExplanation
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. This system allows the hypothalamus to release specific hormones that either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis. These releasing and inhibiting factors are transported through the portal system directly to the anterior pituitary, where they regulate the secretion of hormones. This mechanism provides a precise and efficient way for the hypothalamus to control hormone secretion and maintain homeostasis in the body.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypthalamus manufacture
- A.
FSH and PRL
- B.
CRP and GnRH
- C.
TSH and FSH
- D.
ADH and oxytocin
- E.
GHIH and GHRH
Correct Answer
D. ADH and oxytocinExplanation
The neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are responsible for manufacturing ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. ADH acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance in the body, while oxytocin plays a role in labor and childbirth, as well as in milk production and breastfeeding. These hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland, which is connected to the hypothalamus.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The posterior pituitary gland secreates
- A.
ACTH
- B.
FSH
- C.
TSH
- D.
MSH
- E.
ADH
Correct Answer
E. ADHExplanation
The correct answer is ADH, which stands for antidiuretic hormone. The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH, which plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body. ADH acts on the kidneys, causing them to reabsorb water and reduce urine production, thus preventing excessive water loss. This hormone is essential for maintaining proper hydration and preventing dehydration.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except
- A.
Oxytocin
- B.
FSH
- C.
Corticotropin
- D.
TSH
- E.
Somatotropin
Correct Answer
A. OxytocinExplanation
Oxytocin is not produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. The other hormones listed (FSH, corticotropin, TSH, and somatotropin) are all produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it
- A.
Promotes muscle growth
- B.
Is gluclose sparing
- C.
Promotes bone growth
- D.
Promotes amino acid uptake by cells
- E.
Causes fat accumulation with adipocytes
Correct Answer
E. Causes fat accumulation with adipocytesExplanation
Growth hormone is known to have several functions in the body, including promoting muscle growth, promoting bone growth, and promoting amino acid uptake by cells. Additionally, it is also known to be glucose sparing, meaning it helps to regulate blood sugar levels. However, growth hormone does not cause fat accumulation with adipocytes. Instead, it actually helps to mobilize and break down fat stores in the body.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid horomine from the thyroid gland is
- A.
FSH
- B.
LH
- C.
ACTH
- D.
TSH
- E.
GH
Correct Answer
D. TSHExplanation
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
- A.
LH
- B.
TSH
- C.
GH
- D.
ACTH
- E.
FSH
Correct Answer
E. FSHExplanation
FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, is the correct answer. FSH is a pituitary hormone that plays a crucial role in promoting egg development in the ovaries and sperm development in the testes. In females, FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, which contain the developing eggs. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm cells in the testes. Therefore, FSH is essential for the reproductive processes in both males and females.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
- A.
ACTH
- B.
Prolactin
- C.
FSH
- D.
Growth hormone
- E.
TSh
Correct Answer
B. ProlactinExplanation
Prolactin is the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in lactation. Prolactin stimulates the development of mammary glands during pregnancy and promotes the production of milk after childbirth. It also inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which helps to suppress ovulation and prevent pregnancy while breastfeeding. Therefore, prolactin is the correct answer to this question.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
- A.
FSH
- B.
MSH
- C.
TSH
- D.
STH
- E.
ADH
Correct Answer
E. ADHExplanation
ADH, also known as antidiuretic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body. When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released, causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urine and reducing water loss. This helps to conserve water and prevent dehydration. Therefore, ADH is the correct answer as it directly influences the kidney to reduce water loss.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
- A.
Hypoparathyroidism
- B.
Hyperthyroidism
- C.
Hypothyroidism
- D.
Hyperparathyroidism
- E.
Being a turtle on ice
Correct Answer
C. HypothyroidismExplanation
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature are common symptoms of hypothyroidism. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, which are responsible for regulating metabolism and energy levels in the body. The lack of these hormones can lead to a decrease in mental and physical activity, as well as a drop in body temperature. Therefore, hypothyroidism is the most likely explanation for these symptoms.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ions is
- A.
Oxytocin
- B.
Thyroxine
- C.
Calcitonin
- D.
