Biology: Chapter 3

Organic compounds are primarily made up of carbon atoms and are the basis of all living organisms. They can contain elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, but the key characteristic is the presence of carbon.

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. This distinguishes them from other compounds that may contain additional elements such as oxygen or nitrogen.

A carbon skeleton refers to the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule, forming the backbone structure of the compound.

Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms, leading to distinct chemical properties.

Hydrophilic substances have an affinity for water molecules and can easily dissolve in water.

A hydroxyl group is specifically defined as a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom in a molecule's carbon skeleton.

A Carbonyl Group consists of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom, which is the defining feature of this functional group in organic chemistry.

A carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. Incorrect options a, b, and c do not accurately describe the structure of a carboxyl group.

The correct definition of an Amino Group involves a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is the only group with Nitrogen and acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution.

A phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, giving it a specific chemical structure and function in biological systems.

The correct answer includes Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids as the four main classes of large biological molecules that play crucial roles in living organisms.

Macromolecules are large biological molecules found in living organisms that are essential for various biological processes like growth, development, and energy production. They include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Polymers are not related to metal alloys, gases, or rock formations. They are large molecules made up of repeating units covalently bonded together.

Monomers are the individual units that combine to form a polymer through polymerization. They are the basic building blocks of polymers.

Dehydration reaction involves the removal of water molecules during the formation of a polymer, not the addition of water. It is not about breaking down polymers into monomers or related to the effects of consuming too much water.

Hydrolysis specifically refers to the breakdown of macromolecules with the addition of water molecules, making the other options incorrect.

Carbohydrates are molecules made up of sugar units and provide energy for the body. They are different from fats, minerals, and proteins.

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugars, whereas complex carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are different types of biomolecules with distinct structures and functions.

A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond. This process links the two sugar molecules together to create a disaccharide.

The Sweetness Scale is not a specific measurement or ranking system, but rather a visual guide typically represented through a picture to help individuals understand the intensity of sweetness in different food items.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of sugar molecules linked together. They serve as a storage form of energy in plants and animals.

Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in plants, not a lipid, nucleic acid, or mineral. It serves as a major energy source for many organisms.

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate made up of glucose units that serves as a storage form of energy in the body, particularly in the liver and muscles.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, providing structural support.

Lipids are not carbohydrates, inorganic compounds, or composed solely of hydrogen atoms. They are unique organic molecules with specific characteristics.

Fat is not a type of carbohydrate, protein, or mineral. It is a different type of nutrient that serves a specific function in the body.

Triglycerides are fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately define a triglyceride and represent other biological molecules.

The term 'unsaturated' specifically refers to fats and fatty acids with double covalent bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, causing them not to solidify at room temperature.