Respiratory System Anatomy And Physiology Quiz

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing. This prevents food or water from entering the trachea and instead directs it towards the esophagus.

The alveolus is the primary gas exchange site in the respiratory system. It is a small sac-like structure located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli are thin and surrounded by capillaries, allowing for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the bloodstream. This exchange is essential for the oxygenation of the blood and removal of waste gases. The other options listed, such as the trachea, bronchioles, nasal sinuses, and bronchus, are all parts of the respiratory system but do not serve as the primary site for gas exchange.

The correct answer is "Carina." The carina is a ridge or a cartilaginous structure located at the division point of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi. It serves as a landmark for the branching of the bronchial tree and is an important anatomical structure in the respiratory system. The carina is also a sensitive area that triggers cough reflexes when stimulated, making it an important clinical landmark during bronchoscopy procedures.

At the alveoli of the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveolar air. This is because the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolar air compared to the blood, so it moves down its concentration gradient into the blood. On the other hand, the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood compared to the alveolar air, so it moves down its concentration gradient from the blood into the alveolar air. This process allows for the exchange of gases, ensuring that oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body.

The trachea is not part of the upper respiratory system. The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal meatuses. The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is part of the lower respiratory system. It connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass into the lungs.

In the figure, the soft palate is represented by E. The soft palate is located at the back of the roof of the mouth. It is a muscular structure that separates the oral and nasal cavities. When swallowing, the soft palate lifts to close off the nasal passage, preventing food and liquid from entering the nose. Additionally, the soft palate plays a role in speech production by controlling airflow and sound resonance.

The trachea is a tube located anterior to the esophagus that carries air to the bronchi. It is commonly known as the windpipe and is an important part of the respiratory system. The trachea allows air to pass from the nose and mouth to the lungs, providing oxygen for respiration. It is made up of rings of cartilage that help keep it open and prevent collapse. The trachea is lined with ciliated cells and mucus-producing cells that help filter and humidify the air we breathe.

Line J is pointing to the left primary bronchus. The primary bronchi are the two main branches that arise from the trachea and lead to the lungs. The left primary bronchus specifically enters the left lung and further divides into smaller bronchi to supply air to the left lung. Therefore, line J pointing to the left primary bronchus indicates the direction of airflow towards the left lung.

E is pointing to the nasal septum. The nasal septum is the structure that divides the nasal cavity into two separate nostrils. It is composed of both bone and cartilage. The posterior portion of the septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone, while the anterior portion is made up of septal cartilage. The septum provides structural support to the nose and helps direct airflow through the nasal passages. A properly aligned nasal septum is essential for effective breathing, while a deviated septum can lead to breathing difficulties and other nasal issues.

Type II alveolar cells are responsible for producing surfactant, a substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. Surfactant is crucial for maintaining the elasticity of the lungs and facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Type I alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange, while Type III alveolar cells are not a recognized cell type in the alveoli. Surface cells and macrophages have different functions in the respiratory system and are not responsible for surfactant production.

In the figure the nasal conache is represented by C. The nasal conchae are located in the nasal cavity. They are bony structures that help to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, which helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air as it passes through the nose.

In the figure, the epiglottis is represented by O. The epiglottis is located at the entrance of the larynx, at the base of the tongue. It is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that acts as a switch between the trachea and the esophagus to ensure that food and liquids are directed into the esophagus and not the trachea. During swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to cover the glottis (the opening of the windpipe), preventing food and liquids from entering the airway and directing them toward the esophagus.

The conducting zone refers to the airways in the respiratory system that are responsible for conducting air into the lungs. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The conducting zone's role is not only limited to conducting air but also involves cleaning the air of debris, adding moisture to the air, and warming the air before it reaches the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

B is pointing to the parietal pleura. The parietal pleura is a thin, serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity, including the ribcage, diaphragm, and the mediastinum (the area between the lungs). It is part of the pleura, which is a double-layered membrane surrounding each lung. The other layer is the visceral pleura, which directly covers the surface of the lungs.

The pharynx is a passageway for air, food, and water. It is located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx. It serves as a common pathway for both the respiratory and digestive systems, allowing air to pass through to the trachea and food and water to pass through to the esophagus. The larynx, paranasal sinuses, trachea, and esophagus are also involved in the respiratory and digestive processes, but they do not serve as the primary passageway for all three substances.

In the figure, the tracheal cartilage is located in the J position. The tracheal cartilages are located in the trachea (windpipe), which is the tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. These cartilages are C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that provide structural support and maintain the open passage of the trachea, allowing air to flow to and from the lungs. The open part of the C-shaped rings faces the esophagus, allowing the trachea to expand slightly when swallowing large pieces of food. The tracheal cartilages extend from the larynx down to the point where the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi.

Line A is pointing to the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of elastic cartilage located at the root of the tongue, just above the larynx. It plays a crucial role in the respiratory and digestive systems. The primary function of the epiglottis is to act as a switch between the trachea and the esophagus to ensure that food and liquids are directed into the esophagus and do not enter the airway.

