Infectious And Non-infectious Diarrhea

Diarrhea is defined as an increase in daily stool weight above 200 grams. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately reflect the medical definition of diarrhea.

Viral infections are the leading cause of acute diarrhea due to their highly contagious nature and ability to easily spread through various means. Bacterial and parasitic causes are less common in comparison, while food allergies mainly lead to gastrointestinal symptoms rather than being the primary cause of acute diarrhea.

The correct answer is E. coli (EPEC) Adherence. EPEC adheres to the intestinal mucosa, causing a characteristic attaching and effacing lesion that disrupts the microvilli, leading to diarrhea.

The correct answer includes Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Staph aureus as bacteria that release preformed toxin, while Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni are not known for preformed toxin release.

Enterotoxins are toxins that target the intestines and cause symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting. Vibrio cholera and ETEC (Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) are known to release enterotoxins.

The correct answer includes Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Norwalk virus because they cause minimal mucosal invasion. Salmonella, Tuberculosis, and Influenza are incorrect answers as they do not typically exhibit minimal invasion of mucosal surfaces.

The correct answer includes bacteria known for causing variable mucosal invasion. The incorrect answers do not typically exhibit this characteristic.

The correct answer includes Shigella, Entamoeba histolytica, and EIEC as they are known to cause severe mucosal invasion, often resulting in the presence of blood in stool. Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Giardia lamblia are not typically associated with severe mucosal invasion.

The correct answer includes E. Coli O157:H7 (EHEC) and Shigella as they are known to cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome or Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, particularly in the young and elderly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile are pathogens that can cause other types of infections but are not typically associated with these specific syndromes.

Reiter's syndrome presents with a classic triad of Conjunctivitis, Urethritis, and Arthritis. It is associated with the infectious agent Yersinia, commonly found in contaminated food and water sources.

Food poisoning symptoms that appear within 6-8 hours of exposure suggest ingestion of preformed toxins, while symptoms within 8-16 hours are indicative of C. perfringens. Symptoms that occur after 16 hours could be caused by viral or bacterial contamination.

The classic epidemiological clue for each pathogen helps identify the source or mode of transmission related to the specific pathogen.

Fecal lactoferrin has a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to fecal leukocytes, making it a better test for detecting gastrointestinal inflammation. However, it is not as widely available or routinely used as other tests such as fecal leukocytes, blood test for C-reactive protein (CRP), or stool culture for bacterial pathogens.

The correct answer provided consists of specific measurements and ingredients as per the WHO recommendation for oral rehydration solution. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the WHO guidelines and may have incorrect compositions or ratios, making them unsuitable for effective rehydration in case of dehydration.

The correct answer includes EHEC because antibiotics can increase the risk of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and C. Diff due to the potential for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica are bacterial pathogens that are typically treated with antibiotics.

Slow intestinal motility can be caused by various conditions, such as Scleroderma, which affects the connective tissue, leading to difficulty in moving food through the digestive tract. Hyperthyroidism and IBS, however, are more commonly associated with increased intestinal motility, while Celiac disease primarily affects the small intestine in response to gluten consumption.

Melanosis coli is a benign condition characterized by dark discoloration of the colon. It is not associated with polyps, diverticulitis, or ischemic colitis.

Clindamycin is considered the 'worst' antibiotic in terms of causing C. diff due to its strong association with the condition.

Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection caused by the bacteria C. diff leading to inflammation and formation of pseudomembranes in the colon.

Toxic megacolon is a serious condition where the colon becomes severely dilated and filled with toxic substances, leading to potential life-threatening complications. Colon polyps, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome are different conditions that do not involve the same extent of dilation and toxicity as toxic megacolon.