1st Sem Review Unit 9

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  • 1/68 Questions

    Urban political machines made a significant contribution to the growth of the late 19th Century American cities in that they…

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    • Brought order to the expansion of urban services and facilities
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About This Quiz

This quiz titled '1st sem review unit 9' assesses knowledge on the Gilded Age, focusing on technological innovations, significant figures like Thomas Edison, and regulatory changes like the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. It's designed to enhance understanding of American industrialization.

1st Sem Review Unit 9 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    During the mid-19th century, Tammany Hall was successful in increasing its power and influence in NY largely because its leaders

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    • Provided basic services to ordinary people

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    Correct Answer
    A. Provided basic services to ordinary people
    Explanation
    During the mid-19th century, Tammany Hall was able to increase its power and influence in New York largely because its leaders provided basic services to ordinary people. By offering services such as job assistance, housing, and social support, Tammany Hall gained the support and loyalty of the working-class population. This helped them secure votes and maintain a strong political base, allowing them to expand their influence and control over the city.

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  • 3. 

     “This, then, is held to be the duty of the men of wealth: To consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community- the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren.” These sentiments are most characteristic of

    • How the Other Half Lives

    • The Gospel of Wealth

    • Common Sense

    • A Century of Dishonor

    • Turner's Thesis

    Correct Answer
    A. The Gospel of Wealth
    Explanation
    The given passage expresses the idea that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their surplus funds to benefit the community. This concept aligns with the principles outlined in "The Gospel of Wealth," an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. In this essay, Carnegie argues that the rich have a duty to use their wealth for the greater good and to improve society. Therefore, the sentiments expressed in the passage are most characteristic of "The Gospel of Wealth."

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  • 4. 

    The Bessemer process was an important technological innovation in

    • Railroads

    • The manufacture of steel

    • Communication

    • The production of electricity

    • Purifying potable water

    Correct Answer
    A. The manufacture of steel
    Explanation
    The Bessemer process was a significant technological innovation in the manufacture of steel. This process, developed by Sir Henry Bessemer in the 19th century, allowed for the mass production of steel by converting iron into steel through the removal of impurities. It involved blowing air through molten iron to oxidize the impurities and create a purer form of steel. This innovation revolutionized the steel industry, making it faster, more efficient, and more cost-effective, leading to the widespread use of steel in various industries such as construction, transportation, and manufacturing.

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  • 5. 

    Although he invented dozens of products perhaps Thomas Edison’s major contribution was

    • The phonograph

    • The incandescent light bulb

    • AC Current

    • The telephone

    • The typewiter

    Correct Answer
    A. The incandescent light bulb
    Explanation
    Thomas Edison's major contribution was the invention of the incandescent light bulb. This invention revolutionized the way people live and work by providing a reliable and efficient source of artificial light. The incandescent light bulb paved the way for the modern lighting industry and had a significant impact on various sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and entertainment. Edison's invention not only improved the quality of life but also played a crucial role in the development of other technologies and industries.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following would be most likely to vote for William Jennings Bryan in the presidential campaign of 1896?

    • A Kansas farmer

    • A New York merchant

    • William McKinley

    • A goldbug

    • A Republican

    Correct Answer
    A. A Kansas farmer
    Explanation
    A Kansas farmer would be most likely to vote for William Jennings Bryan in the presidential campaign of 1896 because Bryan was a strong advocate for the interests of farmers. He supported policies such as the free coinage of silver, which would have increased the money supply and helped farmers who were struggling with debt. Bryan also championed the Populist movement, which aimed to address the economic challenges faced by farmers and rural communities. Therefore, a Kansas farmer, who likely faced similar challenges, would have been more inclined to support Bryan's campaign.

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  • 7. 

    All of the following accounts for nativist sentiment against the “new immigrants” of the late 19th Century EXCEPT that the immigrants

    • Dominated the professions of law, medicine, and engineering

    • Practiced different religions

    • Had different languages and cultures

    • Drove wages down

    • Were not familiar with the US political system so they were "used" by the political machines in the big cities

    Correct Answer
    A. Dominated the professions of law, medicine, and engineering
    Explanation
    The nativist sentiment against the "new immigrants" of the late 19th Century can be attributed to several factors. The immigrants practiced different religions, had different languages and cultures, and were not familiar with the US political system, which made them vulnerable to exploitation by political machines in big cities. Additionally, their arrival also drove wages down, creating economic concerns for native-born Americans. However, the immigrants dominating the professions of law, medicine, and engineering does not account for the nativist sentiment as it is not mentioned as a reason for opposition.

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  • 8. 