J is the correct answer because the Adam's Apple is a prominent bulge in the front of the neck that is formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in males and is responsible for deepening of the voice during puberty. Therefore, J, which represents the thyroid cartilage, is also referred to as the Adam's Apple.

Lines F and L are pointing to tertiary bronchi. The tertiary bronchi, also known as segmental bronchi, are the branches of the secondary (lobar) bronchi within the lungs. Each tertiary bronchus supplies air to a specific bronchopulmonary segment, which is a distinct functional and anatomical unit of the lung. In each lung, the secondary bronchi (which branch from the primary bronchi) further divide into tertiary bronchi. In the right lung, there are usually 10 tertiary bronchi, and in the left lung, there are typically 8 to 10. These tertiary bronchi continue to branch into smaller bronchioles, eventually leading to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

The correct answer is D. Alveolar macrophages, also known as dust cells, are a type of immune cell located within the alveoli of the lungs. Their primary function is to engulf and digest airborne particles, bacteria, and other pathogens that reach the alveolar spaces. These macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining the sterility of the alveolar environment and in protecting the respiratory system from infections and foreign particles.

The conducting airways refer to the air passages in the respiratory system that do not participate in gas exchange. This includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The respiratory dead space is the portion of the conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs. It is the volume of air that fills these passages during each breath but does not reach the alveoli where oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide is released. Therefore, the correct answer is respiratory dead space.

In the figure, the middle nasal concha is represented by B. The middle nasal concha is located within the nasal cavity, specifically as part of the ethmoid bone. It is one of the three nasal conchae (or turbinates), which are curved bony structures that protrude into the nasal passages. The middle nasal concha is situated between the superior nasal concha (above it) and the inferior nasal concha (below it). These structures help to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, aiding in the warming, humidifying, and filtering of the air we breathe.

The correct answer is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. This tissue is found in the inner layer of the conducting organs such as the respiratory tract. The cilia help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory system, while the goblet cells secrete mucus to help trap foreign particles. The pseudostratified arrangement of the cells gives the appearance of multiple layers, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

Simple squamous epithelium forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus because it is a single layer of flat cells that allows for efficient diffusion of gases. This type of epithelium is thin, which allows for a short diffusion distance and quick exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the bloodstream. Additionally, the flat shape of the cells provides a large surface area for gas exchange to occur.

In the figure, the cricoid cartilage is represented by H. The cricoid cartilage is located in the neck, specifically at the lower part of the larynx or voice box. It is shaped like a ring and serves as a support structure for the larynx, helping to maintain an open airway and facilitating the movement of air during breathing and sound production.

High compliance refers to the ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand easily. When the lungs and chest wall have high compliance, it means that they can stretch and accommodate a larger volume of air without much resistance. This is important for efficient breathing and allows for effective gas exchange in the lungs. Low compliance, on the other hand, would indicate stiffness or reduced ability to expand, which can impair breathing and lead to respiratory difficulties.

The dominant method of carbon dioxide transport in the body is through its conversion into bicarbonate ions, which are then dissolved in plasma. This process occurs in red blood cells, where carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are transported out of the red blood cells and into the plasma, where they can be carried to the lungs for elimination. This method allows for efficient transport of carbon dioxide and helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body.

In the figure, the inferior nasal concha is represented by C. The inferior nasal concha is located within the nasal cavity, specifically along the lateral walls of the nasal passage. It is one of the three nasal conchae (or turbinates) and is the largest and most inferior of the three. Unlike the superior and middle nasal conchae, which are part of the ethmoid bone, the inferior nasal concha is a separate bone. The inferior nasal concha helps to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, assisting in the warming, humidifying, and filtering of the air as it passes through the nose.

When the inspiratory muscles relax, it allows the diaphragm to contract. This contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure in the chest cavity, causing air to be drawn into the lungs.

Functional residual capacity is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation. It is the sum of the residual volume, which is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, and the expiratory reserve volume, which is the volume of air that can still be exhaled after a normal exhalation. Therefore, the given statement aligns with the definition of functional residual capacity.

The correct answer is K. This ring of hyaline cartilage is called the cricoid cartilage. It forms the inferior wall of the larynx and provides structural support. The cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea and plays a critical role in maintaining the open airway. It is located just below the thyroid cartilage and above the trachea.

C is pointing to the alveolar ducts. The alveolar ducts are small passageways that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. They are lined with smooth muscle and contain numerous alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs. The alveolar ducts play a crucial role in delivering air to the alveoli, allowing for efficient oxygenation of the blood and removal of carbon dioxide.

Cell A secretes surfactant. The cell that secretes surfactant in the respiratory system is called a Type II pneumocyte (also known as a Type II alveolar cell). Surfactant is a substance composed of lipids and proteins that plays a crucial role in reducing surface tension within the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs). This reduction in surface tension prevents the alveoli from collapsing, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. It also helps to prevent the alveoli from sticking together, which is essential for efficient gas exchange in the lungs.

