APHUG (AP Human Geography) Midterm A

Chain migration refers to the process where immigrants establish a new home in a foreign country and then facilitate the immigration of their family members and relatives to join them. In the case of the Hmong tradition, it involves bringing family members to the United States after some family members have already migrated. This practice exemplifies chain migration as it demonstrates the pattern of successive waves of migration driven by existing social networks and connections between migrants and their families.

The opening of a new factory would be considered a migration pull factor because it creates job opportunities and economic growth in the area. People from other regions or countries may be attracted to migrate to the location where the factory is opening in order to find employment and improve their living conditions. This event acts as a positive incentive for migration, as it offers the prospect of better economic prospects and a higher standard of living.

Universalizing religions are religions that aim to attract all people to their beliefs, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background. Unlike ethnic religions, which are closely tied to a specific ethnic group or region, universalizing religions seek to spread their teachings and convert followers from all over the world. Examples of universalizing religions include Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. These religions often have a missionary focus and actively seek to expand their influence and attract new followers.

Christianity is the largest universalizing religion in the world today because it has the highest number of followers worldwide. With over 2.3 billion adherents, Christianity has a significant global presence and is practiced in almost every country. It originated from the teachings of Jesus Christ and spread through missionary work and colonization. Christianity's universal message of salvation and its emphasis on evangelism have contributed to its widespread adoption and growth.

The choice of clothing in Western countries is strongly influenced by a combination of factors including age, knowledge of fashion elsewhere, occupation, and level of income. Age plays a role as different age groups tend to have different fashion preferences. Knowledge of fashion elsewhere influences the adoption of trends from other countries. Occupation can dictate dress codes and influence clothing choices. Level of income affects the affordability and accessibility of certain clothing styles. Therefore, all of these factors collectively shape the clothing choices in Western countries.

Most people migrate for economic reasons. Economic factors such as job opportunities, higher wages, better living conditions, and improved economic prospects are often the main drivers behind migration. People often move to find better economic opportunities and to improve their standard of living for themselves and their families. Economic migration is common in both developed and developing countries, as individuals seek to escape poverty, unemployment, or lack of economic opportunities in their home countries.

Distortion refers to the error of accuracy that occurs in all maps. When representing the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional map, it is impossible to maintain accurate proportions, shapes, distances, and areas of all features simultaneously. This leads to distortions in various aspects of the map, such as the shape of landmasses, the size of countries, or the distance between points. Different map projections attempt to minimize certain types of distortions, but some level of distortion is inevitable in all maps.

In the early 1990s, Germany experienced the merging of East and West Germany to become one country. This process is known as reunification. It involved the integration of the two regions that had been separated by the Berlin Wall for several decades. Reunification brought about political, social, and economic changes as the two regions merged their systems and institutions.

English is the most widely spoken Indo-European language because it is the official language of many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is also widely used as a second language in many other countries. English has become a global language of communication, business, science, and technology, which has contributed to its widespread usage and popularity. Additionally, the historical influence of the British Empire and the United States has played a significant role in the spread of the English language worldwide.

Space-time compression refers to the idea that advancements in transportation and communication technologies have made the world feel smaller and reduced the time it takes to travel and exchange information across long distances. The fact that Christopher Columbus's voyage took 40 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, while a modern ship can do it in less than a week, demonstrates how advancements in technology have compressed the space and time required for long-distance travel.

The demographic equation used to determine natural increase is "Births minus deaths." This equation calculates the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population over a specific period of time. It does not take into account immigration or emigration, as those factors are not directly related to the natural increase of a population.

Net immigration refers to the situation where more people enter a country as immigrants than leave as emigrants. This means that the number of individuals who choose to migrate and settle in the country is higher than the number of individuals who decide to leave and live elsewhere. It indicates a positive balance of immigration, suggesting that the country is attracting more people to come and live within its borders than it is losing to emigration.

OPEC, or the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is the correct answer because it was established in 1960 to control the trade of petroleum production by its members. OPEC is a supranational organization composed of 13 oil-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Venezuela, among others. Its main goal is to coordinate and stabilize oil prices in the global market, ensuring fair and stable returns for member countries. OPEC also plays a significant role in influencing global energy policies and decisions related to oil production and distribution.

Mecca is not associated with Hindu religion. Mecca is a holy city in Islam and is considered the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad. Hinduism, on the other hand, is a different religion with its own set of deities and beliefs. Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu are all prominent deities in Hinduism, while the Caste System is a social structure that is closely associated with Hinduism.

Utah would have relatively low alcohol consumption due to its unique cultural and religious background. The state has a large population of Mormons, who follow a strict code of conduct that prohibits the consumption of alcohol. Additionally, Utah has strict liquor laws and regulations, including lower alcohol content in beverages and limited availability of alcohol in bars and restaurants. These factors contribute to Utah having lower alcohol consumption compared to other states.

Bulgarian is not a Romance language. The Romance languages are derived from Latin and include languages such as Romanian, Portuguese, Italian, and French. Bulgarian, on the other hand, is a South Slavic language and belongs to the Slavic language family. Therefore, it is not considered a Romance language.

