Hemodynamics

Reviewed by Editorial Team
The ProProfs editorial team is comprised of experienced subject matter experts. They've collectively created over 10,000 quizzes and lessons, serving over 100 million users. Our team includes in-house content moderators and subject matter experts, as well as a global network of rigorously trained contributors. All adhere to our comprehensive editorial guidelines, ensuring the delivery of high-quality content.
Learn about Our Editorial Process
| By Thames
T
Thames
Community Contributor
Quizzes Created: 6820 | Total Attempts: 9,511,256
| Questions: 30
Please wait...
Question 1 / 30
0 %
0/100
Score 0/100
1. TVI is similar to peak velocity. However, TVI may be more accurate. You may see peak velocity given on the boards.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the similarities and potential accuracy of TVI compared to peak velocity, noting the presence of peak velocity on display boards. The incorrect answers are meant to mislead by stating incorrect information that contradicts the original question and answer.

Submit
Please wait...
About This Quiz
Hemodynamics - Quiz

Explore the dynamics of blood flow within the cardiovascular system. This quiz enhances understanding of hemodynamic principles, critical for healthcare professionals managing cardiac patients. It's pivotal for mastering... see morepatient assessments and interventions in clinical settings. see less

2. How can you use echo to calculate cardiac output?

Explanation

To calculate cardiac output using echo, one must determine the stroke volume by multiplying the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area by LVOT time-velocity integral (TVI), and then multiply the stroke volume by heart rate.

Submit
3. What is the simplified Bernoulli Equation?

Explanation

The simplified Bernoulli Equation states that pressure (P) equals four times the square of the flow velocity (V^2). This equation is used in fluid dynamics to describe the relationship between fluid speed, pressure, and elevation.

Submit
4. How do you calculate the AV area using the continuity equation?

Explanation

The correct method to calculate the AV area involves dividing the flow rate by the product of velocity and cross-sectional area. It considers the relationship between flow rate, velocity, and cross-sectional area in the continuity equation.

Submit
5. How do you calculate the LVOT area?

Explanation

To calculate the LVOT area, one must use the formula for the area of a circle and apply it to the LVOT diameter. The correct formula involves squaring half of the LVOT diameter and multiplying it by π. The other options provided do not abide by the correct mathematical approach to finding the LVOT area.

Submit
6. What is the shortcut for calculating the AVA?

Explanation

The correct shortcut for calculating the AVA involves substituting TVI for peak velocity. The incorrect answers provide misleading formulas that do not accurately reflect the calculation process.

Submit
7. Calculate the AV area based on the following: AV TVI = 105cm, Mean Gradient = 35mmHg, LVOT TVI = 30, LVOT = 2.4, LV EF = 60%.

Explanation

To calculate the AV area, you need to use the formula: AV Area = (LVOT VTI * Cross-sectional area of LVOT) / AV VTI. Substituting the given values gives: AV Area = (30 * 2.4) / 105 = 1.3cm2. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.3cm2.

Submit
8. How is the severity of aortic stenosis typically graded?

Explanation

Aortic stenosis severity is typically graded based on factors like aortic valve area and pressure gradient across the valve, not by counting leaflets, measuring aorta circumference, or assessing left ventricular wall thickness.

Submit
9. How is the aortic valve assessed by echo?

Explanation

When assessing the aortic valve by echo, various parameters such as valve morphology, peak and mean gradients, aortic valve area using continuity equation and planimetry, and dimensionless index are evaluated. Lung capacity, blood pressure, and hemoglobin levels are not used to assess the aortic valve by echo.

Submit
10. What is a dimensionless index?

Explanation

A dimensionless index in the context of the given question refers to the specific ratio between the LVOT velocity and AV velocity used in diagnosing severe AS. The correct answer provides the definition and critical threshold for this ratio.

Submit
11. What are some common pitfalls of assessing aortic stenosis (AS) using echocardiography?

Explanation

When assessing AS with echo, ensuring the Doppler angle is parallel to flow, obtaining the LVOT Doppler correctly, and not falsely elevating the normal LVOT TVI are crucial to avoid inaccuracies in the assessment.

Submit
12. Why should you not use the femoral sheath side arm as a surrogate for central aortic pressure?

Explanation

The femoral sheath side arm should not be used as a surrogate for central aortic pressure due to the temporal delay in peripheral pressure and the potential for pressure 'overshoot', both of which can result in inaccurate readings and problems with aortic valve gradient.

Submit
13. What does the tracing show?

Explanation

The correct answer describes the specific nature of the tracing being shown and highlights the errors in the FA tracing. The incorrect answers provide alternative interpretations that do not align with the actual content of the tracing.

Submit
14. In an invasive hemodynamic AS study, why should the mean gradient be used instead of the peak to peak gradient?

Explanation

In an invasive hemodynamic aortic stenosis study, it is crucial to use the mean gradient instead of the peak to peak gradient because the latter is not simultaneous and does not provide an accurate representation of the physiological conditions. The mean gradient gives a better indication of the severity of aortic stenosis by taking an average value over time.

Submit
15. What is the Gorlin Formula?

Explanation

The Gorlin Formula specifically pertains to the calculation of the effective orifice area of the aortic valve, and is not related to the incorrect answers provided.

Submit
16. What is the simplified Gorlin formula?

