4N051 Set A Vol 2

If the doctor's orders are written as NPO, it would mean that Mrs. Jones is not allowed to have anything to eat or drink.

The optic nerve is the pathway to vision. It carries visual information from the retina to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret visual stimuli.

The correct answer is patella. The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a triangular-shaped bone that lies over the anterior portion of the knee joint. It acts as a protective cover for the knee joint and helps in the smooth movement of the knee during activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

Muscle tissue is able to change its shape. This is because muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers, have the unique ability to contract and relax. When the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the tissue to change its shape. This ability allows muscle tissue to generate force and movement in the body. Nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue do not have the same contractile properties as muscle tissue, and therefore cannot change their shape in the same way.

Platelets are responsible for the clotting action in blood. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets rush to the site and form a plug to stop bleeding. They release chemicals that activate other clotting factors and help in the formation of a fibrin mesh, which further strengthens the clot. This process is essential for preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing. Plasma, leukocytes, and erythrocytes do not play a direct role in clotting.

Melanin is responsible for pigmentation. It is a pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, which are located in the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). Melanin provides color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It protects the skin from harmful UV radiation by absorbing and scattering the rays. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes determine the color of an individual's skin, hair, and eyes. Therefore, melanin is the correct answer for the attribution of pigmentation.

Ribosomes play an important role in processing proteins within the cell and other areas of the body. They are responsible for protein synthesis, where they read the genetic information from the DNA and assemble amino acids into proteins. Ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They are essential for the proper functioning of cells and are involved in various cellular processes.

Diastolic blood pressure refers to the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart is at rest between contractions. It represents the lowest pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle. This is the time when the heart relaxes and refills with blood. Monitoring diastolic blood pressure is important as it reflects the pressure on the arteries when the heart is not actively pumping. It is typically measured as the second number in a blood pressure reading, with the systolic blood pressure representing the pressure during a contraction.

The anatomical lateral position refers to being away from the midline of the body or body part. This means that when an object or body part is in the anatomical lateral position, it is located further away from the center line of the body. In contrast, the term medial refers to being closer to the midline of the body or body part. Therefore, the anatomical lateral position and the term medial are opposite in terms of their location relative to the midline.

Cell differentiation is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which cells undergo specialization to perform specific functions in an organism. During cell differentiation, cells acquire distinct characteristics and structures that enable them to carry out specific tasks. This process is crucial for the development and functioning of multicellular organisms, as it allows for the formation of various types of cells, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, each with unique properties and roles.

The correct answer is "patient complains of blurred vision-right eye." This answer accurately documents the patient's complaint of blurred vision specifically in the right eye. The other options either use different abbreviations (OD and AD) or do not specify the eye affected. The technician informing the provider without documenting does not fulfill the requirement of correctly documenting the information.

The muscle attached to the eyelid is the levator palpebrae superioris. This muscle is responsible for raising the upper eyelid and opening the eye. When this muscle contracts, it lifts the eyelid, allowing for better vision and eye movement. The superior oblique muscle is responsible for rotating the eye downward and away from the midline, while the anterior oblique and lateral rectus muscles are not directly involved in eyelid movement.

The nail grows outward from the white area at the base called the lunula. The lunula is a crescent-shaped area located at the base of the nail, near the cuticle. It appears white because it is the thickest part of the nail and blocks the underlying blood vessels. As the nail grows, new cells are produced in the nail matrix, which is located beneath the lunula. These cells push the existing nail forward, causing it to grow outward from the lunula towards the fingertip.

Progesterone is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is secreted during the menstrual cycle. It plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and the start of menstruation. Progesterone also helps regulate other aspects of the menstrual cycle, such as the release of eggs from the ovaries.

Sebum is the correct answer because it is the substance secreted by the sebaceous gland. The sebaceous gland is responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that helps lubricate and protect the skin and hair. Sweat is produced by sweat glands, not sebaceous glands. Follicle refers to a small cavity or sac in the body, and adipose refers to fatty tissue. Therefore, sebum is the substance specifically secreted by the sebaceous gland.

The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. It is located in the upper left side of the abdomen and plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and fighting off infections. The spleen also helps to store and produce white blood cells, which are essential for immune function. Its large size and important functions make the spleen the largest lymphatic organ in the body.

The term for the muscular portion of the heart is myocardium. The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and is responsible for the contraction and pumping of blood. It is composed of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is thicker in the left ventricle, which is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The myocardium plays a crucial role in maintaining the heart's function and ensuring proper blood circulation throughout the body.