Malthus's theory predicted that food production would not be able to keep up with population growth, leading to widespread famine and starvation. However, in the past half-century, actual food production has been much higher than Malthus predicted. This suggests that advancements in agricultural technology, such as the Green Revolution, have allowed for increased food production and the ability to feed a growing population.

A universalizing religion appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations because it is designed to be accessible and relevant to all people, regardless of their geographic location. It seeks to spread its beliefs and teachings to all corners of the world and attract followers from diverse backgrounds. This is in contrast to a religion that is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location or is only monotheistic. It also differs from a religion that is rarely transmitted through missionaries or one that is intentionally developed to be a world religion.

Religious variation is not a centripetal force because it does not promote unity or bring people together. Centripetal forces are typically factors that bind a society or group together, such as a common heritage, language, schools, or a national anthem. However, religious variation can often lead to divisions and conflicts within a society, making it a centrifugal force instead.

The internal cultural difference between England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland would make the definition of United Kingdom (Great Britain) as a nation-state incorrect. This is because a nation-state is typically defined as a political entity where the people share a common culture, language, and history. However, the United Kingdom is made up of four distinct countries with their own unique cultural identities, which makes it more of a multinational state rather than a nation-state.

The delivery area of Pittsburgh Gazette is an example of a functional region because it is defined by the function or purpose it serves, which is the distribution of the newspaper. This region is centered around the newspaper's headquarters and extends to the areas where the newspaper is delivered.

Women in less developed countries are more likely to gain more opportunities outside the home because they have more contact with popular culture. This exposure to popular culture can lead to increased awareness and access to education, job opportunities, and other resources that can empower women to pursue opportunities beyond their traditional roles within the household.

Nashville, Tennessee is considered the hearth of contemporary country music. Nashville is often referred to as the "Music City" and is home to the Grand Ole Opry, a famous country music venue. Many country music artists and songwriters have made Nashville their base, and the city has a rich history and tradition in the genre. Therefore, Nashville, Tennessee is the correct answer for the location of contemporary country music.

In stage 4 of the demographic transition model, a country has a high dependency ratio of old people, meaning that there are more elderly people who are not in the workforce compared to the working-age population. This puts a strain on social security costs, as there are fewer workers contributing to support the elderly population. Therefore, the country would need young workers to help sustain the social security system and alleviate the burden of these costs.

The correct answer is Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, brought about significant advancements in technology, manufacturing, and transportation. These advancements led to increased productivity and economic growth, which in turn led to a population boom. The improved living conditions, access to better nutrition, and medical advancements during this time also contributed to increased life expectancy and population growth. Therefore, the Industrial Revolution is the most plausible explanation for the annual global population growth rate increasing approximately two hundred years ago.

Governments controlled by the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran are classified as theocratic. This is because these governments are based on religious principles and are ruled by religious leaders who hold ultimate authority. Theocratic governments prioritize religious laws and doctrines over secular laws and often enforce strict religious practices. In the case of the Taliban and Ayatollah Khomeini, their rule was based on Islamic principles, making them examples of theocratic governments.

A group of people who occupy a particular area and have a strong sense of unity based on a set of shared beliefs is referred to as a nation. This term encompasses a collective identity and a feeling of belonging among its members, often characterized by a common language, culture, history, and aspirations. Nations can exist within larger political entities or strive for independence as separate sovereign states.

Thomas Malthus, an English economist and demographer, concluded that populations tend to grow exponentially while resources grow at an arithmetic rate. In his influential work "An Essay on the Principle of Population," published in 1798, Malthus argued that if left unchecked, the population would eventually outstrip the available resources, leading to a "Malthusian catastrophe" characterized by famine, disease, and other forms of population control.

During the Cold War, Soviet Satellite States referred to the Eastern European countries that were under the influence or control of the Soviet Union. These states were politically and economically aligned with the USSR. Denmark, however, was not considered a Soviet Satellite State. It was a member of NATO and maintained a democratic government, remaining outside of the Soviet sphere of influence.

The earth completes one revolution in approximately 365 1/4 days. This refers to the movement of the earth around the sun in its orbit. The rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night, while the revolution around the sun causes the change in seasons. Therefore, the correct answer is "one revolution."

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are two supranational organizations primarily focused on economic matters. NAFTA is a trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, aimed at promoting economic integration and reducing trade barriers between the member countries. The World Trade Organization is a global organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations, ensuring that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. Both organizations were established to facilitate economic cooperation and promote international trade, making them primarily economic in origin.

The correct answer is "poorly-defined fuzzy borders which overlap other American culture regions". This is because the borders of the American south, also known as "Dixie," are not clearly defined and can vary depending on different factors such as historical, cultural, and geographical influences. It is a region that overlaps with other American culture regions, making it difficult to pinpoint exact boundaries.

The correct answer is "a population and defined area controlled solely by an organized country." This definition of the political geographic concept of the "state" refers to a specific territory with a population that is governed by a centralized authority. It emphasizes the control and organization of a country over its defined area and population. This definition highlights the sovereignty and autonomy of a state as an independent political entity.

