Nutrition*1010

Macronutrients are the nutrients that provide energy to the body and are required in large amounts compared to micronutrients. The correct answer explains that macronutrients provide energy and are measured in kilo-calories.

Carbohydrates, fat, and protein are the three primary macronutrients that provide energy to the body. Carbohydrates and protein both provide 4 kcal of energy per gram, while fat provides 9 kcal of energy per gram. Understanding the energy values of these macronutrients is important for maintaining a balanced diet and meeting daily energy requirements.

Enzymes are primarily composed of protein molecules and play a crucial role in various chemical digestions within the body.

A bolus is a moist ball of food that is formed in the mouth during the process of chewing and is ready to be swallowed.

Peristalsis is the process by which waves of muscle contractions propel food along the digestive tract. It involves inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles contracting to move food from the esophagus through the gastrointestinal tract.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process allows substances like water to be absorbed through osmosis.

Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport process that does not require energy input and helps in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane.

Active transport is a process in which energy is required to move molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process is essential for maintaining cell function and ensuring proper nutrient uptake and waste removal.

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It consists of 3 phosphate groups and is essential for various cellular processes requiring energy.

AMDR refers to the range of intake for a particular macronutrient, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing recommended intake levels for other essential nutrients.

EAR stands for Estimated Average Requirements and is used for generally assessing the diet of the population.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are set to meet the requirements of close to 90% of the population. It is a goal for individuals and not populations because it is highly specific to personal nutritional needs.

The Adequate Intake (AI) is set when there isn't enough evidence for an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and serves as a goal for individuals if an RDA does not exist.

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the maximum amount of a nutrient that can be consumed without risk of adverse health effects. It is important to understand this limit to avoid potential harm from excessive intake of certain nutrients.

Swallowing is a complex process that involves both conscious and unconscious elements, including the use of the tongue, passage through the pharynx, and protection of the airway by the epiglottis.

The stomach primarily functions to churn food, perform mechanical digestion, and temporarily store food. It breaks down food into chyme, but nutrient absorption occurs predominantly in the small intestine.

The small intestine plays a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients from the food digesta that passes through it, with the help of various chemicals and enzymes added from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

Bile is produced in the liver and then stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder plays a crucial role in adding bile to aid in the digestion of fats.

The pancreas plays a key role in neutralizing acid in the digestive system by producing pancreatic juice. It also releases enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, lipase, and protease to aid in the digestion of starch, fat, and protein, respectively.

The large intestine is responsible for the digestion of fibre, absorption of nutrients, and the production of certain essential vitamins. It does not store bile or produce insulin. Additionally, the large intestine is not involved in oxygen absorption or carbon dioxide removal.

The rectum primarily serves as a temporary storage site for feces before they are eliminated from the body. It does not absorb nutrients, filter toxins, or regulate body temperature.

Heartburn is typically caused by gastric juices from the stomach flowing into the esophagus due to various reasons such as dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, consumption of fried foods, smoking, alcohol, large portions, and caffeine.

Celiac Disease is primarily caused by gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and spelt, which triggers an immune response leading to damage in the small intestine.

Nutrients are primarily transferred into the blood through the cardiovascular system, starting from the digestive tract, where blood and water soluble nutrients are carried to the liver for processing before being released into the hepatic portal vein.

The correct answer explains how fat soluble materials are processed through the lymphatic system, highlighting its role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and immune responses.

Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating new glucose molecules when the body is low on glucose by breaking down glycogen or other molecules like proteins to produce glucose.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels in the body by facilitating the absorption of glucose into cells for energy. It works in conjunction with glucagon to maintain the balance of blood sugar levels.

Glucagon works opposite to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels when energy is needed.

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the cells of the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production and requiring insulin injections for life. It often occurs in children but can develop at any age, typically due to genetic factors or exposure to viral infections or toxins.

Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production, leading to high blood glucose levels. Lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor diet, and low physical activity play a significant role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes.