Topic 1 Gilded Age Test

Urbanization is the process of the formation and growth of cities, including the physical expansion of urban areas and the increase in the urban population. It involves the migration of people from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the concentration of population and economic activities in cities. Urbanization is characterized by the development of infrastructure, such as housing, transportation, and public services, to meet the needs of the growing urban population. It also results in the transformation of rural landscapes into urban landscapes, with the establishment of industries, commercial centers, and residential areas.

Andrew Carnegie was an immigrant to America from Scotland.

Carnegie became successful in the Steel Business by using the Bessemer process to produce steel. This process allowed for the mass production of steel at a lower cost, giving Carnegie a competitive advantage. Additionally, he kept employee wages low, which helped to minimize production costs and increase profits. By combining efficient production methods with cost-cutting measures, Carnegie was able to establish a dominant position in the steel industry and achieve great success.

Henry Clay Frick was Carnegie's manager at the Homestead Steel Mill who called in Pinkerton Detectives to break up a strike, which tragically resulted in the deaths of workers.

During the Gilded Age, industrial workers experienced poor working and living conditions, low wages, and long hours. This period was characterized by rapid industrialization and the rise of big businesses, which often prioritized profits over the well-being of their workers. Many workers lived in overcrowded and unsanitary tenements, while factories were often unsafe and lacked proper ventilation. Wages were typically low, making it difficult for workers to escape poverty. Additionally, workers were expected to work long hours, sometimes up to 12-16 hours a day, with minimal breaks or days off. Overall, the Gilded Age was a challenging time for industrial workers, marked by exploitation and harsh working conditions.

J.P. Morgan was the individual who bought out Carnegie Steel and played a significant role in making Andrew Carnegie one of the wealthiest individuals globally.

The Bessemer Process was an inexpensive and quick method of converting iron to steel. This process revolutionized the steel industry by allowing for mass production of steel at a much lower cost. It involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and create a stronger and more durable steel. The Bessemer Process played a crucial role in the industrialization and development of modern infrastructure, as it made steel more affordable and accessible for construction purposes.

The letter D marks Kansas on the map.

The correct answer is B.

Innovation refers to the development and implementation of new ideas or improvements on existing inventions. It involves the creation and application of new processes, products, or services that bring about positive changes or advancements. Innovation is essential for progress and growth in various fields, including technology, science, and business. It drives economic development and societal improvements by introducing new solutions, enhancing efficiency, and addressing challenges. Therefore, innovation is the correct answer as it accurately describes new ideas or improvements on old inventions.

Cornelius Vanderbilt was the robber baron known as king of the railroads and Benjamin Franklin was the founding father who said, "A penny saved is a penny earned."

The Progressive Era will come after the Gilded Age. It was a time of reform. World War I comes after the Progressive Era.

An oil prospector is someone who actively searches for oil by drilling, while an oil refiner is responsible for processing and preparing the oil for consumption or use by individuals. The prospector's role is to locate potential oil reserves through drilling and exploration, while the refiner's role involves using specialized equipment and techniques to refine the raw oil into usable products such as gasoline, diesel, or lubricants.

Interest refers to the money paid regularly at a certain rate for the use of money lent or for delaying the repayment of a debt. It is a fee charged by lenders to borrowers for the opportunity to use their money. The borrower agrees to pay back the original amount borrowed, known as the principal, along with an additional amount, which is the interest. The interest rate is typically expressed as a percentage and is determined based on factors such as the borrower's creditworthiness and the prevailing market rates.

A monopoly refers to a situation where one person or business has complete control over the production and sale of a particular product. This means that there is no competition in the market for that specific product, allowing the owner of the monopoly to set prices and dictate terms without any external influence. This can lead to higher prices for consumers and limited choices in the market.

Profit is defined as the amount of money made by a business after subtracting the costs. This means that profit is the remaining amount of money that a business earns once all expenses and costs have been deducted from the revenue. It represents the financial gain or return that a business generates from its operations and is a key indicator of its financial performance and success.

Capitalism is the correct answer because it is an economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private businesses rather than the government. In a capitalist system, individuals and businesses have the freedom to own and control property, make economic decisions, and engage in voluntary transactions in the marketplace. The government's role is limited to protecting property rights and enforcing contracts, rather than directly controlling the means of production.

A tycoon is a person who is very wealthy and powerful in the business world. They have accumulated a significant amount of wealth through their successful business ventures and have a great deal of influence and control over various industries. They are often seen as leaders and decision-makers in the business community due to their financial success and power.

