Anatomy And Physiology Questions - The Lymphatic System And Immunity

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  • 1/53 Questions

    Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic and immune system?

    • Draining excess interstitial fluid
    • Maintaining water homeostasis in the body
    • Transporting dietary lipids
    • Carrying out immune responses
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About This Quiz

Questions about the lymphatic system and immunity. Linked to the "Infancy" unit.

Anatomy And Physiology Questions - The Lymphatic System And Immunity - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

    • Composition of electrolytes

    • White blood cells are present in lymph

    • Location

    • Types of proteins present

    • Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid

    Correct Answer
    A. Location
    Explanation
    The major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid is their location. Lymph is found within the lymphatic vessels, while interstitial fluid is located in the spaces between the body's cells.

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  • 3. 

    Lack of resistance is also known as:

    • Pathogenic

    • Innate

    • Specific

    • Susceptibility

    • Lymphatic

    Correct Answer
    A. Susceptibility
    Explanation
    Susceptibility refers to the lack of resistance or vulnerability to a particular disease or infection. It is the state of being prone to or easily affected by a specific pathogen or harmful agent. In this context, the term "lack of resistance" is synonymous with susceptibility.

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  • 4. 

    What causes lymph from the small interstines to appear white?

    • Proteins

    • WBC

    • RBC

    • Lipids

    • Fats

    Correct Answer
    A. Lipids
    Explanation
    Lymph from the small intestines appears white due to the presence of lipids. Lipids are a type of fat that is present in the digestive system after the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. When these lipids enter the lymphatic system, they mix with the lymph fluid, giving it a milky white appearance. This is because lipids are insoluble in water and do not dissolve in the lymph fluid, causing it to become opaque and appear white.

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  • 5. 

    Which of the following is not considered an organ of the immune system?

    • Spleen

    • Lymph node

    • Red bone marrow

    • Thymus

    • Pancreas

    Correct Answer
    A. Pancreas
    Explanation
    The pancreas is not considered an organ of the immune system because its main function is to produce digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin, rather than being directly involved in immune responses. The immune system organs listed in the options, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and thymus, play important roles in immune function by producing and maturing immune cells, filtering out pathogens, and initiating immune responses.

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  • 6. 

    The left subclavian vein receives lymph from

    • Left axillary vein

    • Lumbar trunk

    • Jugular trunk

    • Thoracic duct

    • Right lymphatic duct

    Correct Answer
    A. Thoracic duct
    Explanation
    The left subclavian vein receives lymph from the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and it drains lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the thorax, left upper limb, and left side of the head and neck. It then empties into the left subclavian vein, where the lymph is returned to the bloodstream.

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  • 7. 

    The lymph from the right foot empties into the

    • Left axillary vein

    • Lumbar trunk

    • Jugular trunk

    • Thoracic duct

    • Right lymphatic duct

    Correct Answer
    A. Thoracic duct
    Explanation
    The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and is responsible for collecting lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the thorax, left upper limb, and left side of the head and neck. It then empties into the left subclavian vein, which is connected to the left axillary vein. Therefore, the lymph from the right foot ultimately empties into the left axillary vein via the thoracic duct.

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  • 8. 

    The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in

    • Lymphatic system

    • Cardiovascular system

    • Immune system

    • Lymphatic and immune systems

    • Lymphatic, immune and cardiovascular systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphatic, immune and cardiovascular systems
    Explanation
    The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in the lymphatic, immune, and cardiovascular systems. The lymphatic system relies on the contraction of skeletal muscles to move lymph fluid throughout the body. The respiratory pumps, which include the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, help facilitate the movement of lymphatic fluid and blood in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, both the lymphatic and immune systems are closely interconnected and work together to defend the body against infections and diseases. Therefore, the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps play a role in all three systems mentioned.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the below produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?

