Chap 7 Cell Signaling

Signal transduction pathways involve the process of receiving a signal (Signal), the interaction with a receptor (Receptor), and the resulting cellular response (Response). The incorrect answers do not accurately represent the components involved in signal transduction pathways.

The correct answer to the question 'What is 2 + 2?' is 4, as 2 + 2 equals 4.

EnvZ is a specific receptor protein found in E. Coli bacteria that plays a role in detecting and responding to changes in solute concentration in the environment.

EnvZ is a transmembrane protein that spans the bacterial plasma membrane, allowing it to interact with the external environment while being anchored within the cell.

When the solute concentration changes between the outer and plasma membrane, the protein receptors in the membrane may undergo conformational changes to allow for proper signaling and cellular responses. This process is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and proper cellular function.

The correct steps involve solute entering the space, EnvZ receptor catalyzing the addition of a phosphate, phosphate transfer to OmpR protein, OmpR binding to DNA and stimulating transcription of OmpC gene, and OmpC protein inserting into the outer membrane. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the process steps depicted in the picture.

In biology, a domain refers to a specific sequence of amino acids that have folded into a particular shape, which usually represents a functional region of a protein.

A protein kinase is a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in cell signaling and regulation by adding phosphate groups to proteins, which regulates their function.

Steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are non-polar and do not bind to cell membrane receptors, Golgi apparatus receptors, or mitochondrial receptors. Instead, they bind to special receptors in the cell cytoplasm and activate transcription in the cell nucleus.

Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to effector proteins inside the cell. cAMP, Ca2+, IP3, and NO are among the commonly known second messengers responsible for transmitting signals to induce various cellular responses.

Receptors are classified as either cytoplasmic or membrane receptors based on their location and function.

Plasma membrane receptors include ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors, ligand-gated receptors, and G protein coupled receptors. Each type of receptor plays a different role in cellular signaling and response.