Explanation

The simplified Gorlin formula is also known as the Hakki formula in the medical field.

Submit
17. What is the limitation of the Gorlin/Hakki formulas?

Explanation

The correct answer explains that the AVA will be underestimated when co-existent regurgitation is present in a patient with both aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately address the limitation of the Gorlin/Hakki formulas.

Submit
18. What are the class III indications for catheterization in AS?

Explanation

Class III indications for catheterization in AS involve asymptomatic patients when non-invasive tests are adequate and concordant with clinical findings. This approach is preferred over invasive procedures in cases where non-invasive tests provide sufficient information.

Submit
19. Why is crossing the aortic valve in a patient with documented severe AS per TTE given a class III indication?

Explanation

Crossing the aortic valve in patients with severe AS per TTE has been associated with a risk of acute cerebral embolic events, as shown in a study published in Lancet. This risk highlights the need for caution and appropriate indication when performing this procedure.

Submit
20. How is the mitral valve area calculated based on Echo data?

Explanation

The correct way to calculate the mitral valve area based on Echo data is by using the pressure half-time method, which involves measuring the time it takes for the pressure in the left atrium to decrease by half after the mitral valve closes.

Submit
21. On the boards, sometimes, rather than providing the pressure half time, they will provide the deceleration time. How can the pressure half time be calculated?

Explanation

The correct formula to calculate Pressure Half Time (PHT) from Deceleration Time is PHT = Deceleration time x 0.29. This multiplication factor is crucial in converting the deceleration time to the pressure half time value.

Submit
22. What is pressure half time?

Explanation

Pressure half time refers to the duration it takes for the velocity of blood flow to reduce to half of the peak pressure in a given cardiac cycle. This parameter is commonly used to assess valvular heart diseases, particularly aortic stenosis.

Submit
23. How is mitral stenosis graded?

Explanation

Mitral stenosis is typically graded using the Wilkins scoring system, which takes into account factors such as leaflet mobility, leaflet thickening, calcification, and subvalvular thickening.

Submit
24. What other very important piece of information related to mitral stenosis can be obtained from an echocardiogram?

Explanation

In the setting of mitral stenosis, obtaining information about peak RV systolic pressure is crucial as it can provide insight into the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, especially in the absence of pulmonic stenosis. This information is valuable for assessing the severity of the condition and guiding treatment decisions.

Submit
25. How is RV systolic pressure obtained?

Explanation

RV systolic pressure is obtained by measuring the tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity, which provides an indirect estimate of the right ventricular systolic pressure.

Submit
26. If the TR velocity is 2.8 m/sec, calculate the RV systolic pressure.

Explanation

To calculate RV systolic pressure using the simplified Bernoulli equation, it involves squaring the TR velocity and multiplying it by 4, then adding the right atrial pressure. The incorrect answers provided do not follow this calculation process accurately, leading to different results.

Submit
27. What are the limitations of evaluation of mitral stenosis with catheterization?
Submit
28. What is being shown in this pressure tracing?
Submit
29. If you do not have a good Doppler gradient when assessing mitral stenosis, what should your next step be?

Explanation

When Doppler gradient is not sufficient for assessing mitral stenosis, direct measurement of LA pressure through a transeptal puncture is necessary for accurate evaluation.

Submit
30. What is the recommended next step when a patient exhibits symptoms of severe MS, but findings are consistent with non-severe MS?

Explanation

When evaluating a patient with symptoms suggestive of severe mitral stenosis (MS) but findings consistent with non-severe MS, the recommended next step is an exercise stress echo to unmask latent MS severity.

Submit
View My Results

Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Aug 4, 2025 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Aug 04, 2025
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Aug 04, 2025
    Quiz Created by
    Thames
Cancel
  • All
    All (30)
  • Unanswered
    Unanswered ()
  • Answered
    Answered ()
TVI is similar to peak velocity. However, TVI may be more accurate....
How can you use echo to calculate cardiac output?
What is the simplified Bernoulli Equation?
How do you calculate the AV area using the continuity equation?
How do you calculate the LVOT area?
What is the shortcut for calculating the AVA?
Calculate the AV area based on the following: AV TVI = 105cm, Mean...
How is the severity of aortic stenosis typically graded?
How is the aortic valve assessed by echo?
What is a dimensionless index?
What are some common pitfalls of assessing aortic stenosis (AS) using...
Why should you not use the femoral sheath side arm as a surrogate for...
What does the tracing show?
In an invasive hemodynamic AS study, why should the mean gradient be...
What is the Gorlin Formula?
What is the simplified Gorlin formula?
What is the limitation of the Gorlin/Hakki formulas?
What are the class III indications for catheterization in AS?
Why is crossing the aortic valve in a patient with documented severe...
How is the mitral valve area calculated based on Echo data?
On the boards, sometimes, rather than providing the pressure half...
What is pressure half time?
How is mitral stenosis graded?
What other very important piece of information related to mitral...
How is RV systolic pressure obtained?
If the TR velocity is 2.8 m/sec, calculate the RV systolic pressure.
What are the limitations of evaluation of mitral stenosis with...
What is being shown in this pressure tracing?
If you do not have a good Doppler gradient when assessing mitral...
What is the recommended next step when a patient exhibits symptoms of...
Alert!

Advertisement