    • Spleen

    • Lymph node

    • Red bone marrow

    • Thymus

    • Pancreas

    Correct Answer
    A. Thymus
    Explanation
    The thymus produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells. T cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. The thymus gland is located in the upper chest and is responsible for the development and maturation of T cells. It produces a hormone called thymosin, which stimulates the maturation of T cells and helps them become fully functional in the immune system. The other options, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and pancreas, are involved in different aspects of the immune system but do not specifically promote T cell maturation.

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  • 10. 

    In the thymus, where is it speculated that T cels die?

    • Capsule

    • Trabeculae

    • Epithelial cells

    • Hasall's corpuscles

    • T cells do not die in the thymus

    Correct Answer
    A. Hasall's corpuscles
    Explanation
    Hasall's corpuscles are structures found in the thymus that are speculated to be involved in the process of T cell death. These corpuscles are composed of epithelial cells and are thought to play a role in the removal and elimination of dying T cells in the thymus. Therefore, it is speculated that T cells die in Hasall's corpuscles in the thymus.

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  • 11. 

    This portion of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules.

    • Inner cortex

    • Outer cortex

    • Medulla

    • Sinuses

    • Trabeculae

    Correct Answer
    A. Inner cortex
    Explanation
    The inner cortex of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules. Lymphatic nodules are small, localized concentrations of lymphocytes and other immune cells that play a crucial role in the immune response. These nodules are typically found in the outer cortex and medulla of the lymph node. The inner cortex, on the other hand, is primarily composed of reticular fibers and does not contain these nodules.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

    • Removese worn out blood cells

    • Circulates lymph

    • Cleanses interstitial fluid

    • Cleanses lymph

    • Traps microbes with mucus

    Correct Answer
    A. Removese worn out blood cells
    Explanation
    The spleen is responsible for removing worn-out blood cells from circulation. It acts as a filter, identifying and eliminating old or damaged red blood cells, as well as recycling iron from hemoglobin. This process helps to maintain a healthy balance of blood cells in the body and ensures the removal of any damaged or non-functioning cells.

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  • 13. 

    Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier?

    • Macrophages

    • Saliva

    • Urine

    • Mucus

    • Stratified squamous epithelium

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophages
    Explanation
    Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. They engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, through a process called phagocytosis. Unlike the other options listed, macrophages do not provide a physical or chemical barrier. Instead, they actively eliminate pathogens that manage to breach the body's barriers, making them an important component of the immune system's response to infections.

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  • 14. 

    Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism?

    • Macrophages

    • T lymphocytes

    • B lymphocytes

    • Memory B cells

    • Stratified squamous epithelium

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophages
    Explanation
    Macrophages provide a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, through a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages also release chemicals and cytokines that help to activate other immune cells and coordinate the immune response. Unlike T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immune responses, macrophages are part of the innate immune system and provide a general defense against a wide range of pathogens. Memory B cells and stratified squamous epithelium are not directly involved in cellular disease resistance mechanisms.

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  • 15. 

    These anti-microbial substances will diffuse to uninfected cells and reduce production of viral proteins.

    • Transferrins

    • Perforins

    • Complement proteins

    • Defensins

    • Interferons

    Correct Answer
    A. Interferons
    Explanation
    Interferons are anti-microbial substances that are released by infected cells in response to a viral infection. They act as signaling molecules, alerting neighboring uninfected cells to the presence of the virus. These neighboring cells then activate a series of intracellular processes that inhibit viral replication and reduce the production of viral proteins. By diffusing to uninfected cells, interferons help to limit the spread of the virus and protect healthy cells from infection. Therefore, the statement that "These anti-microbial substances will diffuse to uninfected cells and reduce production of viral proteins" accurately describes the role of interferons in the immune response to a viral infection.

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  • 16. 

    These anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation.

    • Transferrins

    • Perforins

    • Complement proteins

    • Defensins

    • Interferons

    Correct Answer
    A. Complement proteins
    Explanation
    Complement proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system. They enhance the immune response by promoting cytolysis, which is the destruction of foreign cells, phagocytosis, which is the engulfing and digestion of foreign particles by immune cells, and inflammation, which is the body's response to infection or injury. Therefore, complement proteins are the correct answer as they have the ability to promote these immune responses.