John D. Rockefeller was indeed a philanthropist. Throughout his life, he donated a significant portion of his wealth to various charitable causes and institutions. His philanthropic efforts included the establishment of the Rockefeller Foundation, which aimed to promote the well-being of humanity through initiatives in health, education, and scientific research. Rockefeller's philanthropy had a lasting impact and played a crucial role in shaping various fields, making the statement "John D. Rockefeller was a philanthropist" true.

Investing refers to the act of providing financial support to a business or purchasing shares with the expectation of gaining profits in return. By investing, individuals or organizations contribute capital to help a business grow and succeed. It involves taking calculated risks and making informed decisions to generate returns on the investment made.

Interest is the money paid regularly at a certain rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt. This means that when someone borrows money, they are required to pay back not only the original amount borrowed but also an additional amount as interest. The rate of interest is determined by factors such as the loan amount, the duration of the loan, and the risk associated with the borrower. Interest serves as compensation for the lender who is giving up the opportunity to use that money for other purposes during the loan period.

Baum's father fought John D. Rockefeller in order to keep him from putting him out of the oil business. This suggests that Rockefeller, as the owner of Standard Oil, posed a threat to Baum's father's oil business. Rockefeller was a prominent Gilded Age industrialist known for his dominance in the oil industry and his aggressive business practices. Baum's father's fight against Rockefeller highlights the intense competition and power struggles that existed among industrialists during this time period.

Baum was challenged to a duel because he wrote a newspaper article that poked fun at another newspaper author. Satire is a type of writing that uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or mock someone or something. In this case, Baum's article used satire to make fun of the other author, which led to the challenge for a duel.

After Baum took out a loan and published the Wonderful Wizard of Oz on his own, his books became incredibly popular and beloved. They achieved widespread recognition and were translated into numerous languages. Additionally, they were adapted into a successful play and movie, solidifying their status as iconic works of literature.

John Gruelle is the correct answer because he is the creator of Raggedy Ann. He was an American writer and illustrator who introduced the character of Raggedy Ann in a series of children's books. Gruelle's daughter Marcella inspired him to create the lovable rag doll character, and he went on to write and illustrate numerous stories featuring Raggedy Ann and her adventures. Gruelle's creation of Raggedy Ann has since become a beloved and iconic figure in children's literature and has been enjoyed by generations of readers.

L. Frank Baum differed from Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller in terms of his occupation and wealth. Unlike Carnegie and Rockefeller who were serious, rich industrialists, Baum was a silly, modest author. While Carnegie and Rockefeller amassed their fortunes through their business ventures, Baum's profession was focused on writing.

Morgan was a banker - a money man - and he had the ability to take a confused situation and make it orderly. In the years after the Civil War, the American world of business was very disorderly. J.P. Morgan helped make it efficient.

Once when the U.S. Treasury seemed to be on the edge of collapse - it didn't have enough gold in reserve to meet its bills - J.P. Morgan loaned the nation $62 million.

Remember, it was J.P. Morgan who bought Carnegie's steel company; then he bought huge metal ore reserves from Jon D. Rockefeller and founded the U.S. Steel Corporation. It was the nation's first billion -dollar corporation.

By the beginning years of the new century, the House of Morgan (the name of his bank) could be found in almost every important field of American business. It controlled railroads, shipping, the manufacture of agricultural tools, telephones, telegraphs, electrical power, insurance, and city transportation. Remember, it was J.P. Morgan who bought Carnegie's steel company; then he bought huge metal ore reserves from Jon D. Rockefeller and founded the U.S. Steel Corporation.

Rich Uncle Pennybags, also known as Mr. Monopoly, is a major character in the Monopoly board game. He is a wealthy, well-dressed businessman with a top hat and monocle, which is a visual representation often associated with J.P. Morgan, a famous American financier and banker from the early 20th century. The similarity in appearance suggests that the character of Rich Uncle Pennybags was intentionally designed to resemble J.P. Morgan.

Frank Lloyd Wright is the correct answer because he was a student of Louis Sullivan and the designer of the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. He was known for his organic architecture style, which incorporated the natural environment into his designs.

James Eads is the correct answer because he was the designer of the first steel bridge in St. Louis, Missouri. Eads was an American engineer and inventor who is known for his innovative designs in bridge construction. His design for the Eads Bridge, completed in 1874, was a significant engineering achievement at the time, as it was the first major bridge to be constructed with steel. The bridge played a crucial role in connecting St. Louis to the west and facilitating transportation and trade across the Mississippi River.

