Pellico: Ch. 30 "diabetes Mellitus"

Juvenile Diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is typically diagnosed in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Type II diabetes is often referred to as 'Adult-onset Diabetes' because it typically develops in adults and is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Type I diabetes, on the other hand, is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, while gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and juvenile diabetes, also known as Type I diabetes, is diagnosed in children.

In Type I diabetes, the cycle begins with an autoimmune response that targets and kills Beta Cells in the pancreas. This results in a lack of insulin production, leading to high glucose levels in the blood. The excess glucose exceeds the kidney's ability to reabsorb it, causing glucose to be excreted in urine along with water and electrolytes. This process, known as osmotic diuresis, leads to dehydration. The cells, deprived of glucose, start to starve, prompting the liver to release stored glycogen and break down fats for energy. This results in even higher levels of glucose and ketones in the blood, eventually leading to a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis.

Type II Diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases and is usually associated with obesity, as approximately 80% of individuals with Type II Diabetes are overweight or obese.

Type I diabetes is characterized by the pancreas not producing insulin, while Type II diabetes is characterized by the body not responding properly to insulin.