Glucagon
- E.
Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer
C. CalcitoninExplanation
Calcitonin is a hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ions. It does this by inhibiting the release of calcium from bones and increasing the excretion of calcium by the kidneys. This helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood and prevent them from becoming too high. Oxytocin, thyroxine, glucagon, and parathyroid hormone do not have the same effect on blood calcium levels.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The C cell of the thyroid gland procude
- A.
Triiodthyronine
- B.
Calcitonin
- C.
PTH
- D.
TSH
- E.
Thyroxine
Correct Answer
B. CalcitoninExplanation
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. By inhibiting osteoclast activity, calcitonin helps to decrease blood calcium levels. This hormone is important for maintaining proper calcium balance in the body and is primarily produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The hormone that does the opposite of calcionin is
- A.
Growth hormone
- B.
Thyroid hormone
- C.
Glucagon
- D.
Insulin
- E.
Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer
E. Parathyroid hormoneExplanation
Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin. Calcitonin is responsible for decreasing blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone works to increase blood calcium levels. It does this by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. Therefore, parathyroid hormone acts in opposition to calcitonin by increasing blood calcium levels.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
- A.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- B.
Adrenaline
- C.
Angiotensin
- D.
Cortisol
- E.
Erythropoietin
Correct Answer
C. AngiotensinExplanation
Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is responsible for the activation of angiotensin, a hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. When renin is released by the kidneys, it converts angiotensinogen (a protein produced by the liver) into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. This ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The zona fasciculata of the superrenal cortex produces
- A.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- B.
Adrenaline
- C.
Mineralcorticoids
- D.
Norepinephrine
- E.
Glucocorticoids
Correct Answer
E. GlucocorticoidsExplanation
The zona fasciculata of the superrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that are involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They also have anti-inflammatory effects and play a role in the body's response to stress. Examples of glucocorticoids include cortisol and cortisone.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The suprarenal medulla produces
- A.
Glucocorticoids
- B.
Mineralocorticoids
- C.
Corticosteriods
- D.
Catecholamines
- E.
Androgens
Correct Answer
D. CatecholaminesExplanation
The suprarenal medulla is responsible for producing catecholamines. Catecholamines are hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, which play a crucial role in the body's response to stress. These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, preparing the body for fight or flight. They also regulate the release of glucose from the liver, providing a quick source of energy during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is catecholamines.Rate this question:
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- 29.
A hormone that helps to regulare the sodim ion content of the body is
- A.
Thymosin
- B.
Somatotropin
- C.
Parathormone
- D.
Cortisol
- E.
Aldosterone
Correct Answer
E. AldosteroneExplanation
Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate the sodium ion content of the body. It is produced by the adrenal glands and acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes in the body and regulate blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Too little secreation of the cortisol and aldosterone causes
- A.
Diabetes mellitus
- B.
Cushing disease
- C.
Goiter
- D.
Diabetes insipidus
- E.
Addison disease
Correct Answer
E. Addison diseaseExplanation
Addison's disease is caused by too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is a hormone that helps regulate metabolism and stress response, while aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. When these hormones are not produced in sufficient amounts, it can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, the correct answer is Addison's disease.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Pinealocytes produce
- A.
FSH
- B.
LH
- C.
Melatonin
- D.
Melanin
- E.
MSH
Correct Answer
C. MelatoninExplanation
Pinealocytes are cells found in the pineal gland, and one of their main functions is to produce melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is responsible for maintaining the body's circadian rhythm. It is produced in response to darkness and helps to promote sleep. Therefore, the correct answer is melatonin.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce
- A.
Epinephrine
- B.
ACTH
- C.
Aldosterone
- D.
Norepinephrine
- E.
Angiotensin
Correct Answer
C. AldosteroneExplanation
Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that is responsible for regulating the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, particularly sodium and potassium. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, helping to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the suprarenal medulla, while ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland. Angiotensin is a hormone that is involved in regulating blood pressure, but it is not produced by the suprarenal cortex.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
- A.
Glucagon
- B.
Peptide p
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Somatostatin
- E.