    Who were the strongest supporters of Populism during 1890’s?

    • Western and Southern Farmers

    • Silverites

    • Democrats

    • Northern and Eastern Merchants

    • Union Members

    Correct Answer
    A. Western and Southern Farmers
    Explanation
    During the 1890s, Western and Southern Farmers were the strongest supporters of Populism. These farmers faced numerous challenges such as falling crop prices, high transportation costs, and mounting debt. They believed that the government should intervene to address these issues and protect their interests. Populist leaders like William Jennings Bryan advocated for policies such as the free coinage of silver and regulation of railroads to support the farmers' cause. The farmers saw Populism as a way to address their economic grievances and fight for their rights, making them the strongest supporters of the movement.

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  • 9. 

    The fundamental difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor was that the Knights

    • Led more violent stikes

    • Had a political agenda

    • Had greater success in their attempts for reform

    • Endorsed a policy of seeking more realistic economic gains

    • Welcomed all skilled and unskilled workers, blacks and women

    Correct Answer
    A. Welcomed all skilled and unskilled workers, blacks and women
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that the Knights of Labor welcomed all skilled and unskilled workers, blacks, and women. This sets them apart from the American Federation of Labor, which had more restrictive membership policies. The Knights of Labor aimed to create a unified labor movement that included workers from all backgrounds, while the American Federation of Labor focused primarily on representing skilled workers and excluded certain groups. This difference in inclusivity made the Knights of Labor more diverse and potentially more powerful in their efforts to advocate for labor reform.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following best accounts for the fact that Slavic immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries settled principally in Midwestern cities like Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Chicago?

    • A need for doctors to limit the spread of disease offered many skilled jobs

    • Midwestern steel, meatpacking, and other mass production industries offered many unskilled jobs

    • Asian immigrants refused to travel to the Midwest in favor of the East coast

    • Midwestern cities were railroad hubs, making transportation easy

    • Restrictive covenants prevented them from moving elsewhere

    Correct Answer
    A. Midwestern steel, meatpacking, and other mass production industries offered many unskilled jobs
    Explanation
    The fact that Slavic immigrants settled in Midwestern cities like Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Chicago can be best explained by the availability of unskilled jobs in industries such as steel, meatpacking, and other mass production. These industries were prominent in the Midwest during that time, providing employment opportunities for immigrants who were seeking work. The presence of these industries attracted Slavic immigrants to settle in these cities, where they could find employment and establish their lives.

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  • 11. 

    The precipitating factor in the 1894 Pullman Strike was

    • A rally for safer working conditions

    • Wages being slashed with railroad workers

    • Frick's cutting of wages while the owner was in Europe

    • Pullman’s cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents

    • The rally for an eight hour workday by many workers

    Correct Answer
    A. Pullman’s cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents
    Explanation
    During the 1894 Pullman Strike, the precipitating factor was Pullman's decision to cut wages for its workers without making corresponding reductions in the rents of company housing. This decision created significant unrest and dissatisfaction among the workers, leading to the strike. The workers felt that their wages were being unjustly reduced while they still had to pay the same amount for housing, which caused a wave of protest and ultimately resulted in the strike.

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  • 12. 

    The most important long-term consequence of the Pendleton Act of 1883 was the

    • Institution of a merit and tenure system for the federal administration

    • Continuation of the spoils system

    • Free and unlimited coinage of silver

    • Removal of silver as a form of currency to ensure the gold standard

    • Regulation of trusts to prevent monopolization

    Correct Answer
    A. Institution of a merit and tenure system for the federal administration
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the Institution of a merit and tenure system for the federal administration. The Pendleton Act of 1883 was passed in order to reform the civil service system and reduce political patronage. It established a merit-based system for hiring and promoting federal employees, based on their qualifications and performance rather than political connections. This system aimed to ensure that government positions were filled by competent individuals and to prevent corruption and favoritism. The Act also introduced the concept of tenure, providing job security for civil servants and protecting them from arbitrary dismissals. Overall, the Pendleton Act significantly transformed the federal administration by professionalizing the civil service and promoting efficiency and fairness.

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  • 13. 

    Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives is a study of

    • Socialist movement in America and the impact it may have

    • Immigrants who became successful and rich after arriving in America

    • The horrible living conditions forced upon Native Americans

    • Immigrant urban poverty and despair in the 1890’s

    • Corruption of businesses and what should be done about them

    Correct Answer
    A. Immigrant urban poverty and despair in the 1890’s
    Explanation
    Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives is a study that focuses on the issue of immigrant urban poverty and despair in the 1890s. It examines the living conditions and challenges faced by immigrants during this time period. Riis's work sheds light on the harsh realities of poverty, overcrowding, and unsanitary living conditions in urban areas, particularly among immigrant populations. Through his photographs and descriptions, Riis aimed to raise awareness about these issues and advocate for social and political reforms to improve the lives of the impoverished immigrants.

