9th Grade Biology Final Review Test Section I

Cotransport, co-transport, or co-transportation refers to the process where two molecules are simultaneously transported to the same location within a cell. This mechanism is utilized during active transport, which requires the expenditure of energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient. The term "cotransport" can be used interchangeably with "co-transport" or "co-transportation" to describe this phenomenon.

A hypotonic solution is characterized by having a lower concentration of dissolved solutes compared to another solution. This means that there is a higher concentration of water molecules in the hypotonic solution. As a result, when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to swell or potentially burst. Therefore, the statement "A hypotonic solution has less dissolved material in a solution" is true.

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles, meaning they do not have a positive or negative charge. They have a mass similar to protons, but do not carry any charge. Therefore, the statement that "A neutron is negatively charged" is incorrect.

A phosphodiester bond is a type of chemical bond that connects a phosphate group to two sugar groups. It is formed through a condensation reaction, where a phosphate group reacts with hydroxyl groups on the sugar molecules, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond. This type of bond is commonly found in nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, where it plays a crucial role in connecting nucleotides together to form the backbone of the molecule.

The given description clearly matches the characteristics of Eubacteria. Eubacteria are prokaryotic organisms that lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and have DNA in a single circular chromosome. They are predominantly unicellular and have peptidoglycan on their cell wall when present. Eubacteria include many well-known bacteria such as E. Coli and Salmonella, which are of medical and economic importance. Therefore, the correct answer is Eubacteria.

Cellulose and chitin are both examples of structural components. Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity to the cell. Chitin, on the other hand, is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. It also provides structural support and protection.

Archaebacteria are a type of microorganisms that can thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, acidity, or salinity. They are distinct from eukaryotic organisms because they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, they are able to survive in environments where other organisms cannot.

The bonding between fatty acids and glycerol is called an ester linkage. This type of linkage occurs when a hydroxyl group of glycerol reacts with a carboxyl group of a fatty acid, resulting in the formation of an ester bond. This ester bond is important in the formation of triglycerides, which are the main components of fats and oils.

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi body, is responsible for the movement of molecules and the modification of proteins, making them more complex. It is a cellular organelle that receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars, lipids, or other molecules. The Golgi apparatus then packages these modified molecules into vesicles, which can be transported to other parts of the cell or secreted outside. Therefore, the Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in the post-translational modification and sorting of proteins within the cell.

The given characteristics of one cotyledon, multiples of 3 flower parts, parallel leaf venation, scattered vascular bundles, and fibrous root system are all traits commonly found in monocots. Monocots are a type of flowering plant that have one seed leaf, flower parts in multiples of three, parallel veins in their leaves, scattered vascular bundles in their stems, and a fibrous root system. Therefore, the correct answer is monocot or monocot plant.

The given correct answer, "Response to stimuli," accurately explains the scenario where hunger triggers the action of eating. Hunger is a stimulus that prompts the body to respond by seeking food. This response to the stimulus of hunger is a natural and instinctive reaction in order to satisfy the body's need for nourishment.

The correct answer is "Evidence of evolution." The options listed are different types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. The fossil record provides physical evidence of past organisms and their changes over time. Comparative anatomy compares the anatomical structures of different organisms to identify similarities and differences that indicate common ancestry. Comparative embryology studies the development of embryos to identify similarities in early stages of development across different species. Molecular biology analyzes genetic material to identify similarities and differences in DNA sequences, which can indicate common ancestry. Biogeography studies the distribution of organisms across different geographical regions to identify patterns that suggest common ancestry.

The given answer options are all related to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants. CAM plants have a unique adaptation where they fix carbon dioxide (CO2) at night by converting it into organic acids such as malate. These organic acids are stored until sunlight, when they are converted back into CO2 for photosynthesis. This process involves the conversion of malate to pyruvate, which then becomes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) again. Therefore, the correct answer options all describe different aspects of the CAM plant's carbon fixation and storage mechanisms.