The correct answer is nervous. The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system and is composed of nervous tissue. Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body, allowing for communication and coordination. It is made up of specialized cells called neurons, which are capable of conducting electrical impulses. These neurons are supported by other types of cells called glial cells, which provide structural support and help in the functioning of neurons.

The cranial nerve responsible for the sensation of sight is the optic nerve. It is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eyes to the brain. The optic nerve carries signals generated by the photoreceptor cells in the retina to the visual cortex in the brain, where they are processed and interpreted as visual images. The other cranial nerves listed (facial, trigeminal, oculomotor) are not directly involved in the sensation of sight.

Melanocytes are specialized cells found in the skin that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It helps protect the skin from harmful UV radiation by absorbing and scattering the UV rays. The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes determines a person's skin color. People with more melanin have darker skin, while those with less melanin have lighter skin. Melanin also plays a role in the development of freckles, moles, and other skin pigmentation.

Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle tissue because of its striated appearance. Both cardiac and skeletal muscles have a striped or striated appearance due to the arrangement of contractile proteins within the muscle fibers. This striation allows for coordinated and efficient contraction of the muscle. The other options, nervous, epithelial, and smooth muscle, do not have a striated appearance and therefore are not similar to skeletal muscle tissue in this aspect.

The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris. It helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. The iris, on the other hand, is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Therefore, it makes sense that the aqueous humor would be located between the cornea and the iris.

The salivary gland secretes a substance called saliva, which helps to moisten food particles and aids in the process of swallowing. Saliva contains enzymes that begin the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, making it easier for food to be broken down and swallowed. Additionally, saliva helps to lubricate the food, making it easier to move down the esophagus and into the stomach. Therefore, the salivary gland plays a crucial role in the initial stages of digestion and swallowing.

The pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and transports it back to the heart. This is in contrast to other veins, such as the superior and inferior vena cava, which carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. The aorta is an artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

Sebaceous glands play a role in keeping the hair and skin soft and waterproof. These glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and moisturizes the hair and skin. Sebum helps to maintain the skin's natural moisture barrier, preventing it from drying out and protecting it from external factors such as water and harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, sebaceous glands are essential for maintaining the softness and waterproofing properties of both hair and skin.

Odors are described as belonging to seven primary odors, or a combination of at least two of them. This means that odors can be categorized into seven main groups, but it is also possible for an odor to be a combination of two or more of these primary odors.

Tidal air refers to the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, relaxed breath. It represents the normal breathing pattern and is the volume of air involved in everyday respiration. This term is used to describe the regular exchange of air in and out of the lungs without any additional effort or force. Tidal air is an important measure for assessing lung function and is different from other types of air volumes, such as residual air, vital capacity, and expiratory reserve.

The term "axis of joint rotation" refers to a line that is perpendicular to the plane of motion. This line represents the axis around which a joint rotates during movement. It is an important concept in understanding the mechanics of joint movement and is commonly used in biomechanics and anatomy. The other options, such as circumduction and range of motion, are related to joint movement but do not specifically describe the line perpendicular to the plane of motion.

Synovial fluid acts as a joint lubricant and a nutrient supplier for cartilage within the joint. It helps reduce friction between the bones and provides nourishment to the cartilage, which lacks its own blood supply. This fluid is produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the joint cavity and secretes the synovial fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining joint health and proper functioning.

The urge to urinate is usually first experienced when the bladder contains approximately 250 milliliters of urine. This is because the bladder has stretch receptors that send signals to the brain when it becomes distended with urine. Once the bladder reaches a certain level of fullness, these receptors are activated and the urge to urinate is felt. Therefore, when the bladder contains around 250 milliliters of urine, the brain receives the signal and initiates the urge to urinate.

Tendons are the correct answer because they are the fibrous connective tissues that attach skeletal muscles to bones. They are strong and flexible, allowing for the transmission of force from muscles to bones, enabling movement and stability. Ligaments, on the other hand, connect bones to other bones, aponeuroses are flat tendons that attach muscles to other structures, and visceral muscles are found in the internal organs, not attached to bones.

The correct answer is nasal conchae. The nasal conchae are bony structures that protrude into the nasal cavity, creating three curved shelves known as the superior, middle, and inferior meatus. These meatuses help to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, which aids in the filtration, humidification, and warming of inhaled air. They also play a role in directing airflow and enhancing the sense of smell.

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the mitral valve. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its two flaps. The mitral valve ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the left atrium to the left ventricle, preventing any backflow. It opens during the heart's relaxation phase (diastole) to allow blood to fill the left ventricle and closes during the contraction phase (systole) to prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium.