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  • 14. 

    During the 19th Century Republicans defended a high tariff policy partly on the grounds it

    • Guaranteed higher wages and individual advancement for American workers

    • Would lower the price of manufactured goods for farmers

    • Would limit the power of the federal government

    • Would draw attention away from the silver issue

    • Would weaken the power of the monopolies

    Correct Answer
    A. Guaranteed higher wages and individual advancement for American workers
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Guaranteed higher wages and individual advancement for American workers." During the 19th Century, Republicans supported a high tariff policy because they believed it would protect American industries from foreign competition. By imposing high tariffs on imported goods, they aimed to make foreign products more expensive and therefore encourage consumers to buy American-made goods. This, in turn, would create a higher demand for American products, leading to increased production and job opportunities. The Republicans believed that this would result in higher wages and individual advancement for American workers.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following was primarily responsible for the declining death rate in American cities at the end of the 19th Century?

    • Decreasing immigrant rates due to restrictive covenants and Exclusion Acts

    • Electricity was brought into the homes

    • Poltical machines offered needed resources to the poor

    • Cities built sewers and supplied water purifiers

    • Better housing conditions

    Correct Answer
    A. Cities built sewers and supplied water purifiers
    Explanation
    Cities built sewers and supplied water purifiers were primarily responsible for the declining death rate in American cities at the end of the 19th Century. This is because the construction of sewers helped to improve sanitation and reduce the spread of diseases caused by poor waste management. Additionally, the implementation of water purifiers helped to provide clean and safe drinking water, which also contributed to a decrease in waterborne diseases. These measures played a significant role in improving public health and ultimately reducing the death rate in American cities during this time period.

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  • 16. 

    William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” oration was primarily an expression of his

    • Advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver

    • Advocacy of Puritan values in America

    • Advocacy of a gold standard

    • Advocacy of new restrictions on immigration

    • Advocacy of partial coinage of silver in a bimetallic system

    Correct Answer
    A. Advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver
    Explanation
    The correct answer is advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver. This can be inferred from the phrase "Cross of Gold" which refers to Bryan's famous speech at the Democratic National Convention in 1896 where he argued for the unlimited coinage of silver as a way to alleviate economic hardships faced by farmers and the working class. This position was in opposition to the gold standard, which Bryan believed favored the wealthy and limited the money supply.

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  • 17. 

    All of the following were considered legitimate functions of the federal government in the late 19th Century EXCEPT

    • Assuring the welfare of the poor and unemployed

    • Dispensing of patronage jobs to party loyalists

    • Executing laws rather than making them

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    Correct Answer
    A. Assuring the welfare of the poor and unemployed
    Explanation
    In the late 19th century, the federal government had various functions, including executing laws rather than making them and dispensing patronage jobs to party loyalists. However, assuring the welfare of the poor and unemployed was not considered a legitimate function of the federal government during this time. This is because the prevailing belief was that individuals were responsible for their own well-being and the government should not intervene in matters of welfare. Social welfare programs were not yet established, and the government's role was primarily focused on maintaining law and order and promoting economic growth.

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  • 18. 

    During the late 19th century, vertical integration specifically allowed businesses to

    • Expand their control over production and distribution as well as manufacturing

    • Expand their control over competitors

    • Dominate the market and eliminate all competition

    • Refuse to hire union members

    • Break strikes by hiring scabs

    Correct Answer
    A. Expand their control over production and distribution as well as manufacturing
    Explanation
    Vertical integration refers to a business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of the production and distribution process. By integrating vertically, businesses can expand their control over production and distribution as well as manufacturing. This means that they can have a greater influence over the entire supply chain, from sourcing raw materials to delivering the final product to customers. This allows them to streamline operations, reduce costs, and have more control over quality and delivery. By expanding their control in these areas, businesses can gain a competitive advantage in the market.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of “bread and butter” unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions?

    • The Wobblies

    • The Knights of Labor

    • The American Federation of Labor

    • The Sons of Liberty

    • The National Labor Union

    Correct Answer
    A. The American Federation of Labor
    Explanation
    The American Federation of Labor endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by focusing on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions. This approach aimed to address the immediate needs and concerns of workers, rather than pursuing broader social or political goals. Unlike other labor organizations such as the Wobblies, Knights of Labor, Sons of Liberty, and National Labor Union, the American Federation of Labor prioritized the economic interests of its members.