Cantilevers are beams or structures that stick out from piers towards each other and when joined, they form a span in a bridge. They are used to support the weight of the bridge and provide stability.

The correct answer is industrialization. Industrialization refers to the transition of an economy from being primarily based on agriculture to one that relies heavily on manufacturing and industrial production. This involves the establishment of industries and factories, the mass production of goods, and the development of infrastructure and technology. The shift from a farming country to one that produced things using industries indicates that the U.S. was undergoing industrialization during this period.

The letter E on the map marks the country of Scotland.

Morgan called the nation's leading financiers to a meeting to a meeting in his own marble library building. He asked them to lend money to save the trust. Then he locked the library's doors. He sat and played solitaire while the bankers paced and argued.

When Baum first took the Wonderful Wizard of Oz to a publisher, they refused to publish the books because they did not think the books were good.

Louis Sullivan was the first architect to use a steel frame and artistry to create skyscrapers. He is considered the father of modernism in architecture and his innovative use of steel allowed for the construction of taller and more structurally sound buildings. Sullivan's designs emphasized the aesthetic beauty of the skyscraper, incorporating intricate ornamentation and decorative elements. His most famous work is the Carson Pirie Scott Building in Chicago, which showcases his unique blend of steel construction and artistic design.

When Washington Roebling joined the workers to construct the base towers of the Brooklyn Bridge under water, he experienced decompression sickness, commonly known as "the bends." This condition occurs when a person ascends too quickly from a high-pressure environment, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the bloodstream. As a result, Roebling became paralyzed, unable to continue his role in the construction of the bridge.

Emily Roebling was the wife of Washington Roebling, who was the chief engineer responsible for the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Due to Washington Roebling's illness, Emily played a crucial role in overseeing the completion of the bridge. She became the first person to cross the bridge when it opened in 1883 and is recognized for her significant contributions to the construction project.

Elijah Graves Otis is the correct answer because he designed the first safe elevator. Otis invented a safety device known as the "safety brake" in 1852, which prevented elevators from falling in case of rope failure. This invention revolutionized the elevator industry and made elevators much safer for public use.

The Brooklyn Bridge was a special accomplishment because it was the longest, highest, and strongest bridge ever built. This means that it surpassed all previous bridges in terms of its size and strength, making it a remarkable engineering feat. Its construction showcased advancements in bridge-building technology and set a new standard for future bridge designs. The Brooklyn Bridge's impressive dimensions and capabilities made it a significant landmark and an iconic symbol of New York City's engineering prowess.

Edwin Drake is the correct answer because he was the one who struck oil in Pennsylvania and initiated the Pennsylvania Oil Rush. His successful drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859 marked the beginning of the modern oil industry.

Judy Garland played the part of Dorothy Gail in the movie, The Wizard of Oz. She is well-known for her iconic portrayal of the character, capturing Dorothy's innocence, courage, and determination. Garland's performance and her rendition of the song "Over the Rainbow" have become legendary in the history of cinema.

Andrew Hallidie used wire ropes to create the cable car for large cities.

The Bessemer Process speeded up industrial growth in America because it provided a versatile and affordable metal that could be used for constructing rails and buildings. This allowed for the expansion of transportation infrastructure and the construction of larger and more efficient buildings, which in turn supported the growth of industries and facilitated economic development.

P.T. Barnum put everyone's fears to rest when he drove a herd of elephants across the Brooklyn Bridge for the circus. By successfully demonstrating the bridge's strength and stability, Barnum reassured the public that the bridge was safe and could withstand heavy loads.

John Augustus Roebling invented the steel wire and used it to design the first suspension bridge. This innovation allowed for the construction of bridges that could span longer distances and carry heavier loads. Roebling's design and use of steel wire revolutionized bridge construction and had a significant impact on engineering and infrastructure development.

Frederick Law Olmsted is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the designer of Central Park in New York City. Olmsted, along with his partner Calvert Vaux, won a design competition for the park in 1858 and their plan was implemented. Olmsted's design for Central Park incorporated naturalistic elements, such as meandering paths, open spaces, and scenic landscapes, which have made it a beloved and iconic urban park. Elijah Graves Otis was an inventor known for his work on elevators, Frank Lloyd Wright was an architect, and Washington Roebling was an engineer associated with the Brooklyn Bridge.