Binomial nomenclature is the scientific naming system used for species. It involves giving each species a Latin or Latinized name consisting of two parts. The first part indicates the genus to which the species belongs, while the second part is the specific epithet that distinguishes it from other species within the same genus. Nomenclature is a general term referring to the system or set of names used in a particular field, while "bn" is likely an abbreviation for binomial nomenclature.

The correct answer is C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6H20+6CO2+ATP. This equation represents the process of cellular respiration, where glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are converted into water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the energy currency of cells, and this equation shows the conversion of glucose and oxygen into usable energy in the form of ATP, along with the production of water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The production of ATP and NADH during glycolysis provides the cell with energy and reduces equivalents, which can be used in further metabolic reactions. Therefore, glycolysis is involved in energy investment and return, as it helps generate ATP and NADH for cellular energy production.

The given products and processes mentioned in the question are all associated with the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and is an essential part of cellular respiration. It produces ATP, NADH, FADH, and CO2 as byproducts. The mention of CO2 fixation, reducing NAD, and regeneration further confirms the connection to the Krebs cycle. Therefore, the answer to the question is Krebs cycle.

The correct answer is "pinnate." Pinnate refers to a type of leaf arrangement where multiple leaflets are arranged on either side of a central axis, resembling the shape of a feather. This type of leaf arrangement is commonly found in plants like ferns, roses, and acacias.

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The correct answer is Independent Assortment. This law, also known as Mendel's Second Law or the Law of Independent Assortment, states that during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles for one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for another gene. In other words, the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait. This principle is a fundamental concept in genetics and is a key factor in generating genetic diversity.

Pleiotropy refers to a situation where a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. In this case, the correct answer suggests that a simple gene is responsible for controlling several distinct and unrelated phenotypic effects. This means that the gene has a broad impact on various aspects of an organism's phenotype, highlighting the concept of pleiotropy.

A hydrogen bond is a weak bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a highly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. This attraction is due to the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, causing a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the electronegative atom. The hydrogen bond is weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but it is still important in many biological and chemical processes.

The answer "10% rule" refers to the ecological principle that states that each organism in a food chain or food web receives only 10% of the energy that its prey previously obtained. This means that as energy moves up the trophic levels, there is a significant loss of energy due to metabolic processes and heat production. This rule helps explain why there are usually fewer individuals at higher trophic levels and why energy transfer is less efficient as it moves through the food chain.

Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It involves the remaking or formation of sex cells, also known as gametes. During meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes two rounds of division to produce four haploid cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These gametes, such as sperm and eggs, are then used in sexual reproduction to combine genetic material from two parents and create offspring with genetic diversity.

C3, C3 plant, and C3 plants are all correct answers because they all refer to the same concept. C3 plants are a type of plants that use the C3 pathway in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide and produce PGA (phosphoglycerate) as an intermediate product. This process occurs in the mesophyll cells of the plant's leaves. The C3 pathway is the most common pathway used by plants for photosynthesis.

C4, C4 plant, and C4 plants are the correct answers because they all refer to a type of photosynthetic pathway found in certain plants. These plants have adapted to hot and dry environments by using an additional step called the C4 pathway to minimize water loss. In this pathway, CO2 is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound called malate, which is stored in mesophyll cells. When the environmental conditions improve, the stored CO2 is released into the Calvin cycle for further processing. This process involves the reuse of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), hence the statement "PEP is reused".

The correct answer is prezygotic interbreeding. Prezygotic barriers are mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization between different species. In this case, prezygotic interbreeding refers to barriers that occur before the formation of a zygote, such as habitat isolation, behavioral differences, temporal differences, gamete incompatibility, or mechanical barriers. These barriers prevent successful reproduction between individuals of different species, maintaining reproductive isolation.

Alcohol fermentation is a metabolic process carried out by yeast and some bacteria in the absence of oxygen. During this process, glucose is broken down into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This fermentation is commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. The alcohol produced is responsible for the intoxicating effects, while the CO2 contributes to the carbonation in certain beverages.

