A & P 2 Midterm Review

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1. Emulsification is the breakdown of fats into smaller units.

Explanation

Emulsification is the process of breaking down fats into smaller units. This is achieved by mixing the fat with an emulsifying agent, such as a detergent or an enzyme, which helps to disperse the fat molecules in water. This process is important for digestion, as it increases the surface area of the fat particles, allowing them to be more easily digested by enzymes. Therefore, the statement "Emulsification is the breakdown of fats into smaller units" is true.

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About This Quiz
Cardiovascular System Quizzes & Trivia

This A & P 2 midterm review quiz assesses knowledge on key physiological processes and structures, such as heart valve functions, blood formation, and hormonal impacts on metabolism.... see moreIt's designed to prepare students for advanced examinations in human anatomy and physiology. see less

2. Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Explanation

Dalton's law is a fundamental principle in chemistry that states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas independently. This means that the individual pressures of the gases in a mixture can be added together to determine the total pressure. This law is important in understanding the behavior of gas mixtures and is applicable in various scientific and industrial contexts. Therefore, the statement is true.

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3. T cells that track down and destroy pathogens are cytotoxic T cells

Explanation

T cells that track down and destroy pathogens are referred to as cytotoxic T cells because they have the ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells in the body. These T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by directly killing cells that are infected with pathogens such as viruses or bacteria. They do this by releasing toxic substances that induce cell death in the infected cells. Cytotoxic T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune system and are essential in fighting off infections and diseases.

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4. Lymphoid tissue found as a mucosal swelling in the oral cavity is the __________.

Explanation

The correct answer is Tonsil. Tonsils are a type of lymphoid tissue that can be found as mucosal swellings in the oral cavity. They are part of the immune system and help to protect against infections by trapping and filtering bacteria and other pathogens that enter through the mouth and nose. Tonsils are located at the back of the throat and can sometimes become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions like tonsillitis.

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5. Which of the following type of white blood cells kills parasitic worms?

Explanation

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are specifically involved in fighting parasitic infections. They are equipped with granules containing toxic substances that are effective in killing parasitic worms. Eosinophils are attracted to the site of infection and release these toxic substances, which help to destroy the parasites and prevent further spread of the infection.

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6. Which is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

Explanation

Hemocytoblast is the correct answer because it is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood. Hemocytoblasts are multipotent stem cells found in the bone marrow that have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells undergo further differentiation and maturation to give rise to the different types of blood cells in the body. Therefore, hemocytoblast is the parent cell responsible for the production of all formed elements of blood.

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7. Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Explanation

NK cells, or natural killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that play a crucial role in the immune system's response against cancer cells and virus-infected cells. They are part of the body's innate immune system and are able to recognize and directly kill abnormal cells without prior activation. NK cells are able to identify these target cells by detecting changes in their surface proteins. Once identified, NK cells release toxic substances to induce cell death in the target cells. Therefore, NK cells are specialized in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells.

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8. The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs.

Explanation

The bronchial tree refers to the network of airways within the lungs that carry air in and out. It starts with the trachea, which then branches into the bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles. This branching pattern continues until it reaches the smallest air sacs called alveoli. The statement that the bronchial tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs is true. This branching allows for a large surface area for gas exchange and ensures that air reaches all parts of the lungs.

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9. What would happen to cells with dehydration?

Explanation

When cells experience dehydration, it means that they lack sufficient water. Without enough water, the cells lose their ability to maintain their normal shape and size. As a result, the cells will shrink. This is because water is essential for maintaining the cell's internal pressure and structure. When the water levels decrease, the cell loses its turgidity and becomes smaller in size.

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10. The peritoneal membrane that holds the digestive tract in place is _________.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Mesenteries." Mesenteries are a double layer of peritoneum that attach the organs of the digestive tract to the abdominal wall. They provide support and hold the organs in place, allowing them to move and function properly. The mesenteries also contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the organs with nutrients and remove waste products.

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11. Which tunic of an arter is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Explanation

The tunica media is the correct answer because it is the middle layer of the arterial wall and is composed of smooth muscle cells. These smooth muscle cells are responsible for maintaining blood pressure and regulating blood flow by contracting and relaxing. The tunica intima is the innermost layer and is responsible for providing a smooth surface for blood flow. The tunica externa is the outermost layer and provides support and protection to the artery. The basement membrane is a thin layer that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.

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12. Permitting the exchange of nutriens and gases beween the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.

Explanation

The primary function of capillaries is to permit the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and have thin walls, allowing for easy diffusion of substances. They connect arterioles (small arteries) to venules (small veins), forming a network throughout the body. This network ensures that every cell is supplied with oxygen and nutrients and that waste products, such as carbon dioxide, are efficiently removed.

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13. Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

Explanation

Emotional state is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure. Blood pressure is primarily influenced by peripheral resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume. Emotional state can have a temporary effect on blood pressure, but it is not considered a main factor. Factors like stress, anxiety, and excitement can cause temporary increases in blood pressure, but they do not have a significant long-term impact on blood pressure regulation. Therefore, emotional state is not considered one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure.

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14. Hyposecretion of GH would result in ______.

Explanation

Hyposecretion of GH refers to the insufficient production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. This condition leads to Pituitary Dwarfism, which is characterized by slow growth and short stature in children. The lack of growth hormone affects the bones and muscles, resulting in delayed physical development. Unlike Gigantism, Acromegaly, and Cretinism, which are caused by excessive or abnormal secretion of GH, Pituitary Dwarfism is caused by its deficiency.

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15. Suckling and breast feeding have a positive feedback effect on the release of?

Explanation

Suckling and breast feeding stimulate the release of prolactin. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for the production of breast milk. When a baby suckles at the breast, it sends signals to the brain to release prolactin, which then stimulates the mammary glands to produce and release milk. This positive feedback loop ensures that there is a continuous supply of milk for the baby's nourishment.

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16. 2 lymph vessels that return lymph to bloodstream:

Explanation

The correct answer is Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct. The lymphatic system is responsible for returning excess fluid, called lymph, back to the bloodstream. The Right Lymphatic Duct drains lymph from the right upper limb, right side of the head, and right side of the thorax, and empties it into the right subclavian vein. The Thoracic Duct, on the other hand, collects lymph from the rest of the body and drains it into the left subclavian vein. Together, these two ducts play a crucial role in returning lymph to the bloodstream.

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17. A "helper" T-cell is distinguished by a protein on its surface called CD4.

Explanation

A "helper" T-cell is indeed distinguished by a protein on its surface called CD4. This protein helps the T-cell recognize and interact with other immune cells, such as B-cells and macrophages, to coordinate an immune response. CD4 is also the primary receptor used by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to gain entry into T-cells, which is why a decrease in CD4 count is a hallmark of HIV infection. Therefore, the statement is true.

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18. Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

Explanation

Henry's law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. This means that as the partial pressure of the gas increases, more gas molecules will dissolve in the liquid. Conversely, if the partial pressure decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid will also decrease. Therefore, the statement is true.

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19. Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is:

Explanation

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and converted to bicarbonate ions. However, the majority of carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma. This process occurs in red blood cells, where an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are transported in plasma, while the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin. This mechanism helps to maintain the pH balance in the blood.

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20. AIDS is caused by a virus that infects helper T (CD4) cells

Explanation

AIDS is caused by a virus that specifically targets and infects helper T cells, also known as CD4 cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system by coordinating the body's response to infections. The virus, known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), enters the CD4 cells and replicates, ultimately leading to the destruction of these cells. As a result, the immune system becomes severely weakened, making the body more susceptible to various infections and diseases. Therefore, the statement "AIDS is caused by a virus that infects helper T (CD4) cells" is true.

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21. A transfusion reaction is a hypersensitivity to nonself on RBCs

Explanation

A transfusion reaction refers to an adverse immune response that occurs when a person receives blood or blood products that are not compatible with their own blood type. This immune response is characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction, where the immune system recognizes the nonself antigens on the red blood cells (RBCs) as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. Therefore, it can be concluded that a transfusion reaction is indeed a hypersensitivity reaction to nonself antigens on RBCs.

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22. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

Explanation

The tunica intima of an artery contains endothelium. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the artery wall and is in direct contact with the blood flowing through the artery. It is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, which form a smooth lining that allows for the smooth flow of blood. The endothelium also plays a role in regulating blood pressure and the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

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23. The 2 major lymphatic vessels that return lymph to the bloodstream are the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct. The lymphatic system is responsible for returning lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, back to the bloodstream. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body, including the right arm and the right side of the head and neck. The thoracic duct, on the other hand, drains lymph from the rest of the body. Together, these two major lymphatic vessels ensure that lymph is returned to the bloodstream for circulation.

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24. Which of the following types of white blood cells release histamine and contain heparin?

Explanation

Basophils are a type of white blood cells that release histamine and contain heparin. Histamine is a chemical that plays a role in allergic reactions, inflammation, and immune responses. Heparin is an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting. Basophils are involved in the body's immune response to parasites and in allergic reactions. They release histamine to increase blood flow to the site of injury or infection and promote inflammation, while heparin helps prevent excessive blood clotting. Therefore, basophils are the correct answer to this question.

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25. Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood?

Explanation

The majority of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma. When CO2 enters the red blood cells, it combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are then transported in the plasma, while some of the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin. This form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 because bicarbonate ions are highly soluble and can be carried in large quantities in the blood.

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26. Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli.

Explanation

Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, leading to their permanent enlargement. This results in reduced surface area for gas exchange and impaired lung function. Therefore, the statement that emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli is true.

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27. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to _______.

Explanation

Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, are hormones that regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. Similarly, glucocorticoids, like cortisol, are hormones that have various functions including regulating metabolism, reducing inflammation, and controlling blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct analogy is that mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to cortisol.

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28. Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Explanation

Kaposi's Sarcoma is not a form of lung cancer. It is a type of cancer that affects the blood vessels and lymph nodes, and is commonly associated with HIV/AIDS. Lung cancer, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the lungs. The options small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all types of lung cancer.

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29. The _________________ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds, and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages.

Explanation

The epiglottis is a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue that prevents food and liquid from entering the windpipe when swallowing. It covers the entrance to the larynx and directs the food towards the esophagus, ensuring it goes down the correct passage and not into the lungs. The epiglottis is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds, which allows it to detect potential harmful substances and initiate protective reflexes if necessary.

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30. Insulin is released from alpha cells in pancreas.

Explanation

its beta cells

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31. When red blood cells are intially released from the bone marrow, they are released as immature cells known as:

Explanation

When red blood cells are initially released from the bone marrow, they are released as immature cells known as reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are slightly larger than mature red blood cells and still contain some remnants of their nucleus. As they mature, these remnants are expelled, and the reticulocytes become fully functional red blood cells.

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32. The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood is called.

Explanation

Afterload is the correct answer because it refers to the pressure that the ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood out of the heart and into the arteries. It is the resistance that the heart has to push against to pump blood effectively. Preload, on the other hand, refers to the amount of blood that fills the ventricles before contraction, while contractility refers to the force of the heart's contraction itself.

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33. Fenestated capillaries _______.

Explanation

Fenestrated capillaries are characterized by the presence of small pores or fenestrations in their endothelial lining, which allow for increased permeability. However, these types of capillaries are not found in the brain. The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in brain capillaries, restricts the passage of substances into the brain, making fenestrated capillaries unsuitable for this region.

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34. The dietary mineral ____________ is necessary for thyroid's production of ___________.

Explanation

Iodine is necessary for the thyroid's production of triiodothyronine. The thyroid gland uses iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth, as well as maintaining the body's energy levels and temperature. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid cannot produce enough triiodothyronine, leading to a condition called iodine deficiency, which can cause thyroid disorders and other health problems.

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35. The non-specific phagocytic leukocytes which are very mobile, most numerous, and resopnd first to the presence of pathogens are the:

Explanation

Neutrophils are non-specific phagocytic leukocytes that are highly mobile and the most numerous in the body. They are the first to respond to the presence of pathogens. Neutrophils are able to engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign substances through a process called phagocytosis. They are an essential part of the innate immune response and play a crucial role in protecting the body against infections.

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36. The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the:

Explanation

The tunica media is the vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction. This layer is composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which allow it to contract and relax in response to various stimuli. When the tunica media contracts, it narrows the blood vessel, leading to vasoconstriction. This process helps regulate blood flow and blood pressure in the body.

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37. The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the

Explanation

Continuous capillaries exhibit the lowest level of permeability compared to fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries. Continuous capillaries have tightly joined endothelial cells that form a continuous lining, with small gaps called intercellular clefts between them. These clefts allow for the passage of small molecules like water and ions, but larger molecules like proteins are unable to pass through easily. In contrast, fenestrated capillaries have small pores or fenestrations in their endothelial cells, allowing for greater permeability. Sinusoidal capillaries have large gaps between their endothelial cells, making them the most permeable type of capillaries.

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38. Abnorml hemoglobin resulting from a change in jut one of the 146 amino acids is called _______.

Explanation

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin protein. This mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid in the protein chain, specifically in the beta chain of hemoglobin. This single amino acid change causes the hemoglobin molecules to form abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cells, which can lead to various health complications. Therefore, the correct answer is Sickle-cell anemia.

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39. MHC Cells _________________.

Explanation

MHC cells, also known as major histocompatibility complex cells, are responsible for distinguishing self cells from non-self cells. This is important for the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign invaders while not attacking the body's own cells. By distinguishing between self and non-self cells, MHC cells play a crucial role in immune response and maintaining the body's overall health.

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40. Lymph does not contain

Explanation

Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system, carrying white blood cells and waste products away from tissues. It does not contain red blood cells (RBCs) which are responsible for transporting oxygen to the body's tissues. RBCs are found in the bloodstream and not in lymph.

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41. The velocity of blood flow is _________.

Explanation

The velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest. This means that the blood is spread out over a larger area, leading to a decrease in velocity. In contrast, the arteries have a relatively large diameter but a smaller total cross-sectional area compared to the capillaries, resulting in faster blood flow. The veins, on the other hand, have a large diameter but also a larger total cross-sectional area than the capillaries, causing blood flow to be slower than in the capillaries but faster than in the arteries.

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42. Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Explanation

The direction of respiratory gas movement is determined by the partial pressure gradient. This means that gases will move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure that gas would exert if it were the only gas present in a system. Therefore, the greater the difference in partial pressure between two areas, the greater the movement of gases between them. The other factors listed, such as temperature, molecular weight and size of the gas molecule, and solubility in water, may affect the rate or efficiency of gas movement, but they do not determine the direction of movement.

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43. Which of the following BEST summarizes the main functions of the lymph nodes?

Explanation

The lymph nodes function as a site for the filtration of lymph, which involves removing impurities and foreign materials. Additionally, the lymph nodes play a role in phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and destroying foreign substances. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and maintain the overall health of the body.

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44. The JGA is responsible for releasing renin and controlling Blood Pressure.

Explanation

The JGA, or juxtaglomerular apparatus, is a specialized structure located in the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. One of its main functions is to release the enzyme renin, which is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system helps to regulate blood pressure by controlling the constriction and dilation of blood vessels, as well as the reabsorption of water and salt in the kidneys. Therefore, it is correct to say that the JGA is responsible for releasing renin and controlling blood pressure.

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45. The location of the hunger/thirst/fullness center of the CNS is located _________.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating hunger, thirst, and fullness. It receives signals from various parts of the body and helps maintain homeostasis by controlling appetite and fluid balance. Additionally, the hypothalamus also influences other physiological processes such as body temperature, sleep, and hormone regulation. Therefore, it is the location of the hunger/thirst/fullness center in the central nervous system.

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46. Factors that aid venous return include all except _________.

