2240 Feedback & Practice
Final Lectures Including:
- Augmented Feedback
- Practice Variability and Specificity
- Amount & Distribution of Practice
- Whole and Part Practice
- Mental Practice
- 1.
There are 2 types of performance related feedback. Augmented feedback adds to or enhances task-intrinsic feedback. Which of the following best defines task-intrinsic feedback:
- A.
Conscious Internal feedback that the performer infers themselves
- B.
Sensory-perceptual feedback
- C.
Feedback given from an external source ie. coach
- D.
A) & b)
Correct Answer
B. Sensory-perceptual feedbackExplanation
Although intrinsic feedback is the performer giving themselves feedback, it is not always conscious, it is knowledge summoned from the sensory sources, hence the sensory-perceptual feedbackRate this question:
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- 2.
Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP) are examples of what sort of feedback:
- A.
Task-Intrinsic Feedback
- B.
Augmentented Feedback
- C.
Extrinsic Feedback
- D.
External Feedback
Correct Answer
B. Augmentented FeedbackExplanation
Augmented feedback refers to information provided to learners about their performance during a task. Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP) are specific types of augmented feedback. KR provides information about the outcome or result of a performance, such as a test score or a time taken to complete a task. KP, on the other hand, provides information about the movement or technique used during a performance, focusing on the quality of the action. Therefore, both KR and KP fall under the category of augmented feedback, making the answer "Augmented Feedback" correct.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Externally presented information about the outcome of performing a skill or about achieving the performance is known as:
- A.
Knowledge of Performance
- B.
Knowledge of Results
- C.
Task-intrinsic Feedback
- D.
Terminal Feedback
Correct Answer
B. Knowledge of ResultsExplanation
Knowledge of Performance:
- movement characteristics that led to the performance outcomeRate this question:
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- 4.
Describe the roles that Augmented Feedback have in skill acquisition.
- 5.
Which of the following is not a reason why augmented feedback is essential for learning?
- A.
Some skill situations do not make critical sensory feedback available to the person
- B.
There exists the possibility that a person may not have available sensory pathways needed to detect feedback
- C.
Many people depend on receiving feedback from external sources
- D.
Feedback is provided from the sensory system, however, the person cannot use the feedback
Correct Answer
C. Many people depend on receiving feedback from external sourcesExplanation
It is important that people do not become dependent on augmented feedback - intrinsic feedback must also be developedRate this question:
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- 6.
Explain whether it would be more important to give augmented feedback based on information on errors or the correct aspects of the performance (point out what they did right vs. what they did wrong)
- 7.
Augmented feedback provided while the person is performing the skill is known as:
- A.
Terminal Feedback
- B.
Knowledge of Performance
- C.
Knowledge of Results
- D.
Concurrent Feedback
Correct Answer
D. Concurrent FeedbackExplanation
Effects of concurrent feedback on learning:
- negative learning effect
- enhances skill learning (positive effect)Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following statements about Terminal Feedback is FALSE:
- A.
Feedback is provided after a person has completed the performance of a skill
- B.
It is less effective than concurrent feedback
- C.
It is a sort of Augmented Feedback, supplementary to Task-intrinsic feedback
- D.
There are two intervals of time associated with it: KR delay interval, post KR interval
Correct Answer
B. It is less effective than concurrent feedbackExplanation
There is no evidence proving which type of Augmented feedback is more effective, it is all dependent on the person performing the skillRate this question:
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- 9.
The reduced frequency benefit associated with the frequency of presenting Augmented Feedback describes:
- A.
The guidence hypothesis
- B.
The athlete may grow dependent on intrinsic feedback however will also need to develop extrinsic feedback for competition scenarios
- C.
The optimal frequency for augmented feedback is not 100%
- D.
All of the above
- E.
B) & c)
- F.
A) & c)
Correct Answer
F. A) & c)Explanation
If augmented feedback is constantly given, the athlete may grow dependent on this form of feedback and will not develop their intrinsic feedback - which they will have to rely on in competitions when it may not be possible for the coach to give constant feedbackRate this question:
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- 10.
Describe some of the techniques used to reduce augmented feedback frequency.
- 11.
A coach saying to his 100m sprinter athlete after a practice trial: "Great job, you did 3 seconds better than your last run" is an example of what sort of feedback?
