Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Management, and Clinical Insights

1. Explain the cycle of Type I diabetes.

Excessive insulin production leading to low blood glucose levels.

Impaired kidney function leading to accumulation of glucose in the blood.

Reduced carbohydrate intake resulting in decreased glucose levels.

In Type I diabetes, the cycle begins with an autoimmune response that targets and kills Beta Cells in the pancreas. This results in a lack of insulin production, leading to high glucose levels in the blood. The excess glucose exceeds the kidney's ability to reabsorb it, causing glucose to be excreted in urine along with water and electrolytes. This process, known as osmotic diuresis, leads to dehydration. The cells, deprived of glucose, start to starve, prompting the liver to release stored glycogen and break down fats for energy. This results in even higher levels of glucose and ketones in the blood, eventually leading to a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis.

Explanation

In Type I diabetes, the cycle begins with an autoimmune response that targets and kills Beta Cells in the pancreas. This results in a lack of insulin production, leading to high glucose levels in the blood. The excess glucose exceeds the kidney's ability to reabsorb it, causing glucose to be excreted in urine along with water and electrolytes. This process, known as osmotic diuresis, leads to dehydration. The cells, deprived of glucose, start to starve, prompting the liver to release stored glycogen and break down fats for energy. This results in even higher levels of glucose and ketones in the blood, eventually leading to a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis.

2. Which type of diabetes makes insulin? Which type does not?

Type IV / Type III

Type VI / Type V

Type II / Type I

Type IX / Type VII

Type I diabetes is characterized by the pancreas not producing insulin, while Type II diabetes is characterized by the body not responding properly to insulin.

Explanation

Type I diabetes is characterized by the pancreas not producing insulin, while Type II diabetes is characterized by the body not responding properly to insulin.

3. What type of diabetes is commonly known as 'Adult-onset Diabetes'?

Gestational Diabetes

Type II

Juvenile Diabetes

Type I

Type II diabetes is often referred to as 'Adult-onset Diabetes' because it typically develops in adults and is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Type I diabetes, on the other hand, is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, while gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and juvenile diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is diagnosed in children.

Explanation

Type II diabetes is often referred to as 'Adult-onset Diabetes' because it typically develops in adults and is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Type I diabetes, on the other hand, is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, while gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and juvenile diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is diagnosed in children.

4. What percentage of all Diabetes cases is Type II? Usually associated with?

10-15% / Genetic factors

20-25% / Lack of exercise

5-10% / Poor diet

Type II / Obesity (80%)

Type II Diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases and is usually associated with obesity, as approximately 80% of individuals with Type II Diabetes are overweight or obese.

Explanation

Type II Diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases and is usually associated with obesity, as approximately 80% of individuals with Type II Diabetes are overweight or obese.

5. What type of diabetes is also known as Juvenile Diabetes?

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young

Type II

Type I

Gestational diabetes

Juvenile Diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is typically diagnosed in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Explanation

Juvenile Diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is typically diagnosed in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.