Explanation

Venous return refers to the blood flow back to the heart from the veins. Factors that aid venous return include pressure change in the thorax (such as during breathing), venous valves (which prevent backflow of blood), and the activity of skeletal muscles (which helps to squeeze the veins and push the blood towards the heart). Urinary output, on the other hand, refers to the production of urine by the kidneys and does not directly affect venous return. Therefore, urinary output is the correct answer as it is the only option that does not aid venous return.

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47. Which is a function of bile?

Explanation

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. One of its main functions is to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine, specifically in the duodenum. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be easily digested by enzymes. This allows for better absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestines. Therefore, the statement "helps absorb fats in duodenum" accurately describes one of the functions of bile.

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48. Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure.

Explanation

Lung cancer is not among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure. In fact, it is one of the most challenging and deadliest forms of cancer. It often goes undetected until it reaches advanced stages, making it difficult to treat. The prognosis for lung cancer is generally poor, with a low survival rate compared to other types of cancer. Therefore, the statement that lung cancer is easy to treat and cure is false.

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49. Air moves into the lungs because:

Explanation

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downwards and expands the volume of the thoracic cavity. This expansion leads to a decrease in gas pressure within the lungs. As a result, the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure, causing air to move into the lungs.

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50. In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is

Explanation

In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is about 104 mmHg. This is because during respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, resulting in a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli compared to the surrounding tissues. The high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli allows for efficient oxygen exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream, ensuring that oxygen is adequately delivered to the body's tissues.

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51. Which of the following contains erythrocytes

Explanation

The spleen contains erythrocytes. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is responsible for filtering the blood and removing old or damaged red blood cells from circulation. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are the most abundant cells in the blood and are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Therefore, the spleen plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy population of erythrocytes in the bloodstream.

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52. Which of the disorders is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation>

Explanation

Emphysema is a disorder characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs. This destruction leads to the formation of abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. This results in difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. Emphysema is commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke, and is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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53. The storage of bile is in __________.

Explanation

The gallbladder is responsible for storing bile, a substance produced by the liver that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine to aid in the breakdown of fats. Therefore, the correct answer is the gallbladder.

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54. Cardiac output is:

Explanation

Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of each ventricle in one minute. It is a measure of the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat) by the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats in one minute). Therefore, the correct answer is "the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute."

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55. Which condition results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone in children?

Explanation

Gigantism is the condition that results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone in children. This occurs when the pituitary gland produces an excess amount of growth hormone, leading to abnormal growth and development. Children with gigantism experience rapid and excessive growth, resulting in abnormally tall stature. This condition is different from acromegaly, which occurs when there is excessive growth hormone secretion in adults. In acromegaly, the bones have already stopped growing, so the excess hormone causes enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial features.

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56. Insulin is released from?

Explanation

Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. It is released from beta cells in the pancreas. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting insulin in response to high blood sugar levels. Insulin helps to lower blood sugar by allowing cells to take in and use glucose for energy. Alpha cells in the pancreas, on the other hand, release a different hormone called glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels. The kidneys do not play a role in the production or release of insulin.

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57. Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary wall?

Explanation

The balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary wall is determined by both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the fluid against the capillary wall, which tends to push fluid out of the capillary. Osmotic pressure, on the other hand, is the pressure exerted by the solutes in the fluid, which tends to pull fluid into the capillary. The combination of these two pressures determines the net movement of fluid across the capillary wall.

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58. Which of the following lists some of the major components of the Lymphatic system?

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately lists some of the major components of the Lymphatic system. The lymphatic vessels are responsible for carrying lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, throughout the body. The thymus is an organ located in the chest that plays a role in the development of immune cells. Lymph is the fluid that is transported by the lymphatic vessels and contains white blood cells. Therefore, this answer includes all three components of the lymphatic system.

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59. Active artifically acquired immunity is a result of:

Explanation

Vaccination is the correct answer because it refers to the process of administering a vaccine, which contains weakened or inactive forms of pathogens or their toxins. This stimulates the immune system to produce a response, including the production of antibodies, memory cells, and other immune cells. As a result, the individual develops active artificially acquired immunity, meaning they have protection against the specific pathogen targeted by the vaccine. This immunity is not inherited from the mother or acquired through direct contact with pathogens, but rather through the deliberate administration of a vaccine.

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60. Digestion and absorption of most nutrients is in the _____________.

Explanation

The small intestine is responsible for the digestion and absorption of most nutrients. It is a long tube-like organ where the majority of chemical digestion takes place. The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. These villi contain specialized cells that break down nutrients into smaller molecules and transport them into the bloodstream for distribution to the rest of the body. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the stomach is mainly involved in the initial breakdown of food through mechanical and chemical digestion. The duodenum, on the other hand, is the first part of the small intestine where the majority of digestion occurs, but absorption primarily takes place in the rest of the small intestine.

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61. Reactions which enzymes split molecules into smaller building blocks is called ___________.

Explanation

Chemical digestion refers to the process in which enzymes break down large molecules into smaller building blocks. This process occurs in the digestive system and helps to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. Mechanical digestion, on the other hand, involves physical movements that help to break down food into smaller pieces. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles that moves food through the digestive tract, while segmentation refers to the mixing and dividing of food in the small intestine. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is Chemical Digestion.

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62. B cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Explanation

B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. When activated, B cells can differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as pathogens, to neutralize them and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. Therefore, it is true that B cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

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63. Diapedesis is when:

Explanation

Diapedesis is the process in which phagocytes, such as neutrophils and monocytes, move across the walls of capillaries to reach the site of infection or inflammation. This movement allows them to leave the bloodstream and enter the surrounding tissues where they can engulf and destroy pathogens or foreign substances. Diapedesis is an essential step in the immune response, as it enables phagocytes to migrate to the site of infection and carry out their immune functions effectively.

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64. The two lungs differ in shape and size.

Explanation

The statement is true because the two lungs in the human body are not identical in shape and size. The right lung is divided into three lobes, whereas the left lung only has two lobes. Additionally, the left lung is slightly smaller to accommodate space for the heart. These differences in shape and size allow the lungs to fit properly within the chest cavity and perform their vital function of oxygenating the blood.

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65. What is the most abundant in extracellular fluid?

Explanation

Sodium is the most abundant in extracellular fluid because it plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating blood pressure, and transmitting nerve impulses. It is an essential electrolyte that helps in the transportation of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes. Sodium levels are tightly regulated by the body to ensure proper functioning of various physiological processes.

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66. The small intestine absorbs proteins and carbs into blood capillaries and fat into lacteals.

Explanation

The small intestine is responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food we eat. Proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood capillaries, while fat is absorbed into specialized lymphatic vessels called lacteals. This allows for efficient absorption and transport of these nutrients throughout the body. Therefore, the statement that the small intestine absorbs proteins and carbs into blood capillaries and fat into lacteals is true.

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67. The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______.

Explanation

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is an increase of CO2. When the CO2 levels in the body rise, it triggers a response in the respiratory system to increase breathing rate and depth. This helps to eliminate excess CO2 from the body and restore a balance in the blood pH. This response is important for maintaining proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body, ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs, and overall respiratory function.

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68. The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Explanation

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to changes in arterial pressure. These receptors detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to regulate and maintain blood pressure within a normal range. When blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors signal the brain to decrease it, and when blood pressure decreases, the baroreceptors signal the brain to increase it. This feedback mechanism helps to maintain stable blood pressure levels and ensure adequate blood flow to the organs and tissues.

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69. If renal clearace of glucose is zero, then ___________.

Explanation

If renal clearance of glucose is zero, it means that no glucose is being excreted in the urine. This suggests that all the glucose that is filtered by the kidneys is being reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is "all glucose is reabsorbed."

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70. Which of the following lists the regions of the pharynx, from superior to inferior?

Explanation

The correct answer is Nasopharynx; Oropharynx; Laryngopharynx. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the superior region, followed by the oropharynx in the middle, and the laryngopharynx is the inferior region.

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71. Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood presure?