- A.
Augmented Feedback
- B.
Knowledge of Results
- C.
Knowledge of Performance
- D.
External Feedback
Correct Answer
C. Knowledge of PerformanceExplanation
The coach's statement provides information about the athlete's performance in comparison to their previous run. This type of feedback is known as knowledge of performance, as it focuses on the athlete's own execution of the task. It helps the athlete understand their progress and identify areas for improvement.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following statements about practice variability is FALSE:
- A.
It refers to the variety of movement and context characteristics the learner experiences while practicing a skill
- B.
The learner can benefit from increased capability to perform the skill in future test situations.
- C.
Practice variability is associated with a decreased amount of performance error during practice
- D.
Practice variability benefits future performance by comparing the effects of retention of practice situations involving one variation of a skill with those involving several variations of the skill
Correct Answer
C. Practice variability is associated with a decreased amount of performance error during practiceExplanation
Practice variability is associated with an increased amount of performance error during practice (as the athlete must adapt the skill to new contexts and scenarios that thye may have to face on game day)Rate this question:
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- 13.
The interference that results from performing variations of a skill within the context of practice (Batting, 1979) is known as:
- A.
Elaboration Interference
- B.
Variable Practice
- C.
Contextual Interference
- D.
Variable Interference
Correct Answer
C. Contextual InterferenceExplanation
Contextual Interference:
One way of solving the variable practice schedule is to apply the contextual interference effect.
This learning benefit results from performing multiple skills in a high contextual interference practice schedule instead of performing the skills in a low contextual interference schedule.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is not a limit to the contextual interference effect?
- A.
Task characteristics
- B.
Environment characteristics
- C.
Learner characteristics
- D.
A) & b)
- E.
A) & c)
Correct Answer
B. Environment characteristicsExplanation
The contextual interference effect refers to the phenomenon where practicing multiple tasks in an interleaved or random order leads to better learning and retention compared to practicing them in a blocked order. This effect is influenced by various factors, including task characteristics and learner characteristics. However, the environment characteristics, such as the physical setting or external conditions, do not directly limit the contextual interference effect. Therefore, the correct answer is "environment characteristics."Rate this question:
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- 15.
The Elaboration Hypothesis (Shea & Morgan, 1979) proposed that:
- A.
The contextual interference effect is related to the elaboration of memory representation of the skill variations that a learner is practicing.
- B.
High amounts of contextual interference benefit learning because the interference benefit learning because the interference requires a person to reconstruct an action plan on the next trial for a particular skill variation.
- C.
Higher levels of contextual interference involves greater attention demands during practice
- D.
People who practice according to a blocked schedule tend to overestimate how well they are learning during practice
Correct Answer
A. The contextual interference effect is related to the elaboration of memory representation of the skill variations that a learner is practicing.Explanation
Action Plan Reconstruction Hypothesis (Lee & Magill, 1985):
- high amounts of contextual interference benefit learning because the interference benefit learning because the interference requires a person to reconstruct an action plan on the next trial for a particular skill variation.
Regardless of which hypothesis, there are two important characteristics:
1. higher levels of contextual interference involves greater attention demands during practice
2. people who practice according to a blocked schedule tend to overestimate how well they are learning during practiceRate this question:
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- 16.
Overlearning is most correctly described as:
- A.
Spending too much time learning a skill so that it actually becomes detrimental to the performance of said skill
- B.
Continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criteria
- C.
Extra practice completed once the performer has become proficient at a skill
- D.
A positive effect that occurs when a skill is learnt for an extended period of time
Correct Answer
B. Continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criteriaExplanation
Overlearning has a positive influence on retention performance for motor learning skills (Driskell et al., 1992)Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following statements about overlearning is FALSE:
- A.
The overlearning of procedural skills, a combination of both cognitive and motor components,
- B.
Extra practice in dynamic balance skills tend to be detrimental for balancing skill acquisition
- C.
Diminished returns have been observed from over-practicing skills in the PE Class setting
- D.
Overlearning has a positive influence on retention performance for motor learning skills
Correct Answer
B. Extra practice in dynamic balance skills tend to be detrimental for balancing skill acquisitionExplanation
Extra practice was beneficial for balancing skill acquisitionRate this question:
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- 18.