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  • 20. 

    Some historians have labeled John D. Rockefeller and other big businessmen of the Gilded Age as “Robber Barons” because they

    • Created monopolies

    • Used political machines to control the elections

    • Drained the country of its natural resources

    • Were ruthless competitors who cheated their investors and exploited their workers

    • Paid their workers meager wages

    Correct Answer
    A. Were ruthless competitors who cheated their investors and exploited their workers
    Explanation
    During the Gilded Age, John D. Rockefeller and other big businessmen were labeled as "Robber Barons" because they were ruthless competitors who prioritized their own profits over the well-being of their investors and workers. They engaged in unethical practices such as cheating investors and exploiting workers to maximize their personal wealth. This behavior demonstrated their disregard for the welfare of those who contributed to their success, earning them the negative label of "Robber Barons."

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following is a valid criticism of the thesis that the federal government pursued a “Laissez-faire” policy during the nineteenth century?

    • It gave land grants to railroads and tariff protection to manufacturers

    • All of the presidents were very weak during this era

    • Social Darwinism refuted helping the poor

    • They purchased crops from farmers to relieve their problems

    • A single tax was imposed on businesses and the upper class of America

    Correct Answer
    A. It gave land grants to railroads and tariff protection to manufacturers
    Explanation
    The given answer is a valid criticism of the thesis that the federal government pursued a "Laissez-faire" policy during the nineteenth century because providing land grants to railroads and tariff protection to manufacturers indicates government intervention and support for specific industries. This contradicts the idea of a hands-off approach and limited government involvement in the economy, which is the essence of a "Laissez-faire" policy.

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  • 22. 

    The basic story of Horatio Alger’s late 19th Century novels usually involved

    • An older, successful businessman and philanthropist giving his wealth to poor immigrant children

    • Rags to riches stories of poor boys who succeeded through luck and hard work

    • The tragic and depressing reality faced by America's urban poor

    • The farmers being exploited by eastern bankers and urging for free and unlimited coinage of silver

    • A reflection upon the direction society is heading in, usually through a character thrown into the future

    Correct Answer
    A. Rags to riches stories of poor boys who succeeded through luck and hard work
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Rags to riches stories of poor boys who succeeded through luck and hard work." This explanation aligns with the basic story structure of Horatio Alger's late 19th Century novels. Alger's novels often depicted young, impoverished boys who faced various challenges but ultimately achieved success through their determination, hard work, and a stroke of luck. These stories were meant to inspire and promote the belief in the American Dream, where anyone, regardless of their background, could achieve success through their own efforts.

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  • 23. 

    Native born women who moved to the cities during the late 1800’s tended to find work

    • As servants for rich families

    • On their family's farm

    • In factories

    • As clerks, typists, and sales personnel

    • As doctors, teachers, and lawyers

    Correct Answer
    A. As clerks, typists, and sales personnel
    Explanation
    During the late 1800s, native-born women who moved to the cities tended to find work as clerks, typists, and sales personnel. This is because the urbanization and industrialization during this time created a demand for office workers and retail employees. These positions were seen as more respectable and offered a higher social status compared to working as servants for rich families or on their family's farm. Additionally, becoming doctors, teachers, or lawyers required higher education and training, which may not have been as accessible for women during this time.

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  • 24. 

    Best explanation of failure of Populism was

    • It didn’t appeal to many middle class farmers or city dwellers

    • Its absorption by the American Federation of Labor

    • The prosperity of the early 1890's undermined popular support for its economic reforms

    • The Republican party co-opted some of the Populist program and its constituents

    • The Panic of 1893

    Correct Answer
    A. It didn’t appeal to many middle class farmers or city dwellers
    Explanation
    Populism failed because it didn't appeal to many middle class farmers or city dwellers. This suggests that the movement was unable to gain widespread support from these groups, which would have been crucial for its success. Without the backing of these key demographics, populism would have struggled to enact meaningful change or gain political power.

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  • 25. 

    Horizontal integration i.e. (one firm acquiring control of other firms that produce the same product) at the end of the 19th century was a response to

    • Rockefeller's domination of the market

    • New government regulation

    • Labor unions

    • Vertical integration

    • Economic competition

    Correct Answer
    A. Economic competition
    Explanation
    During the late 19th century, horizontal integration, which refers to a company acquiring control over other firms producing the same product, was a response to economic competition. As Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company dominated the market, other companies sought to compete by merging with or acquiring their competitors. This strategy allowed them to increase their market share, eliminate competition, and gain more control over the industry. By consolidating resources and reducing competition, companies could achieve economies of scale and potentially increase their profitability. Therefore, economic competition was the driving force behind the adoption of horizontal integration as a business strategy during that time.