Explanation

Renal regulation provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by adjusting the volume of blood and the concentration of electrolytes in the body. They can increase or decrease the amount of water and salt reabsorbed into the bloodstream, which affects blood volume and ultimately blood pressure. This process takes longer to have an effect compared to other mechanisms like baroreceptor-initiated reflexes or neural control, but it provides a more sustained and long-term response to maintain blood pressure within the normal range.

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72. Decreased insulin in the pancreas does not increase glucose converting to glycogen in the liver

Explanation

When there is a decrease in insulin production in the pancreas, it means that there is less insulin available to stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen. Insulin is responsible for signaling the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen for later use. Therefore, if there is a decrease in insulin, there will be a decrease in the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver. Hence, the statement is true.

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73. Which is the superficial layer of the GI tract?

Explanation

The serosa is the superficial layer of the GI tract. It is a smooth, slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the digestive organs, providing protection and reducing friction during movement. It is composed of connective tissue and a layer of simple squamous epithelium. The submucosa, mucosa, and muscularis externa are deeper layers of the GI tract. The submucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands, while the mucosa is responsible for secretion and absorption. The muscularis externa is responsible for the movement and propulsion of food through the digestive tract.

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74. Blood tye is determined by:

Explanation

Blood type is determined by the presence of glycoproteins (antigens) on the surface of erythrocytes. These antigens are specific to each blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and help the immune system recognize and differentiate between different blood types. The presence or absence of these antigens determines an individual's blood type. The other options mentioned in the question, such as glycoproteins in the plasma or antibodies present on the surface of erythrocytes or in the plasma, are not directly responsible for determining blood type.

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75. Which of the following is not a factor in target cell activation by a hormone?

Explanation

The type of hormone is not a factor in target cell activation by a hormone. The activation of target cells by hormones depends on various factors such as the number of receptors for the hormone, blood levels of the hormone, and the bond affinity between the receptors and hormone. However, the type of hormone itself does not play a direct role in the activation process. Different types of hormones may have different effects on target cells, but this is determined by the specific receptors and signaling pathways involved, rather than the type of hormone itself.

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76. In order for inactive B cells to become activated, what must happen first?

Explanation

In order for inactive B cells to become activated, a specific antigen must bind to the surface receptors on the inactive B cell membrane. This binding triggers a series of events that lead to the activation of the B cell, including the production of antibodies and the proliferation of B cells to mount an immune response against the antigen. The antigen binding to the B cell receptors is a crucial step in initiating the immune response.

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77. Peripheral resistance ________.

Explanation

Peripheral resistance refers to the resistance encountered by blood flow in the blood vessels. It is influenced by several factors, including blood vessel diameter, length of the blood vessel, and blood viscosity. The given answer states that peripheral resistance increases as blood viscosity increases. This is because blood viscosity refers to the thickness or stickiness of the blood, and when it is higher, it becomes more difficult for the blood to flow through the vessels, leading to increased resistance. Therefore, as blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance also increases.

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78. What is not a part of filtrate?

Explanation

Proteins are not a part of the filtrate. Filtrate is the fluid that passes through a filter, such as in the kidneys during the process of urine formation. Glucose, amino acids, and urea are small molecules that can pass through the filtration membrane and become part of the filtrate. However, proteins are large molecules and are usually not filtered out by the kidneys. Therefore, they are not present in the filtrate.

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79. ADH increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule with decreased urine volume.

Explanation

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, plays a crucial role in regulating the water balance in the body. When ADH is released, it acts on the distal convoluted tubule in the kidneys, increasing its permeability to water. This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream, leading to a decrease in urine volume. Therefore, the statement that ADH increases permeability of the distal convoluted tubule with decreased urine volume is true.

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80. Which is not a phase of gastric secretion?

Explanation

The larynx is not a phase of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion refers to the production and release of gastric juice in the stomach, which aids in digestion. The phases of gastric secretion include the cephalic phase (which occurs before food enters the stomach and involves the sight, smell, and taste of food), the gastric phase (which occurs when food enters the stomach and involves the release of gastric juice), and the intestinal phase (which occurs in the small intestine and involves the inhibition of gastric secretion). The larynx, on the other hand, is a part of the respiratory system and is not involved in the process of gastric secretion.

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81. The enzymatic breakdown of food molecule is hydrolysis.

Explanation

The enzymatic breakdown of food molecules refers to the process of breaking down large complex molecules into smaller components with the help of enzymes. This process is known as hydrolysis, where water molecules are used to break the chemical bonds in the food molecules. Therefore, the statement "The enzymatic breakdown of food molecule is hydrolysis" is true, as hydrolysis is the correct term for this process.

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82. The tissue lines the trachea

Explanation

The tissue that lines the trachea is pseudostratified columnar epithelium. This type of tissue is characterized by cells that appear to be layered but are actually all in contact with the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the respiratory tract and contains cilia, which help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways. This tissue is well-suited for its function in the trachea as it provides protection and helps to keep the airways clear.

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83. Which of the following would not be found in a "blue bloater"?

Explanation

In a "blue bloater," which refers to a person with chronic bronchitis, weight loss would not be found. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by symptoms such as cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen), right-sided heart failure (due to the strain on the heart caused by chronic lung disease), and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs). However, weight loss is not a typical feature of chronic bronchitis.

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84. Which is responsible for removing bacteria and worn out cells?

Explanation

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85. Type II diabetes is not an autoimmune disorder

Explanation

Type II diabetes is not an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. In the case of type II diabetes, it is primarily caused by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin. While the immune system may play a role in the development of type II diabetes, it is not considered an autoimmune disorder.

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86. Most amino acid based hormones exert their effects through intracellular?

Explanation

Amino acid-based hormones typically bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. Once the hormone is bound to its receptor, it triggers a cascade of events within the cell, resulting in the production of second messengers. These second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions, then transmit the signal to various intracellular targets, ultimately leading to the desired physiological response. Therefore, the correct answer is second messengers.

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87. Gluconeoenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______.

Explanation

Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol. Cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver. It promotes the breakdown of proteins and fats, releasing amino acids and glycerol, which can be used to produce glucose. Therefore, cortisol is responsible for the occurrence of gluconeogenesis in the liver.

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88. The P wave of a normal ekg indicates _______.

Explanation

The correct answer is atrial depolarization. The P wave on an EKG represents the electrical activity that occurs when the atria depolarize and contract. It is the first wave in the cardiac cycle and indicates the initiation of the electrical impulse that causes the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles.

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89. The hormone ____________ helps maintain plasma calcium levels, keeping it from falling too low;

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone helps maintain plasma calcium levels by increasing the release of calcium from the bones, increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines, and reducing the excretion of calcium by the kidneys. This hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, which are located in the neck. It acts in opposition to calcitonin, another hormone involved in calcium regulation, which helps lower plasma calcium levels.

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90. Which of the following occurs during infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Explanation

During infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths. This occurs because the surfactant, which is responsible for reducing surface tension in the alveoli, is deficient or not yet produced in sufficient quantities. As a result, the alveoli collapse during exhalation, making it difficult for the baby to fully inflate them during the next breath. This leads to decreased oxygen exchange and respiratory distress.

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91. The movement of air  into and out of the lungs is called:

Explanation

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of air moving into and out of the lungs. This involves the inhalation of oxygen-rich air and the exhalation of carbon dioxide. It is an essential process for gas exchange in the respiratory system, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be removed from the body. Pulmonary ventilation is necessary for the proper functioning of the respiratory system and ensuring a constant supply of oxygen for cellular respiration.

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92. Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium is called _________.

Explanation

Angina Pectoris is the correct answer because it refers to thoracic pain caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle. It is typically caused by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. This condition is often triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin medication. Unlike a heart attack or myocardial infarction, angina does not result in permanent damage to the heart muscle. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, and is not specifically related to blood delivery deficiency.

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93. During the period of ventricular filling _________.

Explanation

During the period of ventricular filling, blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles. This is because the atria are in diastole, which means they are relaxed and able to receive blood from the veins. The AV valves are also open during this time, allowing the blood to flow freely into the ventricles. The P wave on the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which occurs slightly before ventricular filling. The pressure in the heart is not at its peak during ventricular filling, as it is highest during ventricular contraction.

