8th Grade History Review

Settlers in Jamestown saved their colony by beginning to plant large quantities of tobacco, which sold for a good price. Tobacco was a highly profitable crop that became a major cash crop for the settlers. Its cultivation and sale provided them with a valuable source of income, allowing them to sustain and grow their colony economically. The success of the tobacco industry in Jamestown played a crucial role in the colony's survival and prosperity.

Marbury v. Madison represented the first time the Supreme Court reviewed and ruled on acts of the other branches of government. In this landmark case, the Court established the principle of judicial review, asserting its power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. The ruling solidified the Court's authority as a coequal branch of government and set a precedent for future decisions on the constitutionality of laws.

During Andrew Jackson's presidency, he was known as the "common man's president" because he portrayed himself as a champion of the common people. He advocated for the interests of ordinary citizens and aimed to reduce the power of the elite and wealthy. His policies, such as expanding suffrage and opposing the national bank, were seen as benefiting the working class and the average American. This nickname reflects his populist approach to governance and his appeal to the common people.

John Hancock attended the Second Continental Congress. The Second Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies in America, held in 1775 to 1781, during the American Revolution. John Hancock was a prominent figure during this time and served as the President of the Second Continental Congress. He is best known for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence.

The Seneca Falls Convention was a historical event in 1848 where the rights of women were discussed. It focused on various issues related to women's rights, including their right to enter the all-male business world. This convention played a crucial role in advocating for gender equality and paved the way for future advancements in women's rights.

The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction in the United States. It was an informal agreement between Republicans and Democrats to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876. As part of the compromise, Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, effectively ending the enforcement of civil rights for African Americans. This allowed Southern states to regain control and implement discriminatory laws and policies, leading to the disenfranchisement of African Americans and the establishment of Jim Crow segregation. Thus, the Compromise of 1877 was a significant turning point that ended the progress made during Reconstruction.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. government had significant limitations, especially in its ability to manage the nation's finances. The central government lacked the power to tax and had to request funds from the states, which often did not comply. This left the federal government unable to pay debts or fund its operations effectively, leading to economic instability and weakness in addressing financial obligations. This financial incapability was a critical factor leading to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

Salutary neglect refers to a policy where a governing power, in this case England, intentionally avoids strict enforcement of certain laws or regulations in order to maintain control over its colonies. The example of England passing a law limiting the manufacture of iron but not enforcing it aligns with the concept of salutary neglect as it demonstrates a lack of enforcement and interference in colonial affairs. This policy allowed the colonies to develop their own economies and institutions, leading to a sense of autonomy and eventual desire for independence.

After the Union victory at Antietam, Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. This battle, fought in September 1862, was significant because it halted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's advance into the North. The Union victory at Antietam gave Lincoln the confidence and momentum to take a bold step towards ending slavery by proclaiming that all slaves in Confederate territory would be freed.

Chickamauga was not a victory for General Grant. Although General Grant played a significant role in many important victories during the American Civil War, including Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga, Chickamauga was not one of them. The Battle of Chickamauga, fought in September 1863, was a Confederate victory led by General Braxton Bragg. Grant was not involved in this battle, as he was primarily focused on operations in the Western Theater, particularly in the Mississippi River region.