Line D is pointing to the corniculate cartilage. The corniculate cartilages are small, horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage in the larynx. They play a role in the functioning of the vocal cords and the opening and closing of the glottis during speech and breathing. The corniculate cartilages help to support the arytenoid cartilages, which are essential in the movement and tension of the vocal cords.

Pitch is controlled by the tension of the vocal chords. When the tension of the vocal chords increases, the pitch becomes higher, and when the tension decreases, the pitch becomes lower. The tension of the vocal chords determines the speed at which they vibrate, resulting in different frequencies and thus different pitches.

The rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on factors such as the partial pressure difference of the gases, surface area for gas exchange, diffusion distance, and molecular weight and solubility of the gases. However, the force of contraction of the diaphragm is not a factor that affects the rate of gas exchange. The diaphragm is primarily responsible for controlling the process of breathing and creating a pressure gradient that allows for the movement of gases in and out of the lungs.

In the figure, the location of the olfactory receptors is given by B. Olfactory receptors are found in the nasal cavity, specifically in the olfactory epithelium. This is a specialized tissue located at the roof of the nasal cavity, which contains millions of olfactory receptor cells. These cells are responsible for detecting and transmitting signals related to smell to the brain. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

The respiratory rate is not a factor that affects hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is primarily influenced by factors such as pH of blood, partial pressure of oxygen, amount of oxygen available, and temperature. The respiratory rate, which refers to the number of breaths per minute, is not directly related to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

In the figure the palatine tonsils are represented by R. The palatine tonsils are located at the back of the throat on either side of the oropharynx. They are part of the lymphatic system and play a role in immune response, helping to detect and fight infections. The palatine tonsils are visible when you open your mouth wide and look at the back of your throat; they appear as two oval-shaped masses on either side of the throat, just behind the oral cavity.

Hyaline cartilage maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system. It is a flexible connective tissue that provides support and structure to the airways, allowing them to remain open and prevent collapse. It is found in the trachea and bronchi, providing a smooth surface for the passage of air and assisting in the movement of mucus. This helps in the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

This answer is correct because the direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells is such that oxygen moves out of the blood and into the cells, while carbon dioxide moves out of the cells and into the blood. This is due to the differences in concentration gradients between the blood and the cells, as well as the metabolic needs of the cells for oxygen and the waste product of carbon dioxide.

During swallowing, the pharynx rises. The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and the trachea. It plays a crucial role in the process of swallowing by contracting and elevating, allowing the food or liquid to pass from the mouth into the esophagus while preventing it from entering the trachea and lungs. Therefore, the rising of the pharynx is essential for the smooth and safe passage of food and liquid during swallowing.

Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells. This type of epithelium is found in the alveoli of the lungs, where it allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

The correct answer is Arytenoids cartilage. The arytenoid cartilage is a pair of triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage that are located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. These cartilages play a crucial role in the movement and positioning of the vocal folds, allowing for vocalization and phonation. They also help to regulate the airflow through the larynx during breathing and swallowing.

In the figure, the oropharynx is represented by R. The tonsils found in the oropharynx are known as the palatine tonsils. These are a pair of oval-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat. They play a role in the immune system by helping to fight off infections.

Based on the provided image and its anatomical context, the structure labeled "E" represents the alveoli. These are the small, balloon-like air sacs in the lungs where the primary gas exchange takes place. The alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree and are surrounded by a network of capillaries, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

When blood pH drops, it indicates that the blood becomes more acidic. In an acidic environment, oxyhaemoglobin tends to release oxygen molecules more readily. Therefore, the amount of oxyhaemoglobin decreases. On the other hand, when the amount of oxyhaemoglobin decreases, more oxygen is available to be delivered to the tissue cells, resulting in an increase in oxygen delivery to the tissue cells.

The right bronchiole is located at position G. The right bronchiole is located in the right lung. It is part of the bronchial tree, which begins at the trachea and branches into the primary bronchi. The trachea splits into the right and left main bronchi, with the right main bronchus entering the right lung. The right main bronchus then divides into smaller secondary (lobar) bronchi and further into tertiary (segmental) bronchi. The bronchi continue to branch into smaller airways called bronchioles. The right bronchioles are the smaller subdivisions within the right lung, extending from the tertiary bronchi down to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. These bronchioles ensure that air is delivered to the alveoli in the right lung for gas exchange.

The choanae are the openings at the back of the nasal cavity that connect it to the pharynx. These openings allow air to pass from the nose into the throat and eventually into the lungs. The septal cartilage, external nares, nasal meatuses, and uvula are all structures within the nose, but they do not directly connect to the pharynx. Therefore, the correct answer is choanae.

In the figure, the larynx is highlighted by I. The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, is located in the neck. It sits just below the pharynx (throat) and above the trachea (windpipe). The larynx plays a crucial role in breathing, voice production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It houses the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound as air passes through them. The larynx is also involved in the act of swallowing, where it moves upward to help close the epiglottis, preventing food and liquids from entering the airway.