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  • 26. 

    During the Gilded Age, the Presidents were chiefly occupied in which of the following roles?

    • Assurer of welfare of the poor and unemployed

    • Executer of laws

    • Dispenser of patronage to party loyalists

    • Regulator of large business

    • Ambassador of foreign affairs

    Correct Answer
    A. Dispenser of patronage to party loyalists
    Explanation
    During the Gilded Age, the Presidents were chiefly occupied in the role of being a dispenser of patronage to party loyalists. This means that they were responsible for rewarding their political supporters with government positions and favors. This practice was common during this era, as political parties relied heavily on patronage to maintain their power and control. By rewarding loyal party members, Presidents could ensure their support and loyalty, which was crucial for their political success. This system of patronage played a significant role in shaping the political landscape and power dynamics during the Gilded Age.

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  • 27. 

     American labor movement of the late 19th Century

    • Was involved in a number of nonviolent strikes

    • Was involved in a number of violent strikes

    • Helped women gain new rights

    • Worked hard to empower immigrants

    • Won improved conditions for skilled und unskilled workers

    Correct Answer
    A. Was involved in a number of violent strikes
    Explanation
    The American labor movement of the late 19th Century was involved in a number of violent strikes. This means that instead of using peaceful methods to protest and negotiate for better working conditions and rights, the labor movement resorted to violent actions. This could include acts such as sabotage, destruction of property, and physical confrontations. These violent strikes were a result of the frustration and desperation of the workers who felt that peaceful means were not effective in bringing about the changes they desired.

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  • 28. 

    The farmers’ protest movement lost momentum at the end of the 1890’s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

    • The absorption of the Populist by the American Federation of Labor

    • William Jennings Bryan's defeat in the 1896 election

    • Western and Southern farmers favored different political strategies

    • Racism strained the coalition of poor white and black farmers

    • The silver movement died

    Correct Answer
    A. The absorption of the Populist by the American Federation of Labor
    Explanation
    The absorption of the Populist by the American Federation of Labor did not contribute to the loss of momentum in the farmers' protest movement at the end of the 1890s. This event actually helped to strengthen the movement by aligning the interests of farmers and laborers. The other reasons listed, such as William Jennings Bryan's defeat in the 1896 election, the differing political strategies of Western and Southern farmers, the strain of racism on the coalition of poor white and black farmers, and the decline of the silver movement, all played a role in the loss of momentum.

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  • 29. 

    All of the following were important technological innovations that first appeared in urban America between 1865 and 1890 EXCEPT

    • Electricity

    • Public Water Systems

    • Skyscrapers

    • Telephones

    • The Bessemer Process

    Correct Answer
    A. Public Water Systems
    Explanation
    During the period between 1865 and 1890, various technological innovations emerged in urban America. Electricity, skyscrapers, telephones, and the Bessemer Process were all significant advancements during this time. However, public water systems were not a technological innovation that first appeared in urban America between 1865 and 1890. Public water systems had already been established in some cities prior to this period, and therefore they do not fit the criteria of being a new technological innovation during this specific time frame.

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  • 30. 

    In 1890, the most important source of revenue for the federal government was

    • Income Tax

    • Poll Taxes

    • Sales Tax

    • Custom duties

    • Donations

    Correct Answer
    A. Custom duties
    Explanation
    In 1890, the most important source of revenue for the federal government was custom duties. Custom duties are taxes imposed on goods that are imported or exported. During this time period, the United States relied heavily on tariffs on imported goods to generate revenue for the government. These tariffs were placed on a wide range of products, including textiles, steel, and agricultural goods. Custom duties provided a significant portion of the federal government's income and were an important source of funding for various government programs and initiatives.

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  • 31. 

    The “Mugwumps” played a crucial role in deciding the outcome of the Election of 1884 through their

    • Syphoning of votes from the Democratic candidate

    • Criticism of the Republican candidate and defection from the party

    • Defection from the Republican party in favor of the third party

    • Strong rallying against a two party system in favor of a three party system

    • Criticism of the Democratic candidate and defection from the party

    Correct Answer
    A. Criticism of the Republican candidate and defection from the party
    Explanation
    The Mugwumps played a crucial role in deciding the outcome of the Election of 1884 through their criticism of the Republican candidate and defection from the party. This suggests that the Mugwumps were dissatisfied with the Republican candidate and publicly voiced their criticism. Additionally, they chose to leave the party, which could have potentially impacted the election outcome by reducing support for the Republican candidate. Their actions could have influenced voters who were undecided or who were previously leaning towards the Republican candidate.