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  • 17. 

    These are mainly used to kill infectious microbes and tumour cells.

    • Natural killer cells

    • Perforins

    • Mucus

    • Platelets

    • Antimicrobial proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. Natural killer cells
    Explanation
    Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against infectious microbes and tumor cells. They are able to recognize and directly kill abnormal cells by releasing toxic substances such as perforins and granzymes, which induce cell death. Unlike other immune cells, natural killer cells do not require prior activation and can quickly respond to threats. Therefore, they are an important component of the body's innate immune response.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

    • Redness

    • Pain

    • Heat

    • Mucus production

    • Swelling

    Correct Answer
    A. Mucus production
    Explanation
    Mucus production is not a sign of inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling, which are all caused by an immune response to injury or infection. Mucus production, on the other hand, is a normal bodily function that helps to protect and lubricate the respiratory and digestive tracts. While mucus production can increase during an infection or inflammation, it is not a direct sign of inflammation itself.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair?

    • Complement proteins

    • Perforin

    • Fever

    • Macrophages

    • Natural killer cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Fever
    Explanation
    Fever is the correct answer because it intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair. When the body experiences an infection, it raises its temperature to create a hostile environment for the invading pathogens. This increase in body temperature, known as fever, stimulates the production and activity of interferons, which are proteins that help fight against viral infections. Additionally, fever also enhances the rate of tissue repair by increasing the metabolic rate and immune cell activity, ultimately aiding in the recovery process.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the below do NOT induce vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site?

    • Histamines

    • Kinins

    • Perforin

    • Leukotrienes

    • Complement proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. Perforin
    Explanation
    Perforin is not involved in inducing vasodilation and increased fluid flow to an infection site. Perforin is a protein that is released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to create pores in the target cell's membrane, leading to cell lysis. It plays a role in cell-mediated immune response rather than the inflammatory response associated with vasodilation and increased permeability.

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  • 21. 

    When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be

    • Immunocompetent

    • Pluripotent stem cells

    • Primary lymphatic cells

    • Specifically promoted

    • Germ cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Immunocompetent
    Explanation
    When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be immunocompetent. This means that they are capable of recognizing and responding to specific antigens, which are foreign substances that can trigger an immune response. Immunocompetent cells are able to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and can mount an appropriate immune response to protect the body against pathogens. This is a crucial aspect of the immune system's ability to defend against infections and diseases.

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  • 22. 

    This induces production of a specific antibody.

    • Phagocytosis

    • Antigen

    • Antibody

    • Defensin

    • Immunoglobulin

    Correct Answer
    A. Antigen
    Explanation
    An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response in the body, leading to the production of specific antibodies. When an antigen enters the body, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign, and this recognition stimulates the production of antibodies that are specifically designed to neutralize or destroy the antigen. Therefore, the presence of an antigen induces the production of a specific antibody as a defense mechanism by the immune system.

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  • 23. 

    This can only stimulate an immune response if attached to a larger carrier molecule.

    • Epitope

    • Antigen

    • Hapten

    • MHC

    • CD8

    Correct Answer
    A. Hapten
    Explanation
    A hapten is a small molecule that is not capable of stimulating an immune response on its own. However, when it is attached to a larger carrier molecule, it can stimulate an immune response. This is because the immune system recognizes the hapten as foreign when it is presented by the carrier molecule, triggering an immune response. Therefore, a hapten can only stimulate an immune response if it is attached to a larger carrier molecule.

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  • 24. 

    Which of the following is responsible for diversity in the immune system?

    • Antigen receptors

    • MHC

    • Hapten

    • MHC and antigen receptors

    • Epitopes

    Correct Answer
    A. MHC and antigen receptors
    Explanation
    MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) and antigen receptors are responsible for diversity in the immune system. MHC molecules present antigens to T cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide range of pathogens. Antigen receptors, such as B cell receptors and T cell receptors, are highly diverse and can recognize specific antigens. The combination of MHC and antigen receptors allows for the recognition of a vast array of antigens, contributing to the diversity of the immune response.