The rods in the eye are largely responsible for viewing dimly lit images. Unlike cones, which are responsible for color vision and work best in bright light, rods are more sensitive to low levels of light and are therefore better suited for viewing in dimly lit environments. This allows us to perceive shapes and objects in low light conditions, even though our ability to discern color is limited.

Bile is a liquid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other substances that help break down fats into smaller molecules, making them easier to digest and absorb. It also helps in the elimination of waste products from the body through the process of excretion.

The nucleus is not found in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that is located in the center of the cell and contains the cell's genetic material. The cytoplasm, on the other hand, refers to the fluid-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. The other components listed in the question (centrosomes, golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum) are all found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are responsible for producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. This process occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where nutrients are broken down and converted into ATP. Therefore, mitochondria provide the primary source of cellular energy. Ribosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes do not play a direct role in energy production.

Skeletal muscle is a type of muscle that is under voluntary control, meaning we have conscious control over its movements. It is also striated, which means it has a striped appearance due to the arrangement of its muscle fibers. This type of muscle is responsible for movements of the body, such as walking and lifting weights.

The brain is divided into three major parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, and memory. The cerebellum is involved in coordinating movement and maintaining balance. The brain stem controls basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, it helps to conserve and restore energy, slow down the heart rate, and reduce blood pressure. This helps prevent extensive overworking of the body by promoting a state of calm and balance.

When excess fluid from the body tissue enters lymphatic capillaries, it is known as lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and is responsible for carrying waste products, bacteria, and toxins away from the tissues and towards the lymph nodes. It plays a crucial role in the immune system by filtering and destroying harmful substances, and eventually returning the filtered fluid back into the bloodstream.

The urethra is the tubule that leads from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. It is responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to be eliminated. The other options listed are not correct in this context. The epididymis is a part of the male reproductive system, the ejaculatory duct is a tube that connects the vas deferens and the urethra, and the seminal vesicles are responsible for producing semen.

Fluid is secreted from the seminal vesicles to help carry sperm through the ejaculatory duct. The seminal vesicles produce a thick, yellowish fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and other substances that provide energy and nourishment for the sperm. This fluid is released into the ejaculatory duct, which is a short tube that connects the vas deferens to the urethra. The ejaculatory duct then carries the sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra, where it can be expelled during ejaculation.

During inhalation, the intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribcage to expand and move outward. This expansion of the ribcage allows the lungs to expand, creating more space for air to enter. The forward and slightly upward movement of the ribs is necessary for this expansion to occur effectively. This movement helps increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing for a greater intake of air into the lungs.

The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. When the stapes, one of the three tiny bones in the middle ear, moves in response to sound waves, it causes the fluid within the cochlea to move. This movement stimulates the hair cells within the organ of Corti, which are responsible for detecting different frequencies of sound. Therefore, the correct answer is cochlea.

Anaphase is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell. This signifies that the nucleus of the cell is actually dividing because the chromosomes are being physically separated into two distinct sets. In prophase, the chromosomes condense but do not yet separate. In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell but do not divide. In telophase, the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell but are not yet fully divided. Therefore, anaphase is the phase that signifies the actual division of the nucleus.

During interphase, the cell continues to grow until it divides again. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and consists of three stages: G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows in size, synthesizes proteins, and carries out its normal functions. In the S phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in the doubling of the genetic material. Lastly, during G2, the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division. Therefore, interphase is the phase where the cell actively grows and prepares for division, making it the correct answer.

Sperm cells are produced in the testes. The testes are the male reproductive organs responsible for the production of sperm through a process called spermatogenesis. The testes contain tiny coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules, where the sperm cells are produced. These tubules are lined with special cells called germ cells that undergo a series of divisions and transformations to eventually form mature sperm cells. Once produced, the sperm cells then travel through the epididymis, where they mature and gain the ability to swim, before being stored and eventually released during ejaculation.

The bone ends refer to the rounded or irregularly shaped parts of the bone, such as the epiphysis. These areas are mainly composed of spongy or cancellous bone, which has a lattice-like structure with spaces filled with bone marrow. Compact bone, which is dense and hard, is primarily found in the shaft or diaphysis of long bones. Therefore, the bone ends would have very little compact bone and mainly consist of spongy bone.

Sesamoid bones are usually located within tendons where pressure is frequently applied. These small, round bones help to reduce friction and provide leverage in areas of high stress, such as the hands, feet, and knees. They are embedded within tendons and act as pulleys, allowing smooth movement and reducing wear and tear on the surrounding tissues.