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94. Which is edema not caused by?

Explanation

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is not a direct cause of edema. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues, usually caused by factors such as liver disease (hepatitis), blocked lymph vessels, or kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis). While hypertension can contribute to the development of edema indirectly by causing damage to the blood vessels and impairing fluid balance, it is not a direct cause of edema.

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95. Non-electrolytes dissociate in water.

Explanation

Non-electrolytes do not dissociate in water. Non-electrolytes are substances that do not conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions because they do not dissociate into ions. Examples of non-electrolytes include sugar, alcohol, and organic compounds. In contrast, electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, allowing them to conduct electricity.

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96. The hormone that maintains plasma calcium is.

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that maintains plasma calcium levels. It is produced by the parathyroid glands and acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood. When blood calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone is released, which stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and enhances calcium absorption in the intestines. This helps to maintain the necessary levels of calcium in the blood for various physiological functions.

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97. Which controlls all events of absorptive state?

Explanation

Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. During the absorptive state, when nutrients are being absorbed from the digestive system, insulin is responsible for controlling the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. It promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids for storage as adipose tissue. Therefore, insulin plays a crucial role in controlling all events of the absorptive state by regulating glucose levels and facilitating the storage of nutrients.

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98. Of the following, which is not a steroid based hormone?

Explanation

Epinephrine is not a steroid-based hormone because it is a catecholamine hormone, also known as adrenaline. Unlike steroid hormones, which are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble, epinephrine is a water-soluble hormone derived from the amino acid tyrosine. It acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone, primarily involved in the body's response to stress, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, include aldosterone, estrogen, and cortisone, which are derived from cholesterol and have various functions in the body.

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99. All of the following are parts of the Non-specific Immune system EXCEPT:

Explanation

Memory B cells are not part of the non-specific immune system. The non-specific immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and does not involve memory cells. Memory B cells are part of the specific immune system and are responsible for the adaptive immune response, which occurs after the initial exposure to a pathogen. They are involved in the production of specific antibodies to target and eliminate the pathogen upon re-exposure.

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100. These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.

Explanation

Pyrogens are molecules secreted by leukocytes and macrophages that can cause fever. When pyrogens are released into the body, they act on the hypothalamus in the brain, causing it to raise the body's temperature set point. This leads to an increase in body temperature, resulting in fever. Pyrogens can be produced by the body in response to infection or inflammation, or they can be introduced from external sources such as certain bacteria or viruses. Overall, pyrogens play a crucial role in the immune response by helping to mobilize the body's defenses against infection.

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101. Which create intrinsic factor?

Explanation

Parietal cells are responsible for producing intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a protein that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It is produced in the stomach and binds to vitamin B12, allowing it to be absorbed by the body. Parietal cells also produce hydrochloric acid, which helps in the breakdown of food and kills bacteria in the stomach.

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102. Which is a distributing vessel?

Explanation

Muscular arteries are considered distributing vessels because they have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls. This allows them to regulate blood flow by constricting or dilating, thereby controlling the distribution of blood to different organs and tissues. Elastic arteries, on the other hand, are known as conducting vessels as they have a large amount of elastic fibers in their walls, which helps them to maintain blood pressure and smooth out the pulsations of blood flow. Venules and capillaries are not distributing vessels, as venules collect blood from capillaries and capillaries are responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissues.

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103. Part of the immune system that is non-specific, numerous, and first responders is ___________.

Explanation

Neutrophils are part of the immune system that is non-specific, numerous, and first responders. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the innate immune response. Neutrophils are known for their ability to quickly migrate to sites of infection or inflammation and engulf and destroy pathogens. They are highly abundant in the body and are among the first immune cells to arrive at the site of infection. Therefore, neutrophils fit the description of being non-specific, numerous, and first responders in the immune system.

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104. Fever is not regulated by chemicals to reset the body to a higher temperature

Explanation

The statement "fever is not regulated by chemicals to reset the body to a higher temperature" is false. Fever is actually regulated by chemicals in the body, specifically pyrogens, which are released in response to an infection or illness. These pyrogens signal the hypothalamus in the brain to increase the body's temperature, resulting in a fever. This elevated body temperature helps to activate the immune system and fight off the infection.

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105. T lymphocytes become immunocompetent by:

Explanation

Thymic hormones are responsible for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, making them immunocompetent. The thymus gland produces these hormones, which play a crucial role in the differentiation and selection of T cells. Through a complex process, thymic hormones help T cells acquire the ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens, thus contributing to the overall immune response. The other options, such as lymphoid organs, spleen, and mucous membranes, are important components of the immune system, but they do not directly contribute to the development of immunocompetence in T lymphocytes.

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106. Hyposecretion of ADH would result in _________.

Explanation

Hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) would result in an increased urine production and decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys. This can lead to excessive thirst and dehydration, which are symptoms commonly associated with Type I diabetes. In Type I diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels and increased urine production. Therefore, the hyposecretion of ADH can contribute to the symptoms of Type I diabetes.

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107. Which hormone do you expect to target most cells of the body?

Explanation

Thyroxin is the correct answer because it is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of cells in the body. It affects almost all cells and tissues, including the brain, heart, liver, and muscles. Thyroxin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's energy levels, growth, and development. It is involved in controlling the body's temperature, heart rate, and digestion. Therefore, it is expected to target most cells of the body.

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108. Most of the control of the endocrine system comes from/

Explanation

The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling the endocrine system. It acts as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus produces and releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which then controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands in the body. This makes the hypothalamus a key player in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.

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109. To auscultate the aortic semiunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the __________.

Explanation

The aortic semilunar valve is located in the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum. This is the correct placement for auscultation of this valve.

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110. Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity:

Explanation

Active and passive humoral immunity are both adaptive immunities that use antibodies. Active immunity occurs when the body's immune system is stimulated to produce its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. This results in the development of memory cells, which provide long-term protection against future infections. Passive immunity, on the other hand, involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another organism, providing immediate but temporary protection. Both types of immunity utilize antibodies to recognize and neutralize pathogens, but active immunity involves the body's own immune response, while passive immunity relies on pre-formed antibodies.

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111. The first heart sound is associated with

Explanation

The first heart sound is associated with the QRS complex of the ECG. The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which occurs just before the ventricles contract and the semilunar valves close. The closure of the semilunar valves produces the first heart sound, known as "lub." Therefore, the first heart sound is directly related to the QRS complex of the ECG.

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112. Which of the following are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air?

Explanation

Vibrissae are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air. They act as a physical barrier, trapping these particles and preventing them from entering further into the respiratory system. The other options, cilia, alveoli, and microvilli, do not perform this specific function of filtering coarse particles from inspired air.

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113. Which of the following controls the respiratory rate?

Explanation

The medulla controls the respiratory rate. It is a part of the brainstem that regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla contains specialized cells called respiratory centers that receive information from sensors in the body and adjust the rate and depth of breathing accordingly. It sends signals to the muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to control the respiratory rate and ensure the body receives enough oxygen and removes carbon dioxide efficiently.

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114. Which of the following non-respiratory movements is caused by irritation of the diaphragm?

Explanation

Hiccups are non-respiratory movements that are caused by irritation of the diaphragm. When the diaphragm becomes irritated, it contracts involuntarily, causing a sudden intake of breath followed by the closure of the vocal cords, producing the characteristic "hic" sound. This irritation can be caused by various factors such as eating too quickly, swallowing air, or consuming certain foods or drinks. Hiccups usually resolve on their own, but persistent or chronic hiccups may require medical intervention.

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115. Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

Explanation

Epinephrine is the correct answer because it is the hormone released by the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing and releasing epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, into the bloodstream. Epinephrine plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. It also helps to regulate the body's fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for physical activity or emergency situations.

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116. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to?

Explanation

Both cortisol and glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver. Cortisol increases the production of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, such as glucose-6-phosphatase, while glucagon activates the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is also involved in gluconeogenesis. Therefore, the correct answer is both cortisol and glucagon.

