Dental Board Exams Part I

Diabetes, Hypertension, and Atherosclerosis are all risk factors for stroke. Stroke is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of blood vessels. Diabetes can lead to damage to blood vessels, increasing the risk of stroke. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can cause the blood vessels to weaken and become more prone to blockages or ruptures. Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque, which can also increase the risk of stroke.

The basilar artery supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. Oxygen is essential for the proper functioning of brain cells and is carried by the blood to all parts of the brain. Without a constant supply of oxygen, the brain would not be able to perform its functions effectively.

Muscle resistance to insulin in obesity and genetic profile usually leads to type 2 diabetes. This is because insulin resistance occurs when the muscle cells do not respond properly to insulin, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels. Obesity and genetic factors can contribute to the development of insulin resistance, leading to the progression of type 2 diabetes. Hyperpigmentation and depression are not directly related to muscle resistance to insulin in obesity and genetic profile.

Metoprolol is a beta channel antagonist because it belongs to a class of drugs known as beta blockers. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors in the body, thereby reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Metoprolol specifically targets beta-1 receptors, which are primarily found in the heart. By blocking these receptors, metoprolol helps to reduce the workload on the heart and improve its efficiency. This makes metoprolol an effective medication for treating conditions such as hypertension, angina, and certain types of heart rhythm disorders.

Endocytosis is the process in which materials enter the cell in membrane-bound vesicles. It involves the engulfment of substances by the cell membrane, forming a vesicle that is then transported into the cell. This process is essential for the uptake of nutrients, signaling molecules, and other substances that cannot pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion. Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, while pinocytosis and phagocytosis are specific types of endocytosis that involve the uptake of fluids and solid particles, respectively.

The correct answer is A & B. Both Endocardium and Epicardium are made of Epithelium. Endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, consisting of a thin layer of endothelial cells. Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart, also composed of epithelial cells. Myocardium, on the other hand, is the middle layer of the heart and is made up of cardiac muscle tissue.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mainly involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It is a network of membranes within the cell that is responsible for the production, folding, and modification of proteins. The ER also plays a role in lipid metabolism, including the synthesis of phospholipids and steroids. The Golgi complex is involved in packaging and modifying proteins, but not in their synthesis. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production in the form of ATP. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, but they are not specific to protein and lipid synthesis.

All of the above options are symptoms of poor blood flow to the brain. Difficulty in swallowing can occur when the brain does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to reduced blood flow. Dizziness can also be a result of inadequate blood supply to the brain. Sudden weakness of the limbs is another symptom that can indicate poor blood flow to the brain. Therefore, all of these options are symptoms of poor blood flow to the brain.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the correct answer. FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to stimulation of pituitary gonadotropes. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of reproductive processes in both males and females, including the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. Leutinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) are not specifically mentioned as responses to pituitary gonadotropes stimulation in the question. Prolactin is not a gonadotrope hormone and is primarily involved in milk production and breastfeeding.

Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear. Darwin's tubercle, anotia, and otitis media are not inner ear diseases. Darwin's tubercle is a small, painless bump on the outside of the ear, anotia is the absence of the external ear, and otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear.