Quiz On Central Nervous System Disease - Part 2

The statement is true because Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. It can cause a wide range of signs and symptoms, including motor function problems like muscle weakness and difficulty with coordination, sensory function issues like numbness and tingling, visual function impairment, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. These symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go over time.

ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both the upper motor neurons (UMNs) in the cerebral cortex and the lower motor neurons (LMNs) in the brainstem and spinal cord. This leads to the progressive degeneration and loss of muscle control and function. The statement correctly states that ALS affects UMN's in the cerebral cortex and LMN's in the brainstem and spinal cord, making the answer true.

Treatment for Parkinson's disease often involves dopamine replacement therapy. Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in movement and coordination. As the disease progresses, the brain produces less dopamine, leading to symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Dopamine replacement therapy aims to supplement the brain's dopamine levels by administering medications that can mimic its effects. This treatment can help alleviate the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's and improve the patient's quality of life.

The symptoms described in the question, such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and festinating gait (shuffling gait), are classic signs of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects individuals over the age of 60. The substantia nigra, a region of the brain involved in movement control, is typically affected in Parkinson's disease. ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a motor neuron disease characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, MS (Multiple sclerosis) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, and Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder causing the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

The statement is true. ALS, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement. When the LMN (lower motor neurons) are damaged in ALS, it leads to flaccid paralysis, which is characterized by weak and floppy muscles. This condition also results in decreased muscle tone and decreased reflexes.

The correct answer is MS. MS, or multiple sclerosis, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by the progressive demyelination of the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. This demyelination disrupts the normal flow of electrical impulses along the nerves, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty walking, and problems with coordination and balance. MS is typically diagnosed in young adulthood and can vary greatly in severity and progression from person to person.

The correct answer is demyelination. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers called myelin. This leads to the destruction of myelin, causing interruptions in the normal flow of electrical impulses along the nerves. Demyelination is a key feature of multiple sclerosis and is responsible for the various neurological symptoms experienced by individuals with the condition.

A DNA screening is a diagnostic test that can detect specific genetic mutations associated with various diseases. Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene, and a DNA screening can accurately determine if an individual has this disease by identifying the presence of this mutation. Therefore, a DNA screening is a reliable method to confirm the presence of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease is an inherited neurological disorder caused by a dominant gene. This means that if one parent has the gene mutation, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. The disease is not sex-linked, so it can be inherited from either the mother or the father. Symptoms usually appear in adulthood and include involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric problems.

Huntington's disease is caused by a defective gene. This gene is inherited and leads to the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. The symptoms of Huntington's disease include involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances. Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are also neurological disorders but are not specifically caused by a defective gene like Huntington's disease. Therefore, the correct answer is Huntington's.

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain. It is characterized by the progressive loss of neurons in certain areas of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia. This loss of neurons leads to various symptoms including movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances. Therefore, the statement "With Huntington's disease you lose neurons" is true.

neurons are irreplaceable

The correct answer is MS, which stands for multiple sclerosis. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by episodes of remission, where symptoms improve or disappear, and exacerbations, where symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear. This pattern of remissions and exacerbations is a hallmark of MS and distinguishes it from other neurological conditions such as ALS, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.

Visual problems are often associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a neurological condition that affects the central nervous system, including the optic nerves responsible for vision. Visual symptoms such as blurred or double vision, eye pain, and difficulty focusing are common in MS. These visual problems can be helpful in diagnosing MS, as they are often one of the initial symptoms experienced by individuals with the condition. Other conditions listed, such as ALS, Huntington's, and Parkinson's, may have their own distinct symptoms but are not typically associated with visual problems as a prominent diagnostic feature.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder that primarily affects motor function. It is characterized by the loss of extra pyramidal activity, which refers to the dysfunction of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain involved in motor control. This leads to symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). The other options, MS (multiple sclerosis), Huntington's disease, and ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), are not specifically associated with the loss of extra pyramidal activity or basal ganglia dysfunction.

ALS, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, is a neurodegenerative disease that causes muscle wasting due to the degenerative hardening of the corticospinal tract. This condition affects the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the progressive loss of muscle control and eventual paralysis. ALS is characterized by muscle weakness, difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and breathing, and it ultimately leads to death. While Huntington's, Parkinson's, and MS are also neurodegenerative diseases, they do not specifically cause degenerative hardening of the corticospinal tract like ALS does.

High doses of corticosteroids are a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) because they help reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system, leading to inflammation and damage. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or methylprednisolone, can help reduce this inflammation and alleviate symptoms during a relapse or flare-up of MS. However, it is important to note that corticosteroids are not a long-term solution for MS and are typically used for short periods to manage acute symptoms.

Plaque is found in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Plaque refers to the accumulation of damaged nerve fibers, immune cells, and other substances in the affected areas. These plaques disrupt the normal functioning of neurons, leading to various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairment. While plaques can also be found in other neurodegenerative disorders like ALS, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease, MS is specifically known for its characteristic plaques.

white matter

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. One of the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's is the presence of tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination. The statement suggests that people with this disease respond well to dancing, counting, and excessive movement, which aligns with the therapeutic benefits of exercise and physical activity for individuals with Parkinson's. These activities can help improve mobility, balance, and overall quality of life for those with Parkinson's disease.

The given information suggests that memory lapses are a characteristic of a condition or disease being described. The other statements, such as "unknown cause" and "no specific test for diagnosis," indicate that the condition is not well understood and lacks a definitive method for diagnosis. Additionally, the mention of "areas of demyelination" suggests that the condition may involve damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain. Lastly, the age range of 20-40 years implies that the condition primarily affects individuals within this age group.

The given symptoms of stumbling and falls, muscle cramps and twitching, and eventually swallowing and respiration issues are indicative of ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the loss of muscle control and eventually paralysis. These symptoms align with the characteristic motor neuron degeneration seen in ALS, making it the most appropriate answer.

The symptoms described, including mood swings, restlessness, and rapid jerky motions in the arms and face, are characteristic of Huntington's disease. This is a genetic disorder that affects the brain and causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells, leading to a decline in physical and mental abilities. The other conditions listed, such as MS (multiple sclerosis), Parkinson's disease, and ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), may also present with some similar symptoms, but the specific combination described is most commonly associated with Huntington's disease.

Muscle atrophy refers to the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system, causing symptoms such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremors in hands, voice changes, and decreased flexibility. However, muscle atrophy is not typically associated with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it is the correct answer in this context.

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder characterized by degenerative progressive atrophy of the brain. It is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene, leading to the production of a toxic protein that damages nerve cells in the brain. This results in a gradual decline in motor control, cognitive abilities, and psychiatric symptoms. The disease typically manifests in mid-adulthood and progresses over time, ultimately leading to severe disability and death. Therefore, Huntington's disease is the correct answer in this case.

UMN's damage with ALS causes decreased muscle tone. This means that the muscles become less tense or rigid, resulting in a loss of muscle strength and coordination. This is a characteristic symptom of ALS, as the upper motor neurons (UMNs) responsible for initiating voluntary muscle movements are damaged. Other symptoms mentioned in the options, such as spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, and weakness in hands and arms, are not associated with UMN damage in ALS.

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that affects the brain, causing a gradual breakdown of nerve cells. It is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including intellectual impairment, loss of problem-solving skills, mood swings, and jerky motions in the arms and face. Stumbling and falls, however, are not typically associated with Huntington's disease. These symptoms may be present in other conditions or diseases, but they are not directly linked to Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that affects the brain and causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells. It primarily affects movement, causing involuntary movements and impairing mobility. There is currently no cure for Huntington's disease, so the focus of treatment is on managing symptoms and maintaining function for as long as possible. Symptomatic treatment aims to alleviate symptoms such as movement problems, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, improving the quality of life for individuals with Huntington's disease.