Abdomen A- The Aorta And Its Branches

1. Once the aorta penetrates the diaphragm, it is termed the ________________ aorta.

Once the aorta penetrates the diaphragm, it is termed the abdominal aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. As it passes through the diaphragm, which is a muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities, it becomes the abdominal aorta. This portion of the aorta supplies blood to the abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines.

Explanation

Once the aorta penetrates the diaphragm, it is termed the abdominal aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. As it passes through the diaphragm, which is a muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities, it becomes the abdominal aorta. This portion of the aorta supplies blood to the abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines.

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2. The ___________ is the main artery of the chest and abdomen where all other branch vessels derive.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It is located in the chest and abdomen and gives rise to all other branch vessels, supplying blood to various organs and tissues.

Explanation

The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It is located in the chest and abdomen and gives rise to all other branch vessels, supplying blood to various organs and tissues.

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3. The ________________ artery courses leftward and follows a tortuous course along the anterior superior border of the pancreas to enter the spleen at the splenic hilum.

The splenic artery courses leftward and follows a tortuous course along the anterior superior border of the pancreas to enter the spleen at the splenic hilum.

Explanation

The splenic artery courses leftward and follows a tortuous course along the anterior superior border of the pancreas to enter the spleen at the splenic hilum.

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4. The _____________ _____________ artery courses rightward from the celiac artery.

The common hepatic artery is a branch that originates from the celiac artery and courses rightward. It supplies oxygenated blood to the liver and other structures in the abdominal region.

Explanation

The common hepatic artery is a branch that originates from the celiac artery and courses rightward. It supplies oxygenated blood to the liver and other structures in the abdominal region.

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5. The first major branch off of the abdominal aorta is the _____________ axis.

The celiac axis is the correct answer because it is the first major branch off of the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is the main artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the abdominal organs, and the celiac axis specifically branches off from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta, just below the diaphragm. It then further divides into three smaller arteries that supply blood to the liver, stomach, spleen, and other abdominal organs.

Explanation

The celiac axis is the correct answer because it is the first major branch off of the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is the main artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the abdominal organs, and the celiac axis specifically branches off from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta, just below the diaphragm. It then further divides into three smaller arteries that supply blood to the liver, stomach, spleen, and other abdominal organs.

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6. The right hepatic artery gives rise to the ___________ artery that supplies the gallbladder.

The right hepatic artery gives rise to the cystic artery that supplies the gallbladder. This artery is responsible for providing oxygenated blood to the gallbladder, allowing it to function properly. The cystic artery is an important branch of the right hepatic artery and plays a crucial role in the overall blood supply to the gallbladder.

Explanation

The right hepatic artery gives rise to the cystic artery that supplies the gallbladder. This artery is responsible for providing oxygenated blood to the gallbladder, allowing it to function properly. The cystic artery is an important branch of the right hepatic artery and plays a crucial role in the overall blood supply to the gallbladder.

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8. Do renal arteries run anterior or posterior to the renal veins?

The renal arteries run posterior to the renal veins. This means that the arteries are located behind the veins when considering the anatomical position of the kidneys.

Explanation

The renal arteries run posterior to the renal veins. This means that the arteries are located behind the veins when considering the anatomical position of the kidneys.

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10. The ________________ _________________ artery is the second major branch off of the aorta.

The superior mesenteric artery is the second major branch off of the aorta. It supplies blood to the small intestine and parts of the large intestine.

Explanation

The superior mesenteric artery is the second major branch off of the aorta. It supplies blood to the small intestine and parts of the large intestine.

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11. In the abdomen, the aorta runs _______________ (anterior or posterior) to the spine and slightly to the ____________ (right or left) of midline.

In the abdomen, the aorta runs anterior to the spine and slightly to the left of midline. This means that it is positioned in front of the spine and towards the left side of the midline of the body.

Explanation

In the abdomen, the aorta runs anterior to the spine and slightly to the left of midline. This means that it is positioned in front of the spine and towards the left side of the midline of the body.

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13. The _____________ ______________ artery is the last major branch of the ao before the bifurcation.

The correct answer is "inferior mesenteric." The inferior mesenteric artery is the last major branch of the aorta before it bifurcates. This artery supplies blood to the lower part of the large intestine, including the sigmoid colon and rectum.

Explanation

The correct answer is "inferior mesenteric." The inferior mesenteric artery is the last major branch of the aorta before it bifurcates. This artery supplies blood to the lower part of the large intestine, including the sigmoid colon and rectum.

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16. The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal ____________.

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal colon. The inferior mesenteric artery is a major branch of the abdominal aorta and provides blood supply to the large intestine. It arises just above the bifurcation of the aorta and descends down to supply the left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries. The distal colon refers to the portion of the large intestine that is closer to the rectum. Therefore, the inferior mesenteric artery is responsible for supplying blood to this specific region of the colon.

Explanation

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal colon. The inferior mesenteric artery is a major branch of the abdominal aorta and provides blood supply to the large intestine. It arises just above the bifurcation of the aorta and descends down to supply the left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries. The distal colon refers to the portion of the large intestine that is closer to the rectum. Therefore, the inferior mesenteric artery is responsible for supplying blood to this specific region of the colon.

