G6pd / Sb / Osmolality / Ketone / Ammonia / Lactate / Hba1c

HPLC stands for High-performance liquid chromatography. This technique is used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. It involves the use of a liquid mobile phase that carries the sample through a stationary phase, where separation occurs based on the different affinities of the components for the stationary phase. HPLC is widely used in various industries such as pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis due to its high resolution, sensitivity, and versatility.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. The yellowing of the sclera (the white part of the eye) and elevated concentration of bilirubin are both typical symptoms of jaundice. However, the appearance of boils is not directly related to jaundice. Boils are usually caused by bacterial infections of hair follicles or oil glands, and are not a common symptom of jaundice. Therefore, the correct answer is "appearance of boils."

The osmometer determines the osmolality of body fluids using the freezing point depression method. This means that it measures the concentration of solutes in a solution by measuring the decrease in freezing point caused by the presence of those solutes. By comparing the freezing point of a sample to that of a pure solvent, the osmometer can calculate the osmolality, which is a measure of the number of solute particles in a kilogram of solvent. Therefore, the statement is true.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the ammonia and lactate tests are indeed based on the colorimetric method. This method involves measuring the intensity of color produced when a chemical reaction occurs. In the case of ammonia and lactate tests, specific reagents are added to the sample, causing a color change that can be quantified using a spectrophotometer or colorimeter. This allows for the accurate determination of the concentration of ammonia or lactate in the sample.

Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution. It reflects the number of particles dissolved in a fluid and is often used as an indicator of the body's state of hydration. When the body is well-hydrated, the osmolality of body fluids remains within a normal range. However, if there is a decrease in fluid intake or an increase in fluid loss, the osmolality increases, indicating dehydration. Therefore, osmolality is an important parameter to assess the state of hydration in the body.

The bilirubinometer uses direct spectrophotometry to determine the level of bilirubin in serum. This technique involves measuring the absorption of light by the bilirubin molecules in the serum sample. By determining the specific wavelengths at which bilirubin absorbs light, the bilirubinometer can accurately quantify the concentration of bilirubin present. This method is widely used in clinical settings for the diagnosis and monitoring of liver function and disorders such as jaundice.

Blood ketone tests measure the levels of ketones in the blood, which is important in managing conditions like diabetes. Ketone levels can change rapidly, so it is crucial to perform the test within a short timeframe after collection to obtain accurate results. Waiting too long may result in ketone levels changing, leading to an inaccurate reading. Therefore, the blood ketone test should be performed within 30 minutes of collection to ensure the most reliable results.

The G6PD screening test is a qualitative test because it is used to determine the presence or absence of G6PD deficiency in an individual. Qualitative tests provide a yes or no answer, indicating whether a certain condition or substance is present or not. In this case, the test is used to identify if there is a deficiency of the G6PD enzyme in the person being tested. A quantitative test, on the other hand, would provide a measurement or numerical value to indicate the level or amount of G6PD enzyme present.

NADPH is the correct answer because it is known to produce fluorescence under UV light. Glucose-6-P and G6PD do not have this property.

The HbA1c test is not useful in detecting abnormal haemoglobinopathies. This test is primarily used for monitoring the degree of metabolic control in diabetic patients and differentiating short-term hyperglycemia in non-diabetics and diabetics. Abnormal hemoglobinopathies are typically diagnosed through other methods such as hemoglobin electrophoresis or DNA analysis.

The liver plays a crucial role in removing ammonia from the body. It converts ammonia into urea, a less toxic substance that can be safely excreted. The urea is then transported to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and eliminated from the body through urine. Therefore, the correct answer is liver, urea, kidney.

Hyponatremia is not a cause of hyper-osmolality because it refers to a low level of sodium in the blood, whereas hyper-osmolality refers to an increased concentration of solutes in the blood. Alcohol ingestion can lead to hyper-osmolality because it can cause dehydration and an increase in the concentration of solutes in the blood. Hyperglycemia, which is high blood sugar levels, can also cause hyper-osmolality because glucose is a solute that contributes to the osmolality of the blood.

G6PD stands for Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important step in the production of energy in cells. Deficiency in G6PD can lead to a condition known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which can cause red blood cell damage and lead to hemolytic anemia.

The critical value for bilirubin in neonates is more than or equal to 300 umol/L. This means that if the bilirubin level in a neonate's blood is 300 umol/L or higher, it is considered a critical value and requires immediate attention and medical intervention. Bilirubin is a waste product that is formed when red blood cells are broken down, and high levels of bilirubin in neonates can indicate a condition called jaundice, which can be harmful if not treated promptly. Therefore, it is important to closely monitor and manage bilirubin levels in neonates to ensure their well-being.

Jaundice in neonates can be caused by various factors, including ABO incompatibility and haemolysis. ABO incompatibility occurs when the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, leading to the production of antibodies that can cause jaundice. Haemolysis refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, which can also contribute to the development of jaundice. However, erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell production and does not directly cause jaundice. Therefore, erythropoiesis is not a cause of jaundice in neonates.

Bromophenol blue is the correct indicator for ammonia. It is a pH indicator that changes color from yellow to blue as the pH increases. Since ammonia is a base, it will cause the pH to increase and therefore cause the bromophenol blue indicator to turn blue. The three variations of the answer provided are all correct spellings of the indicator.

The G6PD screening test requires 5 uL of whole blood. This small amount is sufficient to perform the test and obtain accurate results.

The critical value for blood ketone is more than or equal to 1.5mmol/L. This means that if the blood ketone level is equal to or higher than 1.5mmol/L, it is considered critical and requires attention.

The elevation of HbA1c occurs about 3 weeks after the sustained elevation in blood glucose. HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose levels over a period of time. It reflects the amount of glucose that has bonded to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Since red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days, it takes approximately 3 weeks for the newly formed red blood cells to reflect the elevated blood glucose levels. This is why a 3-week timeframe is necessary to see changes in HbA1c levels.

Increased lactate levels can be caused by conditions such as lactic acidosis, which is a buildup of lactic acid in the body. Bleeding can also lead to increased lactate levels due to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. However, overeating is not a known cause of increased lactate levels. Lactate is produced during anaerobic metabolism, which occurs when there is not enough oxygen available. Overeating does not directly affect oxygen availability or metabolism, therefore it is not a cause of increased lactate levels.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate is the correct answer because it is the main ketone body produced in the highest concentration. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver during periods of prolonged fasting or low carbohydrate intake. Acetone is a minor ketone body, while acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are the primary ketone bodies. Among these, beta-hydroxybutyrate is found in the highest concentration and is the most abundant ketone body in the bloodstream.

The absorbance at 550nm is a measure of the presence of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It has a characteristic absorbance peak at 550nm, which allows for its detection and measurement. Bilirubin, on the other hand, is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. While bilirubin can also be measured using absorbance, it does not have a specific peak at 550nm. Therefore, the correct answer is hemoglobin.

The absorbance at 460nm is measured by a bilirubinometer to determine the levels of bilirubin and hemoglobin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down, and high levels can indicate liver or gallbladder problems. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and its levels can indicate various conditions such as anemia. Therefore, measuring the absorbance at 460nm helps in assessing the levels of both bilirubin and hemoglobin.

The statement is false because the Optium blood ketone test does not measure the concentration of all the ketones. It specifically measures the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate, which is one type of ketone. Therefore, it does not provide a comprehensive measurement of all ketones in the blood.