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  • 25. 

    This class of cels includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.

    • Antigen presenting cells

    • Primary lymphocytes

    • T cells

    • RBC

    • Epitope cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Antigen presenting cells
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Antigen presenting cells." Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are a class of cells that include macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells. This presentation of antigens is necessary for the activation of T cells and the initiation of an immune response against pathogens. Therefore, APCs are essential for the body's defense against infections and the development of an effective immune response.

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  • 26. 

    This can only become activiated when bound to a foreign antigen and simultaneously receiving a costimulate.

    • B cell

    • T cell

    • Interferon

    • MHC

    • Antigen presenting cell

    Correct Answer
    A. T cell
    Explanation
    T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They can only become activated when they recognize a foreign antigen, which is usually presented to them by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, T cell activation requires more than just antigen recognition. It also requires a co-stimulatory signal, which is usually provided by APCs. This co-stimulation is necessary to prevent the activation of T cells by self-antigens. Therefore, the given statement accurately describes the requirement for T cell activation.

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  • 27. 

    These display CD 4 in their membrane and are associated with MHC class II molecules.

    • Cytotoxic T cells

    • Helper T cells

    • Memory T cells

    • MHC

    • B cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Helper T cells
    Explanation
    Helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, display CD4 on their membrane and are associated with MHC class II molecules. They play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the MHC class II molecules. Once activated, helper T cells release cytokines that stimulate other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to mount an immune response against the specific antigen. Therefore, the given answer is correct.

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  • 28. 

    T cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA.

    • Perforin

    • Tumour antigen

    • Interferons

    • Lymphotoxin

    • Toxin T

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphotoxin
    Explanation
    Lymphotoxin is the correct answer because it is a toxin secreted by T cells that is used to fragment DNA. This toxin plays a role in the immune response by causing cell death and promoting inflammation. Lymphotoxin is also known as tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) and is involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of immune cell development and function.

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  • 29. 

    This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions.

    • IgG

    • IgA

    • IgM

    • IgD

    • IgE

    Correct Answer
    A. IgA
    Explanation
    IgA antibodies are mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk, and gastrointestinal (GI) secretions. IgA is the primary antibody class responsible for protecting mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts, from pathogens. It plays a crucial role in preventing the attachment and colonization of bacteria and viruses in these areas. IgA is also present in breast milk, providing passive immunity to newborns.

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  • 30. 

    This will lead to inflammation, enahancement of phagocytosis and bursting of microbes.

    • Classical complement system

    • Alternative complement system

    • Apoptosis

    • Classical and alternative complement systems

    • Hapten activation

    Correct Answer
    A. Classical and alternative complement systems
    Explanation
    The classical and alternative complement systems are both involved in the body's immune response. The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to enhance the immune response against foreign pathogens. In the classical complement system, antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, triggering a cascade of reactions that leads to inflammation, enhanced phagocytosis (the engulfing and destruction of pathogens by immune cells), and ultimately the bursting of microbes. The alternative complement system can also be activated independently of antibodies, leading to similar immune responses. Therefore, the correct answer is classical and alternative complement systems.

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  • 31. 

    This action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis.

    • Opsonization

    • Cytolysis

    • Inflammation

    • Comlement

    • Hybridoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Opsonization
    Explanation
    Opsonization is the process by which microbes are marked for destruction by phagocytes. It involves the binding of opsonins, such as antibodies or complement proteins, to the surface of the microbe. This opsonization enhances the recognition and engulfment of the microbe by phagocytes, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

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  • 32. 

    This is a self-responsive cell that is inactive.

    • Deleted cell

    • Hybridoma cell

    • Epitopic cell

    • Anergy cell

    • Natural killer cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Anergy cell
    Explanation
    An anergy cell refers to a self-responsive cell that is inactive. Anergy is a state of immune unresponsiveness, where the immune cell fails to respond to antigens or stimuli. In this context, the anergy cell is not actively participating in immune responses, possibly due to a lack of activation signals or tolerance mechanisms. This state of inactivity distinguishes it from other cell types listed, such as deleted cells, hybridoma cells, epitopic cells, and natural killer cells, which have different roles and functions in the immune system.