Starch and glycogen are both examples of polysaccharides, which are complex carbohydrates. These molecules are used by cells to store energy. Starch is the main energy storage molecule in plants, while glycogen is the main energy storage molecule in animals. Both starch and glycogen are made up of glucose units, which can be broken down and used by cells to produce ATP, the main energy currency of cells. Therefore, these examples demonstrate how cells can store energy in the form of complex carbohydrates.

A compound is a substance composed of atoms that are bonded together. In other words, it is formed when many atoms come together and chemically combine with each other. This bonding between atoms gives compounds their unique properties and allows them to exist as distinct substances. Therefore, the answer "Many atoms bonded together" accurately describes the composition of a compound.

A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amine group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond. This bond is crucial in the formation of proteins, as it links together the individual amino acids in a chain-like structure. Therefore, the statement that a peptide bond is a bond between a carboxyl and an amine group is correct.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. While they have the same number of protons and electrons, the number of neutrons can vary. Therefore, the statement that an isotope has the same number of neutrons, protons, and electrons is false.

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Polygenetic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a trait that is controlled by multiple gene loci. In other words, the trait is influenced by the combined effects of multiple genes rather than being determined by a single gene. This type of inheritance often results in a wide range of phenotypic variation within a population, as each gene locus contributes incrementally to the expression of the trait. Polygenetic traits are often complex and can be influenced by environmental factors as well.

The given correct answer options all suggest that the cause is related to changes in the population. They indicate that the population is undergoing some form of alteration or modification. This could be due to various factors such as mutations, nonrandom mating, migration, small population size, or harmful genes. These factors can lead to changes in the genetic composition or demographics of a population, resulting in population change.

The given answer, "Oxidative Phosphorylation," correctly describes the process described in the question. In oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH drop off electrons and hydrogen ions, which then travel down the electron transport chain. During this process, hydrogen ions are pulled in and exit through ATP synthase, which generates ATP. Oxygen collects the hydrogen ions and electrons to form water. Therefore, the answer accurately identifies the process described in the question.

An exon is a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that contains the coding sequence for a protein or peptide. It is the part of the genetic code that is transcribed and translated into a functional protein. Exons are important for the synthesis of proteins and play a crucial role in gene expression and protein synthesis.

The correct answer choices for this question are "has a nucleus," "has all organelles," "often multicellular," and "cells divide using mitosis and meiosis." These characteristics are all associated with eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus that houses their genetic material, they possess various organelles that carry out specific functions, they are often found in multicellular organisms, and their cells divide through the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

A hypertonic solution actually has more dissolved material in a solution, not less. In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes is higher compared to another solution, causing water to move out of the cell and into the surrounding solution through osmosis. This leads to cell shrinkage. Therefore, the statement provided in the question is incorrect.

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Diffusion is actually the transportation of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, not the other way around. It is a passive process that occurs due to the random movement of molecules.

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus, which means their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus. They also lack some organelles that are present in eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes are typically unicellular organisms, meaning they exist as single cells. They reproduce through a process called binary fission, in which the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Therefore, the characteristics listed in the answer - has no nucleus, cells lack some organelles, is unicellular, and cells reproduce using binary fission - accurately describe prokaryotic cells.

The correct answer is "allopatric". This term refers to the isolation of populations due to geographical barriers, such as mountains, rivers, or oceans. When populations are separated by these barriers, they can evolve independently, leading to the development of new species over time. "Alopatric" is likely a typographical error for "allopatric", as both terms have the same meaning.

Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the expression of one gene is influenced or masked by another nonallelic gene. In this case, the correct answer is "Epistasis." Epistasy, on the other hand, is not a term commonly used in genetics and does not accurately describe the given explanation.

Facultative diffusion refers to the process in which proteins assist in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane. These proteins act as channels or carriers, facilitating the diffusion of substances through the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is "aid in diffusion through the cell."

A dichotomous key is a tool used in biology to identify and classify organisms based on their characteristics. It consists of a series of paired statements or questions, where each statement leads to another set of statements until the organism is identified. This tool helps scientists and researchers to systematically determine the identity of an unknown organism by following a step-by-step process of elimination.