Overlearning only has positive effects on learning, as athletes become extremely proficient at the motor skills they are practicing
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Learners can cease to engage in certain amounts of cognitive effort due to boredom since skills were too simple to learn.
Practice Variability:
- continued practice of the same movement results in decreased capacity to remember the movement as well as to transfer a movement variation compared to practice of variations, leading to enhancing the capability to remember and transfer movement to the related movement.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Practice where the amount of rest between practice session or trials is short is considered to be:
- A.
Varied Practice
- B.
Grouped Practice
- C.
Massed Practice
- D.
Distributed Practice
Correct Answer
C. Massed PracticeExplanation
Massed practice refers to a practice schedule where the amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is short. This means that the practice sessions are grouped closely together without much time for rest or recovery. This type of practice is often used when the goal is to maximize the amount of practice time and repetition in a short period. It can be effective for developing skills and improving performance, but it can also lead to fatigue and decreased retention of information in the long run.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following statements about distribution of practice is FALSE:
- A.
Research shows that practice sessions can be too long and infrequent to lead to optimal learning
- B.
Better learning results when people practice skills in larger number of shorter sessions than when sessions are long and fewer in number
- C.
Massed sessions refer to longer sessions within a day or a few days
- D.
Distributed sessions account for sessions with large amounts of rest during practice sessions, and more sessions across more days
Correct Answer
D. Distributed sessions account for sessions with large amounts of rest during practice sessions, and more sessions across more daysExplanation
Distributed Practice:
- the amount of rest between proactive sessions or trials is relatively long
- a distributed schedule refers to shorter sessions across more daysRate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following is not a hypothesis which has aimed to explain why distributed practice sessions lead to better learning:
- A.
Fatigue Hypothesis
- B.
Elaboration Hypothesis
- C.
Cognitive-effort Hypothesis
- D.
Memory consolidation Hypothesis
Correct Answer
B. Elaboration HypothesisExplanation
Elaboration Hypothesis relates to the effect of Contextual InterferenceRate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following statements about Intertrial Interval and Practice Distributions is FALSE:
- A.
Distributed practice schedules are better for learning discrete skills
- B.
Massed practice schedules are better for learning continuous skills
- C.
The amount of practice interacts with other variables to yield optimal learning (ie. type and frequency of feedback and variability of practice)
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
- F.
A) & b)
Correct Answer
F. A) & b)Explanation
The correct answer is a) & b). This is because the statement suggests that distributed practice schedules are better for learning discrete skills and massed practice schedules are better for learning continuous skills. However, research has shown that distributed practice is actually more effective for both discrete and continuous skills, while massed practice can lead to fatigue and decreased performance. Therefore, both statements are false.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Skill complexity is best defined as:
- A.
The level of difficulty of the skill that is being practiced or peformed
- B.
The number of parts of components in a skill
- C.
The attention demands required by a task
- D.
A) & b)
- E.
B) & c)
Correct Answer
E. B) & c)Explanation
Skill complexity is best defined as the number of parts or components in a skill and the attention demands required by a task. This means that skill complexity takes into account both the level of difficulty of the skill being practiced or performed and the cognitive demands or attention required to successfully complete the task.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A dance routine is considered to be: Complexity; organisation eg. high complexity; high organisation
- A.
High ; low
- B.
Low ; high
- C.
High ; high
- D.
Low ; low
Correct Answer
A. High ; lowExplanation
A dance routine is considered to have high complexity because it involves intricate and synchronized movements, often with multiple dancers. However, it may have low organization because the routine may not follow a strict structure or be well-coordinated.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is an example of a skill requiring high organisation?
- A.
Handwriting
- B.
A dance routine
- C.
A free throw in basketball
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. A free throw in basketballExplanation
A skill with high organisation is where the component parts are spatially and temporally interdependent (eg. each part of the skill is highly linked together)Rate this question:
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- 26.
A skill low in organisatoin has:
- A.
A large number of parts involved in the skill and high attention demands
- B.
A small amount of components involved with lower attention demands needed for the task
- C.
Component parts that are spatially and temporally interdependent
- D.