The effects of increasing worldwide use of the Internet, popularity of Hollywood movies, and consumption of other English-language media would be examples of cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the spread and exchange of ideas, beliefs, values, and practices across different cultures through various forms of communication and media. The mentioned examples highlight the global influence of English-language media and the interconnectedness of cultures around the world.

Europe and Asia are primarily divided along a line that extends along the Ural Mountains, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Ural Mountains act as a natural boundary between the two continents, separating the European and Asian landmasses. The Black Sea and Caspian Sea further contribute to the division, as they are large bodies of water that serve as additional markers along this boundary line. Therefore, this line of division accurately represents the geographical separation between Europe and Asia.

The United Nations population conference identified the status of women as the key factor to controlling population growth in the 1990s. This is because empowering women and improving their status leads to increased access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. When women have control over their reproductive choices and are able to make informed decisions about family planning, population growth can be effectively managed. Additionally, addressing gender inequality and promoting women's rights can have positive ripple effects on various social and economic aspects, contributing to sustainable development.

With the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russians have not been dispersed evenly throughout Russia, nor do they live in the Caucasus and Balkans or central Europe. Instead, they are clustered in Russia's western regions.

The correct answer is Makkah, Medinah, Jerusalem. This is because Makkah is considered the holiest city for Muslims as it is the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad and the location of the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam. Medinah is the second holiest city as it is the city where Prophet Muhammad migrated to and established the first Islamic state. Jerusalem is also considered a holy city for Muslims as it is home to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Islam.

Improved fertilizers and crop strains had the greatest effect in proving Thomas Malthus incorrect because they increased agricultural productivity, allowing for more food to be produced on the same amount of land. This contradicted Malthus' theory that population growth would outstrip food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty. With improved fertilizers and crop strains, it became possible to feed a growing population without experiencing the dire consequences predicted by Malthus.

Egypt most likely has the highest agricultural density because it is known for its fertile land along the Nile River, which supports extensive agricultural activities. The country has a long history of agriculture, with a significant portion of its population engaged in farming. Additionally, Egypt's climate and irrigation systems contribute to its high agricultural productivity, making it a favorable environment for cultivating crops.

The ascending of the United States' international influence after World War 2 significantly weakened the strength of Mackinder's geopolitical heartland theory. This is because Mackinder's theory emphasized the importance of controlling the heartland, which consisted of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, in order to dominate the world. However, with the United States emerging as a superpower and exerting its influence globally, the focus of power shifted away from the heartland. The United States' dominance and its ability to project power across the globe undermined the significance of controlling the heartland as the key to global dominance.

The United Nations (UN) was established after WWII with the primary objective of preventing the spread of conflicts and maintaining international peace and security. While the European Union (EU) was formed to promote economic and political integration among European countries, the Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states. NAFTA, on the other hand, is a trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Therefore, the UN is the most appropriate supranational organization that was established to prevent the spread of the Heartland after WWII.

Lutheranism is considered a denomination within Christianity because it represents a distinct branch or subgroup of the larger Christian faith. Denominations typically have their own specific beliefs, practices, and organizational structures that differentiate them from other groups within the same religion. In the case of Lutheranism, it originated from the teachings of Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and has since developed its own distinct theological perspectives and traditions.

The question asks for a nation without a state, and all of the options listed are ethnic groups that do not have their own independent state except for Thais. Basques, Hmong, Zulus, and Kurds are all ethnic groups that have distinct cultural identities and aspirations for self-determination, but do not have their own independent nation-state. Thais, on the other hand, are the dominant ethnic group in Thailand, which is a sovereign state. Therefore, Thais are not a nation without a state, making them the exception in this list.

Denmark is the best example of a nation-state because it is a sovereign state with defined borders and a population that shares a common culture, language, and history. It has a stable government and a strong sense of national identity. Denmark is recognized as a nation-state both domestically and internationally, and its citizens have a strong sense of belonging and loyalty to their country.

Romania's relationship to the former Soviet Union can be best described as a satellite state. A satellite state refers to a country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic, and military influence from a more powerful country. During the Cold War, Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact and had close ties with the Soviet Union. It followed the Soviet Union's political and economic policies, and its government was heavily influenced by Moscow. Therefore, the term "satellite state" accurately describes Romania's relationship with the former Soviet Union.

Distance decay in regards to migration means that the further away a place is, the less likely people are to relocate to it. This concept suggests that distance plays a significant role in influencing migration patterns, with individuals being more inclined to move to places that are closer to their current location. As the distance increases, the attractiveness of a place decreases, leading to a lower likelihood of people choosing to relocate there.

A Walloon is a French speaking Belgium.

Japanese would seldom be used as a lingua-franca because it is primarily spoken in Japan and has limited usage outside of the country. In contrast, Spanish, English, French, and Mandarin Chinese are widely spoken and used as lingua-francas in various parts of the world.

Venezuela is the correct answer because it is least influenced by conflicts related to multilingualism compared to the other options. While Nigeria, Quebec, Cyprus, and Belgium all have significant conflicts related to multilingualism, Venezuela does not have as many conflicts in this regard. This could be due to various factors such as a more homogenous linguistic population, a stronger emphasis on a dominant language, or a history of less linguistic diversity and tension.