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18. After the ascending aorta, it curves toward the __________(right or left) and ______________(anterior or posterior) to form the aortic arch.

The ascending aorta is the first part of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. After the ascending aorta, it curves towards the left and posteriorly to form the aortic arch. This means that the aortic arch is located towards the left side and towards the back of the body.

Explanation

The ascending aorta is the first part of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. After the ascending aorta, it curves towards the left and posteriorly to form the aortic arch. This means that the aortic arch is located towards the left side and towards the back of the body.

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19. The aorta begins _______________ (anterior or posterior) and becomes more _____________ (anterior or posterior) as it travels.

The aorta begins at the posterior side and becomes more anterior as it travels. This means that the initial part of the aorta is located towards the back of the body, and as it progresses, it moves towards the front.

Explanation

The aorta begins at the posterior side and becomes more anterior as it travels. This means that the initial part of the aorta is located towards the back of the body, and as it progresses, it moves towards the front.

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20. One branch of the common hepatic artery is the __________________ artery, which serves as a landmark for the anterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas.

The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the common hepatic artery that serves as a landmark for the anterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas. This means that it helps identify the location of the head of the pancreas by its presence.

Explanation

The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the common hepatic artery that serves as a landmark for the anterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas. This means that it helps identify the location of the head of the pancreas by its presence.

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21. "Replaced right hepatic artery" occurs in 9-15% of the population, where the right hepatic artery arises from the ____________

In 9-15% of the population, the right hepatic artery is replaced and instead arises from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). This means that instead of the normal anatomical arrangement where the right hepatic artery originates from the common hepatic artery, it now branches off from the SMA. This anatomical variation is relatively common and is important to be aware of in medical practice, as it can have implications for surgical procedures and interventions involving the liver and its blood supply.

Explanation

In 9-15% of the population, the right hepatic artery is replaced and instead arises from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). This means that instead of the normal anatomical arrangement where the right hepatic artery originates from the common hepatic artery, it now branches off from the SMA. This anatomical variation is relatively common and is important to be aware of in medical practice, as it can have implications for surgical procedures and interventions involving the liver and its blood supply.

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23. There are three branches of the celiac axis; the _______________ ______________ artery, the ____________ ______________ artery, and the ______________ artery.

The celiac axis is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. It gives rise to three branches: the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery, and the splenic artery. The common hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver, the left gastric artery supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach, and the splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen.

Explanation

The celiac axis is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. It gives rise to three branches: the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery, and the splenic artery. The common hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver, the left gastric artery supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach, and the splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen.

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24. At the level of the _______________, the aorta bifurcates into the right and left common _____________ arteries.

At the level of the umbilicus, which is the navel or belly button, the aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries. The umbilicus is a landmark on the abdomen, and it is the point where the aorta divides into the two iliac arteries. The iliac arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

Explanation

At the level of the umbilicus, which is the navel or belly button, the aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries. The umbilicus is a landmark on the abdomen, and it is the point where the aorta divides into the two iliac arteries. The iliac arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

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25. The proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the level of the ___________ ____________ with the portal vein.

The proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the level of the porta hepatis, which is the central area of the liver where the portal vein and common bile duct also enter. The porta hepatis serves as the main entry point for blood vessels and bile ducts into the liver.

Explanation

The proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the level of the porta hepatis, which is the central area of the liver where the portal vein and common bile duct also enter. The porta hepatis serves as the main entry point for blood vessels and bile ducts into the liver.

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26. The right renal artery tends to arise from the ____________ aspect of the ao and runs _____________ to the IVC.

(think ice cream sundaes!)

The right renal artery tends to arise from the lateral aspect of the aorta and runs posterior to the inferior vena cava. This means that it originates from the side of the aorta and runs behind the inferior vena cava. The mnemonic "think ice cream sundaes!" can help remember this relationship.

Explanation

The right renal artery tends to arise from the lateral aspect of the aorta and runs posterior to the inferior vena cava. This means that it originates from the side of the aorta and runs behind the inferior vena cava. The mnemonic "think ice cream sundaes!" can help remember this relationship.

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27. Once intrahepatic, the hepatic artery branches into the _____________, _______________, and ______________ hepatic arteries to supply the liver with blood.

The hepatic artery, once it enters the liver, divides into three branches: the right hepatic artery, the middle hepatic artery, and the left hepatic artery. These arteries supply blood to different regions of the liver, ensuring that all parts receive an adequate blood supply.

Explanation

The hepatic artery, once it enters the liver, divides into three branches: the right hepatic artery, the middle hepatic artery, and the left hepatic artery. These arteries supply blood to different regions of the liver, ensuring that all parts receive an adequate blood supply.

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28. After the aortic arch, the aorta descends inferiorly and is known as the _____________ aorta. It then gives rise to the _____________ aorta.

After the aortic arch, the aorta continues its downward path and is referred to as the descending aorta. This portion of the aorta extends inferiorly through the thoracic cavity. From the descending aorta, branches arise to supply blood to the thoracic region, forming the thoracic aorta.