Insulin
Correct Answer
D. SomatostatinExplanation
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce somatostatin. Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the release of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon. It plays a role in regulating the secretion of various digestive enzymes and hormones in the gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin also has inhibitory effects on the secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
- A.
Glucagon
- B.
Peptide p
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Somatostatin
- E.
Insulin
Correct Answer
A. GlucagonExplanation
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that works in opposition to insulin. It is released when blood glucose levels are low and stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This helps to increase blood glucose levels and maintain a stable balance.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The interstitial cells of the testes produce
- A.
Testosterone
- B.
LH
- C.
Inhibin
- D.
FSH
- E.
Progesterone
Correct Answer
A. TestosteroneExplanation
The interstitial cells of the testes are responsible for producing testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues, including the testes and prostate. It is also involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscle mass, bone density, and facial hair growth. Testosterone is essential for sperm production and plays a role in regulating libido and overall sexual function in males.Rate this question:
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- 36.
A structure known as corpus lutem secretes
- A.
Androstenedione
- B.
Progesterone
- C.
Cortisone
- D.
Testosterone
- E.
Aldosterone
Correct Answer
B. ProgesteroneExplanation
The structure known as corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It helps prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy. The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation. It produces progesterone to support the early stages of pregnancy. Therefore, progesterone is the correct answer in this context.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
- A.
Thyroxines
- B.
Somatotropins
- C.
Corticosteriods
- D.
Thymosins
- E.
Aldosterones
Correct Answer
D. ThymosinsExplanation
Thymosins are hormones that play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response. They are produced by the thymus gland and are involved in the development and maturation of T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in immune defense. Thymosins help regulate the production and activation of T cells, ensuring an effective immune response against pathogens and foreign substances. Therefore, thymosins are important for coordinating the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Proper growth requires which of the following hormones?
- A.
Thyroid
- B.
Growth hormone
- C.
Calcitriol
- D.
Insulin
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the hormones listed (thyroid, growth hormone, calcitriol, and insulin) play a role in proper growth. The thyroid hormone regulates metabolism and growth, while growth hormone promotes bone and muscle growth. Calcitriol is important for the absorption of calcium, which is necessary for bone growth. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and also plays a role in growth. Therefore, all of these hormones are required for proper growth.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Excess secreation of growth hormone during early development will cause
- A.
Rickets
- B.
Diabetes insipidus
- C.
Acromegally
- D.
Gigantism
- E.
Dwarfism
Correct Answer
D. GigantismExplanation
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development can lead to gigantism. Gigantism is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height, usually caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland that produces an excess amount of growth hormone. This condition typically occurs before the closure of the growth plates, resulting in the individual growing taller than their genetic potential. It is different from acromegaly, which occurs after the growth plates have closed and is characterized by excessive growth of the hands, feet, and facial features.Rate this question:
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- 40.
If stress last longer than a few hours an individual will enter the ______ phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)
- A.
Extension
- B.
Alarm
- C.
Prolonged
- D.
Resistance
- E.
Exhaustion
Correct Answer
D. ResistanceExplanation
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). During this phase, the body tries to adapt and cope with the ongoing stressor. It activates various physiological responses to maintain homeostasis and conserve energy. This phase is characterized by increased resistance to stress, as the body continues to deal with the stressor and tries to restore balance.Rate this question:
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- 41.
During the resistence phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)
- A.
Proteins are conserved
- B.
Levels of growth hormone decrease
- C.
Lipid reserves are mobilized
- D.
Levels of insulin decrease
- E.
Blood glucose levels fall drastically
Correct Answer
C. Lipid reserves are mobilizedExplanation
During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body is adapting to prolonged stress. One of the adaptations that occur during this phase is the mobilization of lipid reserves. This means that the body starts to break down stored fats to use as a source of energy. This is an important process as it helps to sustain the body's energy levels during times of stress or prolonged physical activity. By mobilizing lipid reserves, the body is able to maintain its energy requirements and support the various physiological and metabolic processes needed to cope with the stressor.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Gap junctions
- A.
Coordinate ciliray movement among epithelial cells
- B.
Facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrial synapse
- C.
Coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells
- D.
All of the above
- E.
A and c only
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that allow for direct communication between adjacent cells. They play a crucial role in coordinating various cellular activities. In the context of the given options, gap junctions are involved in coordinating ciliary movement among epithelial cells, facilitating the propagation of action potentials at electrical synapses, and coordinating the contractions of cardiac muscle cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements are true.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
- A.
Cretinism
- B.
Goiter
- C.
High blood levels of TSH
- D.
Hypthyroidism
- E.
Any of the above
Correct Answer
E. Any of the aboveExplanation
Inadequate iodine in the diet can lead to various health issues such as cretinism, goiter, high blood levels of TSH, and hypothyroidism. Cretinism is a condition characterized by stunted physical and mental growth due to an underactive thyroid gland, which can occur when there is insufficient iodine intake. Goiter refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency. High blood levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) indicate an underactive thyroid, which can be caused by inadequate iodine. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone, and iodine deficiency is one of the potential causes. Therefore, any of the above conditions can result from inadequate iodine in the diet.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be _____ when released into the bloodstream but ______ when released synapses.
- A.
Neuropeptides;neurohormones
- B.
Neurotransmitters;hormones
- C.
Neuropeptides;neurotransmitters
- D.
Neurotransmiters;neuropeptides
- E.
Hormones;neurotransmitters
Correct Answer
E. Hormones;neurotransmittersExplanation
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered hormones when released into the bloodstream because they are produced by the adrenal glands and have a widespread effect on various target organs and tissues throughout the body. However, when released into synapses, they act as neurotransmitters because they function in the transmission of signals between nerve cells in the nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones except
- A.
ANP
- B.
BNP
- C.
Thymosin
- D.
Thyroxine
- E.
Both A and D
Correct Answer
E. Both A and DExplanation
The heart is known to secrete hormones such as ANP and BNP, which are involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland, not the heart. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, not the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "both A and D" because ANP and thyroxine are not secreted by the heart.Rate this question:
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- 46.
A kinade is an enzyme that performs
- A.
Phosphorylation
- B.
Active transport
- C.
As a membrance channel
- D.
Both a and b
- E.
And a and c
Correct Answer
A. PhosphorylationExplanation
A kinade is an enzyme that performs phosphorylation. Phosphorylation is a process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, typically a protein, to activate or deactivate it. This process is crucial for many cellular functions, including signal transduction, cell division, and metabolism regulation. Therefore, the correct answer is phosphorylation.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ____system in many ways
- A.
Hepatic
- B.
Body
- C.
Muscular
- D.
Cardiovascular
- E.
Endocrine
Correct Answer
E. EndocrineExplanation
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the endocrine system in many ways. Both systems are involved in regulating and coordinating bodily functions. The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information quickly, while the endocrine system uses hormones to send chemical signals more slowly. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis and respond to internal and external stimuli. Additionally, both systems have specialized structures (neurons and glands) that release substances to communicate with target cells or tissues.Rate this question:
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- 48.
The action of the thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. identify the incorrect step
- A.
Activation of a specific gene
- B.
Activation of mitochondria
- C.
Binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane
- D.
Binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein
- E.
Specific transprot into the target cell
Correct Answer
C. Binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membraneExplanation
The action of the thyroid hormone on a target cell involves several steps, including activation of a specific gene, activation of mitochondria, binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein, and specific transport into the target cell. However, binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane is not a step involved in the action of the thyroid hormone on a target cell.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
- A.
In the lumen of the thyroid follicle
- B.
In pinocytotic vesicles
- C.
In apical microvilli
- D.
In rough endoplasmic reticulum
- E.
In lysosomes
Correct Answer
A. In the lumen of the thyroid follicleExplanation
The chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine takes place in the lumen of the thyroid follicle.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
- A.
3
- B.
16
- C.
9
- D.
5
- E.
7
Correct Answer
C. 9Explanation
The pituitary gland consists of two lobes - the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces six hormones: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. The posterior lobe produces two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce a total of eight hormones.Rate this question:
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