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  • 32. 

    In his 1879 novel, Progress and Poverty, Henry George advocated a method to end monopolies and promote social progress, known as the

    • Single Tax

    • Gospel of Wealth

    • Free and unlimited coinage of silver

    • Chinese Exclusion Act

    • Interstate Commerce Commision

    Correct Answer
    A. Single Tax
    Explanation
    In his novel, Progress and Poverty, Henry George proposed the idea of a Single Tax as a solution to end monopolies and promote social progress. This concept suggests that instead of taxing individuals' incomes or property, there should be a single tax on the value of land. George believed that this would prevent the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few, promote equal opportunities, and eliminate poverty. The Single Tax would also discourage speculation and unproductive use of land, while generating revenue for public services and infrastructure development.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following is a correct statement about the Gilded Age?

    • The presidents were very effective and active leaders

    • Labor unions gained new rights for skilled and unskilled workers

    • Politics were heavily dominated by one party

    • Business activity expanded and contracted frequently

    • The tariff issue was finally resolved

    Correct Answer
    A. Business activity expanded and contracted frequently
    Explanation
    During the Gilded Age, business activity experienced frequent expansions and contractions. This period, which occurred in the late 19th century, was characterized by rapid industrialization and economic growth. However, this growth was often accompanied by periods of economic instability, such as recessions and financial panics. As a result, business activity fluctuated frequently, reflecting the volatile nature of the economy during this time.

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  • 34. 

    During the Gilded Age, the economic issue that most clearly divided the Republicans and Democrats was

    • The Tariff Issue

    • The Silver Issue

    • A Single Tax

    • How to resolve the Panic of 1893

    • The Bank of the United States

    Correct Answer
    A. The Tariff Issue
    Explanation
    During the Gilded Age, the economic issue that most clearly divided the Republicans and Democrats was the Tariff Issue. The Republicans supported high tariffs to protect American industries and encourage economic growth, while the Democrats favored lower tariffs to promote free trade and reduce the cost of imported goods. This issue was a major point of contention between the two parties and reflected their differing views on economic policy and the role of government in the economy.

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  • 35. 

    “Long ago it was said that ‘one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.’ That was true then. It did not know because it did not know because it did not care … Today three fourths of the people live in the tenements, and the 19th Century drift of the population to the cities is sending ever-increasing multitudes to crowd them.” The author of this statement was

    • Henry George

    • George W. Plunkitt

    • Jacob Riis

    • Horatio Alger Jr.

    • Thomas Paine

    Correct Answer
    A. Jacob Riis
    Explanation
    Jacob Riis is the correct answer because he is known for his work as a journalist and photographer, documenting the living conditions of the poor in New York City during the late 19th century. His book, "How the Other Half Lives," exposed the harsh realities of tenement life and helped to bring about social and political reforms. The quote in the question reflects Riis' belief that the majority of people were unaware of or indifferent to the living conditions of the poor.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following statements best describes residency patterns in American cities during the late 1800’s?

    • The upper classes lived close to the inner core, the very poor lived in the suburbs, and the middle classes lived in between

    • The very poor lived close to the inner core, the upper classes lived in the suburbs, and the middle classes lived in between

    • The very poor lived close to the inner core, the middle classes lived in the suburbs, and the upper classes lived in between

    • The middle classes lived close to the inner core, the upper classes lived in the suburbs, and the very poor lived in between

    • All of the classes lived together throughout the cities

    Correct Answer
    A. The very poor lived close to the inner core, the upper classes lived in the suburbs, and the middle classes lived in between
    Explanation
    During the late 1800s in American cities, the residency patterns were such that the very poor lived close to the inner core, the upper classes lived in the suburbs, and the middle classes lived in between. This indicates a clear social and economic divide in terms of where different classes of people resided within the cities. The inner core, being closer to the city center, was likely less expensive and more accessible for the very poor, while the suburbs provided a more affluent and spacious living environment for the upper classes. The middle classes, as the name suggests, found themselves in between these two extremes.

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  • 37. 

    Which of the following accurately describes the Chinese population in the United in 1860?

    • The Chinese population was decreasing

    • There were almost twenty times as many Chinese men compared to the number of Chinese women

    • The Chinese population was dominated by the elderly

    • There were almost twenty times as many Chinese women compared to the number of Chinese men

    • The Chinese population was dominated by the youth

    Correct Answer
    A. There were almost twenty times as many Chinese men compared to the number of Chinese women
    Explanation
    In 1860, the Chinese population in the United States had almost twenty times as many men compared to the number of women. This suggests a significant gender imbalance within the Chinese population at that time.