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  • 33. 
    In the diagram, where do pluripotent stem cells come from? - ProProfs

    In the diagram, where do pluripotent stem cells come from?

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. B
    Explanation
    Pluripotent stem cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is represented by option B in the diagram. The inner cell mass is a group of cells in the early stages of embryonic development that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the body. This is why pluripotent stem cells are highly valuable in medical research and regenerative medicine, as they can be directed to become specific cell types for various therapeutic purposes.

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  • 34. 
    In the diagram, where do T cells mature? - ProProfs

    In the diagram, where do T cells mature?

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. A
    Explanation
    T cells mature in the thymus gland, which is represented by option A in the diagram. The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system located in the upper chest. It is responsible for the maturation and development of T cells, which are crucial for the immune response. The thymus provides an environment where T cells undergo selection and differentiation, acquiring the ability to recognize foreign antigens and distinguish them from self-antigens. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

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  • 35. 
    In the diagram, what is comprised of white and red pulp? - ProProfs

    In the diagram, what is comprised of white and red pulp?

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. C
    Explanation
    The correct answer is C. In the diagram, the white and red pulp are the components of the spleen. The white pulp consists of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, which help in fighting infections. The red pulp is responsible for filtering and recycling old or damaged red blood cells. Therefore, the white and red pulp together make up the structure of the spleen.

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  • 36. 
    In the diagram this vessel drains lymph from the upper right side of the body into venous blood using a subclavian vein. - ProProfs

    In the diagram this vessel drains lymph from the upper right side of the body into venous blood using a subclavian vein.

    • B

    • C

    • F

    • G

    • E

    Correct Answer
    A. C
  • 37. 
    In the diagram these are the bronchomediastinal trunks. - ProProfs

    In the diagram these are the bronchomediastinal trunks.

    • A and F

    • B and G

    • C and H

    • D and I

    • E and J

    Correct Answer
    A. D and I
    Explanation
    In the diagram, the bronchomediastinal trunks are labeled as D and I. The bronchomediastinal trunks are lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from the bronchi and the mediastinum. Therefore, D and I are the correct answer choices for the bronchomediastinal trunks.

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  • 38. 
    In the diagram, what are the principle trunks? - ProProfs

    In the diagram, what are the principle trunks?

    • All of the labeled areas are principle trunks

    • A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

    • A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I

    • A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J, K

    • A, B, D, H, I, J, K

    Correct Answer
    A. A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J, K
  • 39. 
    In the diagram, this consists of a medulla, medullary sinus and reticular fibres. - ProProfs

    In the diagram, this consists of a medulla, medullary sinus and reticular fibres.

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    Correct Answer
    A. D
    Explanation
    The diagram is describing the structure of a lymph node. The medulla is the innermost region of the lymph node, followed by the medullary sinus, which is a space within the medulla. The reticular fibers are present throughout the lymph node, providing support and structure. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it includes all the components mentioned in the diagram.

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  • 40. 
    In the diagarm, cells found in this region include B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages. - ProProfs

    In the diagarm, cells found in this region include B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages.

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    Correct Answer
    A. C
    Explanation
    The diagram shows different cells found in a specific region. The correct answer, C, is the region where B cells, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages are present.

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  • 41. 
    In the diagram, cells found in this region include B cells, plasma cells and macrophages. - ProProfs

    In the diagram, cells found in this region include B cells, plasma cells and macrophages.

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. None of the above
  • 42. 

    This is characterized by the inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen.