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117. Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?

Explanation

The respiratory system is responsible for multiple functional processes, including pulmonary respiration, pulmonary ventilation, and external respiration. These processes involve the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the respiratory system and the bloodstream or the external environment. However, the transport of respiratory gases is not a direct functional process performed by the respiratory system. Instead, this task is primarily carried out by the circulatory system, specifically the cardiovascular system, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removes carbon dioxide for elimination.

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118. Part of the nonspecific immune system is NOT:

Explanation

Memory B cells are not part of the nonspecific immune system because they are a specialized type of B cell that is involved in the specific immune response. Nonspecific immune responses are the first line of defense against pathogens and do not involve the recognition of specific antigens. Memory B cells, on the other hand, are formed during an immune response and are responsible for the rapid and specific response to subsequent infections by the same pathogen. They are part of the adaptive immune system, which is distinct from the nonspecific immune system.

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119. Cell mediated immunity:

Explanation

Cell-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the activation and participation of T cells. These specialized white blood cells play a crucial role in recognizing and destroying infected or abnormal cells directly. Unlike antibody-mediated immunity, which relies on the production of antibodies by B cells, cell-mediated immunity does not produce antibodies. Instead, T cells directly interact with infected cells or foreign substances, releasing chemicals that activate other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate the threat. Additionally, natural killer (NK) cells, another type of immune cell, are also involved in cell-mediated immunity, further enhancing the immune response against pathogens or abnormal cells.

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120. Which of the choices below is not a factor that promots oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemogobin?

Explanation

The number of red blood cells is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin is mainly influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen, which determines the concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse into the red blood cells. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide also affects oxygen binding, as it can compete with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin. Additionally, temperature can affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. However, the number of red blood cells does not directly impact the binding and dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.

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121. Select the correct statement about oxygen trasport in blood:

Explanation

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. During increased physical activity, the body's oxygen demand is higher, resulting in a faster rate of oxygen consumption. This leads to a lower oxygen saturation level in the blood returning to the lungs. Therefore, a 50% oxygen saturation level suggests that the blood has delivered a significant amount of oxygen to tissues, indicating a higher activity level than normal.

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122. Lymph system does not deliver lymph to kidneys for filtration

Explanation

The lymph system does not deliver lymph to the kidneys for filtration. The lymphatic system is responsible for collecting and transporting lymph, a fluid that contains waste products, pathogens, and excess fluid, away from tissues and towards the bloodstream. The kidneys, on the other hand, are responsible for filtering the blood and removing waste products and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine. The lymph and urinary systems are separate and do not directly interact with each other for filtration purposes. Therefore, the statement is true.

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123. The pulse pressure is _______.

Explanation

Pulse pressure is defined as the difference between systolic pressure (the highest pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle) and diastolic pressure (the lowest pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle). Therefore, the correct answer is "systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure."

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124. Which is not a function of stomach acid?

Explanation

Stomach acid performs several functions, including altering pH, denaturing pathogens, and activating pepsinogen. However, chemical digestion of proteins is not a function of stomach acid. Instead, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides and amino acids by the enzyme pepsin, which is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach.

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125. The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses

Explanation

The given statement is false. The respiratory zone is not composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses. The respiratory zone refers to the region of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs, and it includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The trachea and paranasal sinuses are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system, which helps to warm, filter, and humidify the air before it reaches the respiratory zone.

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126. The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the:

Explanation

The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing. It covers the opening to the larynx, known as the glottis, and directs the food and liquid towards the esophagus. The thyroid cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, and cricoid cartilage are also cartilages in the larynx, but they do not specifically shield the opening during swallowing like the epiglottis does.

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127. Redness and heat from hyperemia caused by:

Explanation

Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow to a specific area. In the context of the question, vasodilation would cause redness and heat from hyperemia. When blood vessels dilate, more blood is able to flow through them, leading to increased blood flow and subsequent redness and heat in the affected area.

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128. Water volume is closely tied to ______________.

Explanation

Water volume is closely tied to sodium levels in the body. Sodium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate the balance of fluids in the body, including the amount of water in the cells and tissues. When sodium levels are high, water is retained in the body, leading to an increase in water volume. Conversely, when sodium levels are low, water is excreted from the body, resulting in a decrease in water volume. Therefore, sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's water balance.

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129. When T cells become activated by binding to a macrophage or virus-infected cell, they begin to divide many times and differentiate into several cell types.  Which of these cell types is directly involved in tracking down and destroying pathogens?

Explanation

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are directly involved in tracking down and destroying pathogens. These cells recognize and bind to infected cells displaying antigens on their surface, and then release toxic substances to kill the infected cells. Cytotoxic T cells play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections and certain types of cancer. They are able to identify and eliminate cells that have been infected or transformed, thereby helping to eliminate pathogens from the body.

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130. Which secreated pepsin?

Explanation

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsinogen is then activated by the acidic environment in the stomach, converting it into pepsin. Pepsin plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides. Therefore, the correct answer is Chief Cells.

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131. A subunit of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of _____ oxygen molecules.

Explanation

A subunit of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of one oxygen molecule. This is because each subunit of hemoglobin contains a heme group, which can bind to one oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, so it can bind a total of four oxygen molecules.

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132. Which of the following non-respiratory movements would ventilate all of the alveoli?

Explanation

Yawning is the correct answer because it is a deep inhalation followed by a long exhalation, which helps to fully inflate and ventilate all of the alveoli in the lungs. Sneezing, crying, and hiccups do not involve the same deep inhalation and exhalation pattern as yawning, so they would not ventilate all of the alveoli effectively.

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133. Immune response that has a lag period while B cells proliferate:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Primary". The immune response that has a lag period while B cells proliferate is known as the primary immune response. During the primary immune response, B cells are activated and undergo proliferation to produce more B cells that can recognize and bind to specific antigens. This process takes some time, resulting in a lag period before the immune response becomes fully effective.

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134. What is happening between the first and second heart sound?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Ventricles are emptying." During the time between the first and second heart sound, the ventricles are undergoing systole, which is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. This contraction causes the blood to be pumped out of the ventricles and into the arteries, leading to the emptying of the ventricles.

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135. Which of the following is true about veins?

Explanation

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs because they have the ability to expand and hold a large volume of blood. This allows them to store blood and act as a reservoir, which can be quickly mobilized when needed, such as during exercise or in times of low blood pressure. This property of veins helps regulate blood flow and maintain proper circulation throughout the body.

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136. Steroid hormones exert their action by?

Explanation

Steroid hormones are able to exert their action by entering a target cell and binding to a cytoplasmic receptor. Once bound to the receptor, the hormone-receptor complex is able to enter the nucleus of the cell. Inside the nucleus, the complex can then interact with specific genes, altering their function and ultimately leading to changes in protein synthesis. This process allows steroid hormones to have a direct effect on gene expression and regulate various biological processes in the body.

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137. Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

Explanation

Blood pH adjustment is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. External respiration occurs in the lungs, where oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration takes place at the cellular level, where oxygen is used by the cells for energy production and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. Blood pH adjustment, on the other hand, is a regulatory mechanism that ensures the blood pH remains within a narrow range to maintain normal physiological functions, but it is not directly involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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138. Which of the following yields calories per gram?

Explanation

Fats yield calories per gram. Fats are a type of nutrient that provides the body with energy. They are the most concentrated source of energy, providing 9 calories per gram, compared to proteins and carbohydrates which provide 4 calories per gram. Fats are essential for the absorption of certain vitamins, insulation and protection of organs, and hormone production. They also play a role in providing flavor and texture to foods.

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139. The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is called _______.

Explanation

The correct answer is Epicardium. The question asks for the name of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. The visceral layer is the innermost layer of the pericardium and it covers the surface of the heart. It is also known as the epicardium. The myocardium refers to the middle layer of the heart wall, the endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, and the pericardium is the double-layered sac that surrounds the heart.

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140. _____________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip.