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  • 38. 

    Of the following, which was the most important cause of agrarian discontent in the United States in the last quarter of the 19th Century?

    • Increased debt because of the expensive price of equipment

    • The government's lack of action after several key natural disasters

    • A high tariff was increasing the price of manufactured goods while preventing foreignors from earning the American currency needed to purchase American crops

    • The feeling that the railroads were exploiting the farmers

    • The feeling that poverty was inevitable without deflation offered by free-silver coinage

    Correct Answer
    A. The feeling that the railroads were exploiting the farmers
    Explanation
    The feeling that the railroads were exploiting the farmers was the most important cause of agrarian discontent in the United States in the last quarter of the 19th century. Farmers believed that the railroads were charging exorbitant rates for transporting their crops, which significantly reduced their profits. This exploitation by the railroads led to widespread dissatisfaction among farmers and contributed to their overall discontent with the agricultural system.

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  • 39. 

     In the late 19th Century United States, farmers sought federal relief from distress caused by

    • Natural disasters

    • Inflation

    • Discriminating freight rates

    • A high tariff

    • The Panic of 1893

    Correct Answer
    A. Discriminating freight rates
    Explanation
    During the late 19th century in the United States, farmers faced economic distress caused by discriminating freight rates. Discriminating freight rates referred to the practice of charging higher rates for transporting agricultural products compared to other goods. This unfair treatment put a burden on farmers, as it made it more expensive for them to transport their crops to markets. Consequently, farmers sought federal relief to address this issue and alleviate their financial difficulties.

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  • 40. 

     In the late 19th Century controversy over the social and religious implications of Darwinian theory, all of the following popular beliefs were felt to be threatened by Darwin EXCEPT the

    • Theological doctrine of "design"

    • Accuracy of the old testament

    • Reality of change in the world

    • Uniqueness of man in nature

    • The concept of the deserving poor in the work force

    Correct Answer
    A. Reality of change in the world
    Explanation
    During the late 19th Century, there was a controversy surrounding the social and religious implications of Darwinian theory. Many popular beliefs were felt to be threatened by Darwin, including the theological doctrine of "design," the accuracy of the Old Testament, the uniqueness of man in nature, and the concept of the deserving poor in the workforce. However, the reality of change in the world was not felt to be threatened by Darwin. This suggests that people at the time still recognized and accepted the concept of change and evolution in the natural world, even if they disagreed with its implications for other aspects of their beliefs.

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  • 41. 

    During the late 19th Century, significant reforms improved living conditions in major cities in all of the following area EXCEPT

    • Relief for the poor

    • Public Water Systems

    • Public Sewer Systems

    • Electricity was brought in

    • Increased transportation

    Correct Answer
    A. Relief for the poor
    Explanation
    During the late 19th Century, significant reforms were implemented to improve living conditions in major cities. Public water systems, public sewer systems, and the introduction of electricity were all part of these reforms, leading to better sanitation, hygiene, and overall quality of life. Additionally, increased transportation options were developed to enhance mobility and connectivity within cities. However, relief for the poor was not a significant focus of these reforms, indicating that it was not addressed or improved to the same extent as the other areas.

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  • 42. 

    The cartoon shown above illustrates

    • The reliance of the various sectors of industry in America

    • Populist support for the power of the Eastern establishment

    • Populist resentment against the power of the Eastern establishment

    • The Eastern establishment's reliance on the Populists

    • Populism's power over the government

    Correct Answer
    A. Populist resentment against the power of the Eastern establishment
    Explanation
    The cartoon depicts a scene where a giant octopus labeled "Eastern Establishment" has its tentacles wrapped around various sectors of industry in America, such as railroads, banks, and factories. This imagery symbolizes the control and influence that the Eastern establishment has over these sectors. The angry expressions on the faces of the workers and the broken tools and machinery suggest a sense of resentment and frustration towards this power. Therefore, the correct answer is "Populist resentment against the power of the Eastern establishment."

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  • 43. 

    Which of the following was the most persistent problem facing municipalities in the United States throughout the last quarter of the 19th Century?

    • A lack of funding

    • Overcrowding led to rampant disease

    • Inability to distribute electricty into homes

    • Flamability of tenements

    • Inadequate water and sewer systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Inadequate water and sewer systems
    Explanation
    Throughout the last quarter of the 19th century, municipalities in the United States faced the persistent problem of inadequate water and sewer systems. This issue posed significant challenges in terms of public health and sanitation. Without proper water and sewer infrastructure, cities struggled to provide clean drinking water, dispose of waste effectively, and prevent the spread of diseases. This problem affected the quality of life for residents and hindered the development and growth of urban areas.