A non-polar bond refers to a type of chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms. In this type of bond, the electronegativity of both atoms is the same or very similar, resulting in an equal distribution of electrons. This equal sharing of electrons creates a balanced charge distribution, making the bond non-polar. Non-polar bonds are commonly found in molecules such as diatomic gases like oxygen (O2) or nitrogen (N2), where the atoms have the same electronegativity and therefore share electrons equally.

In incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blending of traits. The genotype "aa" represents a situation where both alleles are the same and neither is dominant, leading to an intermediate phenotype. Therefore, "aa" is an example of incomplete dominance.

Reduced hybrid fertility refers to a phenomenon where the offspring resulting from the mating of two different species are able to survive, but they are unable to reproduce. This means that although the offspring can live a normal life, they are infertile and cannot produce any offspring of their own. This is often observed in interspecies hybrids, where the genetic incompatibility between the two species leads to reduced fertility in the offspring.

Co-dominance refers to a genetic situation where both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual. This means that neither allele is dominant or recessive, and both contribute to the phenotype. In other words, the traits from both alleles are visible in the offspring, resulting in a combination of characteristics. Therefore, "Full expression of both genes" accurately defines co-dominance.

Co-dominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygous individual are expressed equally, without one being dominant over the other. In the given options, Aa represents co-dominance because both the alleles A and a are present and expressed equally. This means that both traits associated with each allele will be visible in the phenotype of the individual.

DNA is a molecule that contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. Its structure is a double helix, which means it consists of two strands that are twisted around each other. The nucleotide bases in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. The sugar component in DNA is deoxyribose. One of the main functions of DNA is to serve as the genetic code, carrying information that determines the traits and characteristics of an organism.

Plants are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, where they use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose and oxygen. This ability to convert the sun's energy into food makes plants producers in the food chain. Producers are organisms that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials and serve as the primary source of energy for other organisms in the ecosystem.

An element refers to a substance composed of atoms that have the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus. These atoms are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number. Each element has unique properties and characteristics. Therefore, the correct answer is "Something in the atomic table."

The given formula represents the process of photosynthesis, where glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are converted into water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) with the help of sunlight. This equation shows the overall chemical reaction that occurs during photosynthesis in plants, where carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere and converted into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. ATP is also produced during this process and serves as the main energy source for various cellular activities in plants.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule. They are the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates like starch and chitin. Starch, lipids, and chitin are not monosaccharides.

Hybrid breakdown refers to the phenomenon where the second generation of offspring resulting from the breeding of two different species or genetically distinct populations become infertile. This means that they are unable to produce viable offspring of their own. This can occur due to genetic incompatibilities between the two parent species or populations, resulting in reproductive barriers that prevent successful reproduction in subsequent generations. As a result, the genetic lineage cannot be continued beyond the second generation, leading to infertility in the offspring.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the genetic makeup of a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other influences. This principle is based on certain assumptions, such as a large population size, random mating, no migration, no mutation, and no natural selection. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that the individual mentioned demonstrated the concept that the gene pool does not change under these specific conditions.

Reduced hybrid viability refers to a situation where the fetus, resulting from the mating of two different species, does not survive and dies before birth. This phenomenon occurs due to genetic incompatibilities between the two species, leading to developmental abnormalities or inability to sustain life in the hybrid offspring. It is important to note that reduced hybrid viability does not necessarily imply infertility, as the offspring may be able to reproduce but may have reduced chances of survival.

Nucleotides: These are the monomers that make up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Amino Acids: These are the monomers that form proteins.

Monosaccharides: These are the simplest form of carbohydrates and serve as monomers for polysaccharides like starch and cellulose.

The correct answer is "Fossil records" because the question asks for the three types of dating, and "Fossil records" is not a type of dating but rather a separate concept related to the study of fossils. The other three options, "Relative dating," "Carbon dating," and "Fossil dating," are all types of dating methods used to determine the age of fossils or other geological materials.

Incomplete dominance is a type of genetic inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a phenotype that is a combination or blend of the two alleles. This means that both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, rather than one allele dominating over the other. Therefore, the correct answer is "Phenotype is a combination."