Explanation

Rhinitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which is the lining of the nose. This condition is characterized by symptoms such as excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip. Laryngitis refers to inflammation of the larynx, the common cold is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system, and sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses. Only rhinitis specifically describes the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by the mentioned symptoms.

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141. The _______________ are the site of gas exchange within the lungs.

Explanation

The alveoli are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. These small, balloon-like structures are located at the end of the respiratory bronchioles and are surrounded by a network of capillaries. Oxygen from the air enters the alveoli and diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange of gases is essential for the body to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, allowing for proper respiratory function.

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142. The ______________ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs.

Explanation

The stroma is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs. It provides support and structure to the lung tissue, allowing it to expand and contract during breathing. The stroma also contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that help with the exchange of gases and removal of waste products.

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143. ____________, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged.

Explanation

Atelectasis, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged. This can happen due to various reasons such as mucus buildup, a foreign object blocking the airway, or compression of the lung tissue. When a bronchiole is blocked, air cannot reach the alveoli, causing them to collapse. This leads to a decrease in lung function and can result in symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment for atelectasis involves removing the blockage and re-expanding the collapsed lung tissue.

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144. Both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells kill cancer cells but not virus cells

Explanation

Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are both part of the immune system and are capable of killing cancer cells. However, they are also capable of killing virus-infected cells. Therefore, the statement that cytotoxic T cells and NK cells only kill cancer cells and not virus cells is incorrect.

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145. With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)_______.

Explanation

The Bohr effect refers to the phenomenon where an increase in acidity (decrease in pH) weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, causing more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin. This is because a decrease in pH promotes the release of oxygen in tissues with a higher metabolic rate, where there is an increased production of carbon dioxide and a subsequent decrease in pH. This allows for a more efficient delivery of oxygen to these tissues.

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146. Th tricuspid valve is closed _________.

Explanation

The tricuspid valve is closed when the ventricle is in systole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. The closure of the tricuspid valve prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart.

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147. The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.

Explanation

Muscular arteries are the correct answer because they are responsible for distributing blood from the elastic arteries to specific organs and tissues. These arteries have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls, which allows them to constrict and dilate to regulate blood flow. Arterioles are smaller branches of muscular arteries, while elastic arteries are larger vessels that help maintain blood pressure. Capillaries, on the other hand, are the smallest blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues.

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148. Select the correct statement about blood flow.

Explanation

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output because the cardiac output represents the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and this blood is distributed throughout the entire vascular system. Therefore, the blood flow in the vascular system is directly proportional to the cardiac output.

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149. Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered?

Explanation

Histoxic hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use oxygen (O2) even though adequate amounts are delivered. This can be due to the impairment or damage of the cells' ability to utilize oxygen, such as in cases of poisoning or certain medical conditions. Anemic hypoxia, on the other hand, is caused by a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, hypoxemic hypoxia is caused by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood, and ischemic hypoxia is caused by a decrease in blood flow to tissues.

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150. Agglutination antibodies are found in class:

Explanation

Agglutination antibodies are found in class IgM. Agglutination is the clumping together of particles, such as bacteria or red blood cells, by antibodies. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced in response to an infection or antigen exposure. They are large and pentameric in structure, allowing them to efficiently bind to multiple antigens and form clumps. This clumping helps to immobilize and neutralize the pathogens, aiding in their clearance from the body. IgM antibodies are primarily found in the bloodstream and play a crucial role in the early stages of the immune response.

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151. Select the correct statemen about factors that influence blood pressure.

Explanation

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase because an increase in the number of red blood cells leads to an increase in blood viscosity. This increased viscosity makes it harder for blood to flow through the blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood pressure.

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152. Graves disease can result in all of these symptoms except?

Explanation

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. This leads to symptoms such as higher body temperature, higher blood pressure, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes). However, it does not cause a lower metabolic rate. In fact, Graves disease is associated with an increased metabolic rate due to the excess production of thyroid hormones.

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153. Which of the following statements best defines Cell-mediated immunity?

Explanation

Cell-mediated immunity refers to the part of the specific immune system that involves T-cells. T-cells play a crucial role in recognizing and destroying infected cells and activating other immune cells. This type of immunity is different from antibody-mediated immunity, which involves the production of antibodies by B-cells. Cell-mediated immunity is important for defending against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria, as well as for controlling the growth of cancer cells.

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154. Which enzyme digests proteins?

Explanation

Trypsin is an enzyme that is responsible for digesting proteins. It is produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestine, where it helps break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. Trypsin works by cleaving peptide bonds between specific amino acids, facilitating the digestion and absorption of proteins in the body.

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155. Which of the following is not involved in respiration?

Explanation

External Ventilation is not involved in respiration because it refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs, which is a part of the respiratory system. The other options, Pulmonary Ventilation, Pulmonary Respiration, and Internal Respiration, are all processes that are directly involved in respiration. Pulmonary Ventilation refers to the process of breathing, where air is inhaled and exhaled. Pulmonary Respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. Internal Respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body tissues.

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156. Adaptive immunity is NOT:

Explanation

Adaptive immunity is not specific to an organ because it is a systemic response that involves the entire body. It is a highly specific immune response that targets specific antigens, but it is not limited to a particular organ. Instead, adaptive immunity involves the coordinated action of various immune cells and molecules throughout the body to eliminate pathogens and provide long-term protection.

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157. How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

Explanation

The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells. This process occurs through the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the red blood cells, which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are transported out of the red blood cells into the plasma, where they act as the primary form of carbon dioxide transport. This mechanism allows for efficient removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues and its transport to the lungs for elimination.

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158. Aldosterone will _________.

Explanation

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a role in regulating blood pressure. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to an increase in blood volume. With an increase in blood volume, there is an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, aldosterone promotes an increase in blood pressure.

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159. Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the?

Explanation

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are both produced in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including the production and release of hormones. Oxytocin is involved in various reproductive functions, such as childbirth and breastfeeding, as well as social bonding and trust. ADH, on the other hand, helps in regulating the body's water balance by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Both of these hormones are then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, where they are released into the bloodstream when needed.

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160. An inhibitory event of gastric phase of secretion?

Explanation

A decrease in pH below 2 can act as an inhibitory event of the gastric phase of secretion. The stomach secretes gastric acid to aid in digestion, but if the pH drops below 2, it indicates that there is already enough acid present in the stomach. In response to this low pH, the stomach can inhibit further acid secretion to prevent excessive acidity. This mechanism helps maintain the balance of acid production in the stomach and prevents potential harm to the digestive system.

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161. The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called ___________________.

Explanation

Hyperpnea refers to an increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs. It is a physiological response that occurs during exercise or in situations where there is an increased demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. During hyperpnea, the depth and rate of breathing increase to meet the body's increased oxygen requirements and to eliminate the buildup of carbon dioxide. This helps to maintain homeostasis and ensure that the body's metabolic needs are met.

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162. Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

Explanation

Rising blood pressure is not a stimulus for breathing. Breathing is primarily regulated by the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, as well as the pH level. When carbon dioxide levels rise or arterial pH is affected by CO2 retention, it triggers the respiratory system to increase breathing rate and depth. Similarly, when arterial pO2 falls below 60 mmHg, it stimulates the respiratory system to increase ventilation. However, rising blood pressure does not directly influence the respiratory system and is not a stimulus for breathing.

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163. Collections of lymphoid tissue (MALT) that guard mucosal surfaces include all the following, except:

Explanation

The Thymus is not a collection of lymphoid tissue that guards mucosal surfaces. It is a primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature. The other options listed, lymphoid nodules in the wall of the bronchi, tonsils, and Peyer's patches, are all examples of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) that help protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.

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164. Internal respiration is involved with which system?

Explanation

Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the systemic capillaries and the body's tissues. It occurs in the systemic system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and organs throughout the body. This process allows oxygen to be delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide to be removed from the cells, supporting cellular respiration and overall body function. Therefore, the correct answer is systemic.