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  • 44. 

    American Federation of Labor, under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, organized

    • Western and southern farmers in order to create a political voice.

    • Skilled and unskilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains.

    • Skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains.

    • Silverites in order to create inflation.

    • Unskilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains.

    Correct Answer
    A. Skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains.
    Explanation
    The American Federation of Labor, led by Samuel Gompers, organized skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains. This means that the organization focused on representing and advocating for the interests of skilled workers who were part of specific trade unions. By organizing these workers, the AFL aimed to improve their working conditions, wages, and overall economic well-being.

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  • 45. 

    The Chinese immigrant experience differed from that of the Europeans in the late 1800’s in that

    • They did not have to go through an immigration center

    • They were treated better

    • They were discriminated against

    • They were excluded from the United States before 1890

    • They only found work as unskilled laborers

    Correct Answer
    A. They were excluded from the United States before 1890
    Explanation
    The Chinese immigrant experience differed from that of the Europeans in the late 1800’s because they were excluded from the United States before 1890. This means that Chinese immigrants were not allowed to enter the United States during this time period, unlike European immigrants who were able to immigrate to the country. This exclusionary policy towards Chinese immigrants was a result of discriminatory laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which aimed to restrict Chinese immigration and limit the rights and opportunities available to Chinese immigrants in the United States.

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  • 46. 

    One of the most important innovations for counteracting the loneliness and isolation of farm life on the Great Plains in the 1870’s and 1880’s was the introduction of

    • Mail order houses, such as Sears, Roebuck, and Co.

    • Telephones

    • Magazines from department stores

    • Phonographs

    • Elevated trains and trolleys

    Correct Answer
    A. Mail order houses, such as Sears, Roebuck, and Co.
    Explanation
    Mail order houses, such as Sears, Roebuck, and Co., were an important innovation for counteracting the loneliness and isolation of farm life on the Great Plains in the 1870’s and 1880’s. These mail order houses allowed farmers to order a wide variety of goods and supplies, including clothing, tools, and household items, which they would otherwise have limited access to. This provided a way for farmers to obtain necessary items without having to travel long distances, thus reducing their isolation and improving their quality of life.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following is true about the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

    • Was used to regulate labor unions more than trusts

    • Had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations

    • It was a response to the use of stockholding trusts to create business oligopolies

    • This will prove very effective under Roosevelt's administration

    • Showed the shift in attitude of the government towards businesses

    Correct Answer
    A. Had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations
    Explanation
    The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations. This means that when the act was first implemented, it did not have a significant and immediate effect on controlling or regulating the activities of large corporations. It took time for the act to be fully enforced and for its impact to be felt in the regulation of these corporations.

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  • 48. 

    With the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 federal policy toward the railroads shifted from the

    • Prohibition of rebates to favored customers to the granting of land subsidies

    • Granting of land subsidies to the prohibition of rebates to favored customers

    • Granting of land subsidies to the effective regulation of trusts

    • The effective regulation of trusts to the prohibiton of rebates to favored customers

    • Prohibition of rebates to favored customers to the effective regulation of trusts

    Correct Answer
    A. Granting of land subsidies to the prohibition of rebates to favored customers
    Explanation
    The passage of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 marked a shift in federal policy towards the railroads. Initially, the policy was focused on prohibiting rebates to favored customers, which allowed discriminatory pricing practices. However, with the passage of the act, the policy changed to granting land subsidies to the railroads. This was done to encourage the expansion of the rail network and promote economic development. Additionally, the act also aimed to effectively regulate trusts, which were large corporations that controlled multiple railroads. Therefore, the correct answer is "Granting of land subsidies to the prohibition of rebates to favored customers."

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  • 49. 

    What did the states try to pass anti-combination laws in the late 1880’s as a response to?

    • The idea of Social Darwinism

    • Claims that the government was too laissez-faire

    • The business monopolies of Rockefeller and other business men

    • The use of stockholding trusts to creating business oligopolies

    • The increasing power of labor unions

    Correct Answer
    A. The use of stockholding trusts to creating business oligopolies
    Explanation
    In the late 1880's, the states tried to pass anti-combination laws as a response to the use of stockholding trusts to create business oligopolies. This refers to the practice of multiple businesses coming together to form a trust, which allowed them to control prices, limit competition, and dominate the market. These trusts were seen as a threat to fair competition and the free market, prompting the states to pass laws to prevent their formation and maintain a more level playing field for businesses.

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