Component parts that are spatially and temporally independent
Correct Answer
D. Component parts that are spatially and temporally independentExplanation
For example: handwriting (block letters - not cursive)Rate this question:
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- 27.
Which of the following statements is FALSE:
- A.
If the skill is low in complexity and high in organisation, practice of the whole skill is best
- B.
If the skill is high in complexity and low in organisation, practice by using the part method is best.
- C.
All of the above
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. None of the aboveExplanation
To determine which skills that are complex and organised combinations, you must first analyse the skill.
Then, decide which part of the continuum of skill complexity and organisation best represents the skill.Rate this question:
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- 28.
According to Wrightman and Lintern (1985), which method of practicing parts of a skill involves praciticing individual limbs first fo a skill that involves asymmetric coordination of the arms and legs?
- A.
Segmentation
- B.
Fractionisation
- C.
Simplification
- D.
Division
Correct Answer
B. FractionisationExplanation
Fractionisation is the method of practicing parts of a skill by practicing individual limbs first. This method is particularly effective for skills that involve asymmetric coordination of the arms and legs. By breaking down the skill into smaller components and practicing each limb separately, learners can focus on developing coordination and control before integrating all the limbs together. This approach allows for a more systematic and gradual progression towards mastering the skill.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Shaping a skill occurs when:
- A.
Simplified or incomplete versions of a skill are rehearsed and missing components are gradually added
- B.
The skill is broken down into components that are rehearsed as if they were isolated skills. Over time, the components of the skill are then put together to perform the skill
- C.
The difficulty of specific parts of features of a skill is reduced
- D.
The skill is separated into parts and practicing the parts so that it is practiced together with the next part (progressive)
Correct Answer
A. Simplified or incomplete versions of a skill are rehearsed and missing components are gradually addedExplanation
Chaining:
- The skill is broken down into components that are rehearsed as if they were isolated skills. Over time, the components of the skill are then put together to perform the skill
Simplification:
- The difficulty of specific parts of features of a skill is reduced
Segmentation:
- The skill is separated into parts and practicing the parts so that it is practiced together with the next part (progressive)Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following statements about Mental Practice is FALSE:
- A.
It involves the cognitive rehearsal of a physical in the absence of overt physical movement
- B.
It can include engagement of visual or kinesthetic imagery of the performance of a skill or part of a skill
- C.
Visual imagery can be either internal (imagines themselves performing the skill) or external (viewing themselves as an observer ie. movie)
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. None of the aboveExplanation
Mental Practice involves the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill without actually physically performing the movement. It can include visual or kinesthetic imagery of the skill, either by imagining oneself performing the skill or by visualizing oneself as an observer. Therefore, none of the statements about Mental Practice are false.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Mental practice is as effective as physical practice when it comes to certain motor skills
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Although mental practice is a very useful tool for practice and does provide many benefits, it DOES NOT replace physical practice and trainingRate this question:
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- 32.
Explain Singer's 5-step Strategy, and explain how it can aid mental practice for skill acquisition
- 33.
Which of the following is not a generally accepted hypothesis explaining why mental practice is so effective?
- A.
Neuromuscular Hypothesis
- B.
Fatigue Hypothesis
- C.
Brain Activity Hypothesis
- D.
Cognitive Hypothesis
Correct Answer
B. Fatigue HypothesisExplanation
Fatigue Hypothesis:
- a hypothesis that helps explain why distributed practice sessions lead to better learning outcom than massed practice sessions
Neuromuscular Hypothesis:
- EMG recordings in muscles show involvement although no movement is being made
Brain Activity Hypothesis:
- brain activity is similar during mental practice to when the muscles are actually used
Cognitive Hypothesis:
- benefits of answering important pertinent questions during Phase One of Motor Skill LearningRate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following statements about Imagery is CORRECT:
- A.
All people have equal ability when it comes to imagery
- B.
Mental Practice is still very effective even when imagery is not used effectively
- C.
Imagery Ability is focussed on being able to image an action when requested to do so
- D.
B) & c)
Correct Answer
C. Imagery Ability is focussed on being able to image an action when requested to do soExplanation
Imagery ability influences the success of Mental Practice. It has been shown that people with low imagery abilities are still able to benefit from Mental Practice, however it is not as effective.Rate this question:
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