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165. Adaptive immunity is only provided by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies:

Explanation

Adaptive immunity is a specific and highly specialized defense mechanism that is mediated by lymphocytes, particularly B cells and T cells. These lymphocytes produce and secrete antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, which play a crucial role in targeting and neutralizing specific pathogens. Antibodies are produced in response to the presence of antigens, which are foreign substances that trigger an immune response. Therefore, it can be concluded that adaptive immunity is indeed only provided by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.

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166. The liver does not ___________.

Explanation

The liver is responsible for producing bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. It also has four lobes, which are the left lobe, right lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. Additionally, the liver plays a role in storing fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K. However, the liver does not produce digestive enzymes. These enzymes are primarily produced by the pancreas and are essential for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the digestive system.

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167. Loading and unloading of O2 by hemoglobin is regulated by:

Explanation

The loading and unloading of O2 by hemoglobin is regulated by temperature. As temperature increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases, allowing for easier unloading of oxygen to the tissues. Conversely, as temperature decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases, facilitating the loading of oxygen in the lungs. This temperature-dependent regulation ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to the tissues in response to their metabolic needs.

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168. Plasma cells are responsible for "remembering" what a pathogen looks like.

Explanation

Plasma cells are not responsible for "remembering" what a pathogen looks like. Instead, memory cells, a type of white blood cell, are responsible for remembering the pathogen and producing a rapid immune response upon re-infection. Plasma cells, on the other hand, are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies to fight off the pathogen.

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169. Which result in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

Explanation

Aldosterone is a hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure. When blood pressure decreases, it signals the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure by promoting reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, which increases blood volume and subsequently raises blood pressure. Therefore, decreased blood pressure is the most likely cause for the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

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170. Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:

Explanation

B lymphocytes, also known as B cells, develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow, not the thymus. The bone marrow is the primary site of B cell development and maturation. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. In contrast, T lymphocytes, or T cells, do develop immunocompetence in the thymus. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and help regulate the immune response. NK cells, or natural killer cells, do not develop immunocompetence in the thymus or bone marrow but are instead derived from the common lymphoid progenitor cells.

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171. Please match the following:
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Emulsification is the breakdown of fats into smaller units.
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture...
T cells that track down and destroy pathogens are cytotoxic T...
Lymphoid tissue found as a mucosal swelling in the oral cavity is the...
Which of the following type of white blood cells kills parasitic...
Which is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells...
The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times...
What would happen to cells with dehydration?
The peritoneal membrane that holds the digestive tract in place is...
Which tunic of an arter is most responsible for maintaining blood...
Permitting the exchange of nutriens and gases beween the blood and...
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors...
Hyposecretion of GH would result in ______.
Suckling and breast feeding have a positive feedback effect on the...
2 lymph vessels that return lymph to bloodstream:
A "helper" T-cell is distinguished by a protein on its...
Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid,...
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is:
AIDS is caused by a virus that infects helper T (CD4) cells
A transfusion reaction is a hypersensitivity to nonself on RBCs
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
The 2 major lymphatic vessels that return lymph to the bloodstream are...
Which of the following types of white blood cells release histamine...
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2...
Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli.
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to _______.
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
The _________________ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds,...
Insulin is released from alpha cells in pancreas.
When red blood cells are intially released from the bone marrow, they...
The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood...
Fenestated capillaries _______.
The dietary mineral ____________ is necessary for thyroid's...
The non-specific phagocytic leukocytes which are very mobile, most...
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the:
The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the
Abnorml hemoglobin resulting from a change in jut one of the 146 amino...
MHC Cells _________________.
Lymph does not contain
The velocity of blood flow is _________.
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas...
Which of the following BEST summarizes the main functions of the lymph...
The JGA is responsible for releasing renin and controlling Blood...
The location of the hunger/thirst/fullness center of the CNS is...
Factors that aid venous return include all except _________.
Which is a function of bile?
Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat...
Air moves into the lungs because:
In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is
Which of the following contains erythrocytes
Which of the disorders is characterized by destruction of the walls of...
The storage of bile is in __________.
Cardiac output is:
Which condition results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone in...
Insulin is released from?
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between...
Which of the following lists some of the major components of the...
Active artifically acquired immunity is a result of:
Digestion and absorption of most nutrients is in the _____________.
Reactions which enzymes split molecules into smaller building blocks...
B cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Diapedesis is when:
The two lungs differ in shape and size.
What is the most abundant in extracellular fluid?
The small intestine absorbs proteins and carbs into blood capillaries...
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy...
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive...
If renal clearace of glucose is zero, then ___________.
Which of the following lists the regions of the pharynx, from superior...
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to...
Decreased insulin in the pancreas does not increase glucose converting...
Which is the superficial layer of the GI tract?
Blood tye is determined by:
Which of the following is not a factor in target cell activation by a...
In order for inactive B cells to become activated, what must happen...
Peripheral resistance ________.
What is not a part of filtrate?
ADH increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule with decreased...
Which is not a phase of gastric secretion?
The enzymatic breakdown of food molecule is hydrolysis.
The tissue lines the trachea
Which of the following would not be found in a "blue...
Which is responsible for removing bacteria and worn out cells?
Type II diabetes is not an autoimmune disorder
Most amino acid based hormones exert their effects through...
Gluconeoenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______.
The P wave of a normal ekg indicates _______.
The hormone ____________ helps maintain plasma calcium levels, keeping...
Which of the following occurs during infant respiratory distress...
The movement of air  into and out of the lungs is called:
Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the...
During the period of ventricular filling _________.
Which is edema not caused by?
Non-electrolytes dissociate in water.
The hormone that maintains plasma calcium is.
Which controlls all events of absorptive state?
Of the following, which is not a steroid based hormone?
All of the following are parts of the Non-specific Immune system...
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result...
Which create intrinsic factor?
Which is a distributing vessel?
Part of the immune system that is non-specific, numerous, and first...
Fever is not regulated by chemicals to reset the body to a higher...
T lymphocytes become immunocompetent by:
Hyposecretion of ADH would result in _________.
Which hormone do you expect to target most cells of the body?
Most of the control of the endocrine system comes from/
To auscultate the aortic semiunar valve, you would place your...
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity:
The first heart sound is associated with
Which of the following are the hairs within the nasal cavity that...
Which of the following controls the respiratory rate?
Which of the following non-respiratory movements is caused by...
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to?
Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by...
Part of the nonspecific immune system is NOT:
Cell mediated immunity:
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promots oxygen binding...
Select the correct statement about oxygen trasport in blood:
Lymph system does not deliver lymph to kidneys for filtration
The pulse pressure is _______.
Which is not a function of stomach acid?
The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal...
The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during...
Redness and heat from hyperemia caused by:
Water volume is closely tied to ______________.
When T cells become activated by binding to a macrophage or...
Which secreated pepsin?
A subunit of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of _____ oxygen molecules.
Which of the following non-respiratory movements would ventilate all...
Immune response that has a lag period while B cells proliferate:
What is happening between the first and second heart sound?
Which of the following is true about veins?
Steroid hormones exert their action by?
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body...
Which of the following yields calories per gram?
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is called _______.
_____________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by...
The _______________ are the site of gas exchange within the lungs.
The ______________ is the elastic connective tissue found within the...
____________, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs...
Both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells kill cancer...
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)_______.
Th tricuspid valve is closed _________.
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the...
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even...
Agglutination antibodies are found in class:
Select the correct statemen about factors that influence blood...
Graves disease can result in all of these symptoms except?
Which of the following statements best defines Cell-mediated immunity?
Which enzyme digests proteins?
Which of the following is not involved in respiration?
Adaptive immunity is NOT:
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
Aldosterone will _________.
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the?
An inhibitory event of gastric phase of secretion?
The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called...
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
Collections of lymphoid tissue (MALT) that guard mucosal surfaces...
Internal respiration is involved with which system?
Adaptive immunity is only provided by lymphocytes that secrete...
The liver does not ___________.
Loading and unloading of O2 by hemoglobin is regulated by:
Plasma cells are responsible for "remembering" what a...
Which result in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:
Please match the following:
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