    • Immunodeficiency diseases

    • Allergy

    • Autoimmune disease

    • Transplantations

    • Graft

    Correct Answer
    A. Immunodeficiency diseases
    Explanation
    Immunodeficiency diseases refer to a group of disorders where the immune system is unable to effectively defend the body against pathogens. This can be caused by genetic defects or acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS. In these diseases, the immune system is weakened or compromised, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. Unlike allergies, which are immune responses to harmless substances, immunodeficiency diseases involve a failure of the immune system to protect the body from harmful pathogens. Autoimmune diseases, on the other hand, occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Transplantations and grafts are medical procedures involving the transfer of tissues or organs from one person to another.

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  • 43. 

    An acute allergic response can lead to:

    • Transplantation

    • Retroviruses

    • Anaphylactic shock

    • Passive immunity

    • Active immunity

    Correct Answer
    A. Anaphylactic shock
    Explanation
    An acute allergic response can lead to anaphylactic shock, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction. Anaphylactic shock occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, causing a sudden release of chemicals that can cause a drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and other symptoms. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with epinephrine and other interventions to prevent further complications.

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  • 44. 

    A natural exposure  to an infectious agent leads to:

    • Passive immunity

    • Active immunity

    • Passive and active immunity

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Active immunity
    Explanation
    When a person is naturally exposed to an infectious agent, their immune system responds by producing antibodies and memory cells. This immune response is known as active immunity. Active immunity provides long-term protection against future infections by the same agent. It is achieved through the natural process of infection and subsequent immune response, rather than through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies or immunity from another source. Therefore, the correct answer is active immunity.

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  • 45. 

    This class of antibodies is produced after an initial exposure to antigens.

    • IgA

    • IgE

    • IgM

    • IgD

    • IgG

    Correct Answer
    A. IgM
    Explanation
    IgM antibodies are produced after the initial exposure to antigens. These antibodies are the first line of defense in the immune response and are responsible for the primary immune response. They are large in size and are mainly found in the bloodstream. IgM antibodies help in neutralizing pathogens and activating the complement system to eliminate them.

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  • 46. 

    Of the following which is considered the body's second major defense?

    • Mucous cells

    • Germ cells

    • Lymphocytes

    • Natural killer cells

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphocytes
    Explanation
    Lymphocytes are considered the body's second major defense because they play a crucial role in the immune system. These white blood cells are responsible for identifying and destroying harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Lymphocytes are also involved in the production of antibodies, which help to neutralize and eliminate foreign substances in the body. Additionally, they have the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens, providing long-term immunity against future infections. Therefore, lymphocytes are an essential component of the body's defense mechanism.

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  • 47. 

    Lymphocytes can recognize

    • Self cells

    • Foreign cells

    • B cells

    • T cells

    • Natural killer cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Foreign cells
    Explanation
    Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are responsible for recognizing and targeting foreign cells, such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, in order to eliminate them from the body. Lymphocytes have specific receptors on their surface that can recognize foreign antigens, which are unique markers present on the surface of foreign cells. This recognition triggers an immune response, leading to the destruction of the foreign cells. Therefore, lymphocytes can identify and respond to foreign cells to protect the body from infections and diseases.

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  • 48. 

    In B cell receptors, the light/heavy variable regions are located here:

    • Transmembrane region

    • Tips of the molecules

    • There is no variable region on a B cell receptor

    • Depends on the type of B cell

    • There are only constant regions

    Correct Answer
    A. Tips of the molecules
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Tips of the molecules". B cell receptors have variable regions located at the tips of the molecules. These variable regions are responsible for binding to specific antigens, allowing B cells to recognize and respond to different pathogens. The variable regions contain a diverse set of antigen-binding sites, which contribute to the specificity of the immune response.

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  • 49. 

    What is the most polymorphic molecule in the immune system?

    • Lymphocytes

    • Monocytes

    • MHC

    • WBC

    • RBC

    Correct Answer
    A. MHC
    Explanation
    MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) is the most polymorphic molecule in the immune system. MHC molecules are found on the surface of cells and play a crucial role in presenting antigens to T cells. They are highly diverse and can bind to a wide range of antigens. This polymorphism allows the immune system to recognize and respond to a diverse array of pathogens and foreign substances.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 22, 2023 +

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Apr 15, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Hermine0817

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