Explanation

After the aortic arch, the aorta continues its downward path and is referred to as the descending aorta. This portion of the aorta extends inferiorly through the thoracic cavity. From the descending aorta, branches arise to supply blood to the thoracic region, forming the thoracic aorta.

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29. The celiac axis arises at a _____________ angle from the _______________(anterior or posterior) aspect of the aorta.

The celiac axis arises at a perpendicular angle from the anterior aspect of the aorta. This means that the celiac axis branches off from the aorta at a 90-degree angle, and it does so from the front or anterior side of the aorta. This anatomical information is important for understanding the blood supply to the abdominal organs, as the celiac axis is responsible for supplying blood to the stomach, liver, spleen, and other organs in that region.

Explanation

The celiac axis arises at a perpendicular angle from the anterior aspect of the aorta. This means that the celiac axis branches off from the aorta at a 90-degree angle, and it does so from the front or anterior side of the aorta. This anatomical information is important for understanding the blood supply to the abdominal organs, as the celiac axis is responsible for supplying blood to the stomach, liver, spleen, and other organs in that region.

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30. Along the path of the splenic artery, branches to the ____________ and ____________ are generated.

The splenic artery gives rise to branches that supply blood to the stomach and pancreas. These branches ensure that these organs receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for their proper functioning.

Explanation

The splenic artery gives rise to branches that supply blood to the stomach and pancreas. These branches ensure that these organs receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for their proper functioning.

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31. The SMA supplies the _____________ with blood.

The SMA, or Superior Mesenteric Artery, supplies blood to the intestines. This artery is a major branch of the abdominal aorta and plays a crucial role in delivering oxygenated blood to the small intestine, large intestine, and other related structures in the abdominal cavity. The blood supply provided by the SMA is essential for maintaining the proper functioning and health of the intestines.

Explanation

The SMA, or Superior Mesenteric Artery, supplies blood to the intestines. This artery is a major branch of the abdominal aorta and plays a crucial role in delivering oxygenated blood to the small intestine, large intestine, and other related structures in the abdominal cavity. The blood supply provided by the SMA is essential for maintaining the proper functioning and health of the intestines.

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32. The aorta originates from the ___________ _____________, courses ________________(right or left), and _________________(superior or inferior) to form the ascending aorta.

The aorta originates from the left ventricle, courses towards the right, and is positioned superiorly to form the ascending aorta.

Explanation

The aorta originates from the left ventricle, courses towards the right, and is positioned superiorly to form the ascending aorta.

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35. The celiac axis is approximately ____(#) - ____(#) cm long.

The celiac axis, also known as the celiac trunk, is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. It is approximately 2-3 cm long.

Explanation

The celiac axis, also known as the celiac trunk, is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. It is approximately 2-3 cm long.

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36. Duplicated arteries are found in ____(#) - ____(#) % of the population.

Duplicated arteries, also known as double arteries, are present in approximately 10 to 20 percent of the population. This means that in a given population, around 10 to 20 out of every 100 individuals will have duplicated arteries.

Explanation

Duplicated arteries, also known as double arteries, are present in approximately 10 to 20 percent of the population. This means that in a given population, around 10 to 20 out of every 100 individuals will have duplicated arteries.

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37. The SMA branches from the ______________ border of the ao and travels ______________ and _________________ to the ao.

(directional)

The SMA (superior mesenteric artery) branches from the anterior border of the ao (aorta) and travels inferiorly and parallel to the ao. This means that the SMA originates from the front side of the aorta and then moves downwards in a parallel direction to the aorta.

Explanation

The SMA (superior mesenteric artery) branches from the anterior border of the ao (aorta) and travels inferiorly and parallel to the ao. This means that the SMA originates from the front side of the aorta and then moves downwards in a parallel direction to the aorta.

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39. The left gastric artery has a/an ______________ and _______________ course to the celiac axis.

(directional)

The left gastric artery runs in an anterior direction and has a superior course in relation to the celiac axis. This means that it travels towards the front of the body and is positioned above the celiac axis.

Explanation

The left gastric artery runs in an anterior direction and has a superior course in relation to the celiac axis. This means that it travels towards the front of the body and is positioned above the celiac axis.

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40. The inferior mesenteric artery originates from the _____________ aspect of the aorta and runs slightly ____________ and ______________ to the abdomen.

The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior aspect of the aorta and courses slightly leftward and inferiorly in relation to the abdomen.

Explanation

The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior aspect of the aorta and courses slightly leftward and inferiorly in relation to the abdomen.

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41. The iliac arteries run _______________ and ______________, holding a fairly deep position in the pelvis.

The iliac arteries are positioned in the pelvis in a posterior and inferior direction. This means that they are located towards the back and lower part of the pelvis. The term "posterior" refers to the back or rear side, while "inferiorly" indicates a downward or lower position. Therefore, the iliac arteries run in a posterior and inferior direction within the pelvis.

Explanation

The iliac arteries are positioned in the pelvis in a posterior and inferior direction. This means that they are located towards the back and lower part of the pelvis. The term "posterior" refers to the back or rear side, while "inferiorly" indicates a downward or lower position. Therefore, the iliac arteries run in a posterior and inferior direction within the pelvis.

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